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While much is known about product bundles comprised of different items, much less is known about multipacks—a product set comprised of multiple identical items (e.g. a 4-pack body washes). Using the context of multipacks, the authors propose a novel price divisibility effect, which suggests that a multipack's price that is easily divisible (vs. non-divisible) by the number of component items in the multipack will increase its purchase likelihood. For example, purchase likelihoods of a four-pack body wash multipack will be higher when its price is $16 (easily divisible by 4) versus $15.30 (non-divisible by 4). This occurs because a divisible versus non-divisible price shifts consumers' attention to the unit and creates a belief that each unit item in the multipack will be consumed quickly, which, in turn, helps justify purchasing multiple units. The authors report findings from 15 studies (including a field experiment), where they demonstrate the effect and its underlying mechanism and delineate several moderators and boundary conditions. This research contributes to several literature streams, including those on product bundling, multiple-unit pricing, product consumption, and numerical cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the stability and occurrence of Hopf bifurcation of a distributed delay differential cobweb model using the chain trick technique. This is a generalized form of the fixed delay cobweb model to which it is compared using the same parameter values. The results from the delay distribution showed that whenever less weight  (γ = 0.146)  is put on past prices, the current equilibrium price is adjusted upwards while the reverse is observed when a higher weight  (γ = 0.186)  is put on the previous price. It is also observed that if the initial price is set below/above the equilibrium price, the price adjustment either affects the consumers or benefits the suppliers. However, the fixed delay cobweb model does not display the consumers or suppliers benefits of the price dynamics in either direction. These are unique, underlying patterns in price dynamics discovered when using a distributed delay model compared to traditional fixed delay cobweb models. Furthermore, our model challenges the traditional cobweb model's requirement for divergence, as it is based on the weight assigned to past prices rather than the relationship between the elasticities of supply and demand, which is the determining factor in the classical model. Based on these insights, we recommend that future price adjustment models incorporate distributed delays, as they reveal more intricate price dynamics and provide a more comprehensive understanding of market behavior than fixed delay models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions A minimum unit price (MUP) for alcohol of £0.50 per unit (1 UK unit = 10 mL/8 g alcohol) was introduced in Scotland in May 2018. Few previous studies have examined the impact of alcohol pricing policies on people who are alcohol dependent. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MUP on people who are alcohol dependent including changes in alcohol consumption and health status, as well as potential unintended consequences.Three waves of cross‐sectional data were collected in Scotland (intervention) and Northern England (control) at 0–6 months pre‐implementation then 3–9 months and 18–22 months post‐implementation. The sample was N = 706 people receiving treatment related to their alcohol use. We collected structured interview data including recent drinking information via a 7‐day timeline‐follow‐back drinking diary. Difference‐in‐difference analyses estimated change in indicators in Scotland compared to England at both post‐implementation timepoints.The proportion of participants consuming alcohol costing on average <£0.50 per unit in Scotland decreased from 60.6% at 0–6 months prior to MUP implementation to 6.3% at 3–9 months post‐implementation (p < 0.0004). There was no significant change in the indicators for alcohol consumption, severity of dependence, health status, other substance use, deprivation level or parenting.The introduction of MUP in Scotland was associated with increases in the prices paid for alcohol by people with dependence and presenting to treatment services. There was no evidence of changes in their alcohol consumption or health status. There was also no evidence of harmful unintended consequences for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research examines how quality products and price influence the decisions to purchase Sharia property, with word of mouth as a mediator. It employed descriptive quantitative methods to analyze responses from a sample of 71 consumers who purchase Sharia property. For the sampling process, we utilized the purposive sampling method. To collect data, we used questionnaires and conducted interviews. Partial Square analysis - Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the data. Based on the data analysis, product quality significantly and positively impacts Sharia property purchase decisions. The price of Sharia property positively influences the decision to purchase. Additionally, word-of-mouth recommendations are significantly impacted by the quality of the product, while price also has a positive effect on word-of-mouth recommendations. Product quality positively and significantly influences Sharia property purchase decisions mediated by word of mouth. The findings indicate that word of mouth positively and significantly influences purchasing Sharia property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the effect of product quality and price on coal purchase interest through non-KAI-based logistics sales at PT Bukit Asam, Tbk. The background of this research is driven by the challenges faced by the company in increasing purchase interest through more flexible distribution strategies and reducing reliance on railway transportation. The research method used is quantitative, with data collected through surveys of 150 respondents, consisting of customers and brokers. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression. The results show that product quality and price positively and significantly impact coal purchase interest. High product quality has been proven to enhance customer satisfaction, while competitive pricing is crucial in attracting consumer interest. In conclusion, PT Bukit Asam, Tbk, should continue to improve service quality and offer more competitive prices to expand its market and increase sales through the non-KAI logistics system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cosmetics industry in Indonesia is experiencing rapid growth with cosmetic products becoming part of fashion trends. This study aims to analyze the influence of Brand Ambassadors, product quality, and price on the purchase decision of Radiance Up Y.O.U Beauty serum products in Sidoarjo. This study uses a quantitative approach with survey methods and regression analysis to see the influence of these three variables on purchase decisions. The results of the study show that Brand Ambassador, product quality, and price have a significant influence on purchasing decisions. Among the three variables, price proved to be the most dominant factor influencing consumer decisions, followed by product quality and Brand Ambassador. Based on these findings, companies are advised to consider a more optimal strategy in selecting Brand Ambassadors, maintaining product quality, and setting competitive prices to attract more consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the COVID-19 pandemic is no longer a life-threatening pandemic, it has left behind economic challenges worldwide. During the outbreak, many governments mandated the use of face masks in public areas, resulting in its demand and market price immediately skyrocketing. The government may intervene in markets through price, which may lead to market misallocation. This article aims to investigate how consumers form their beliefs about face mask price changes based on their estimations of the market demand and supply, both with and without government intervention, and assess their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for face masks during the pandemic. The data was collected through an online survey of Chinese consumers in 2020. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers to better understand consumers' price expectations and WTP for face masks, enabling more effective government interventions to maintain market stability while ensuring consumer access to face masks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of economic analysis, the study of the EU ETS policy has primarily focused on the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth, as well as the role of legal and fiscal instruments in the development of clean energy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the EU ETS policy in altering the energy mix of selected European countries, providing both cognitive and applicational value. The evaluation of the effectiveness of this policy focused on the structure of the energy mix and the relationship between rising CO2 emission allowance prices and the decreasing share of coal in the energy mix. The goal was achieved through statistical analysis of secondary sources, primarily sourced from Bloomberg (2016–2024). The research findings indicated that changes in the structure of energy sources varied across the studied European countries, due to the adopted energy source utilization strategy, resource availability, and geopolitical situations. Additionally, different correlation values were noted between rising CO2 emission allowance prices and the expected reduction in fossil fuel use. Therefore, the EU ETS policy does not fulfill its assigned role—its implementation contributes to disparities in the economic situations of European economies and creates conditions for unequal competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Terapan (JIMT). is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the impact of product development, pricing strategies, and after-sales service on purchase intention, explicitly focusing on the mediating role of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in the context of RYU brand power tool products in Jakarta, Indonesia. The research aims to identify how these key factors influence consumer behavior and decision-making processes in a competitive market environment. Data were collected through surveys from a sample of consumers in Jakarta, and the relationships between variables were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that product development and Price significantly affect purchase intention, while after-sales service exerts a moderate influence. Moreover, eWOM is a critical mediator that amplifies the impact of these factors on purchase intention. This study provides valuable insights for marketers and business practitioners in enhancing consumer engagement and driving sales through a strategic focus on product innovation, competitive pricing, and effective aftersales services while leveraging the power of eWOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points The original manufacturer of azelastine‒fluticasone (AZ‒FL) prevented generic availability until 2020 via patent enforcement. Following generic availability of AZ‒FL, Medicare utilization increased and spending decreased. Retail prices for generic AZ‒FL remain high due to markup by manufacturers and pharmacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven by the present worldwide turbulence, this research investigates the consequences of ambiguity and psychological variables on cryptocurrency valuation and artificial intelligence applications in the cryptocurrency market. Results demonstrate that many factors impact cryptocurrency pricing, and artificial intelligence algorithms have the potential to provide an average level of stability. Nevertheless, the interplay among shareholder opinions displayed on various channels has a considerable negative impact on cryptocurrency investment refunds, as this effect is especially noticeable for coins inside the same environment. Furthermore, there may be a considerable dispersion across currencies within the same network when unpleasant information occurs. Given the significant uninsured deficits many crypto traders face during crypto trade, the findings offer vital insights into how investing professionals might build appropriate placement methods aided by artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the influence of product price and product quality on purchase decisions, as well as the role of brand image as a mediating factor. The data was collected using a cross-sectional survey, where respondents were selected by purposive sampling from consumers of Baseus brand mobile phone accessories in various major cities in Indonesia. This study uses a quantitative method with a causal approach to examine the cause-and-effect relationship between price, product quality, and purchase decisions. The structural model and measurement model are then tested using the Partial Least Square (PLS) technique to test the hypothesis and feasibility of the model. The results of this study show that price has a significant influence on purchasing decisions, either directly or through brand image mediation. Moreover, the results of the study suggest that Baseus needs to consider product quality factors in the development of their brand image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared market opinions and beliefs by market participants generate a set of constraints that mediate information through a not-so-unstable system of expected target prices. Price trajectories, within these sets of constraints, confirm or disprove the likelihood of participant expectations and cannot, de facto, be considered permutable, as literature has shown, since their inner structure is dynamically affected by their own progress, suggesting per se the presence of both heat and cycles. This study described and discussed how trajectories are built using different alphabets and suggests that prices follow an ergodic course within structurally similar tessellation classes. It is reported that the courses of price moves are self-similar due to their a priori structure, and they do not need to be complete in order to create the conditions, in resembling conditions, for the appearance of the well-known and commonly used Fibonacci ratios between price trajectories. To date, financial models and engineering are mostly based on the mathematics of randomness. If these theoretical findings need empirical validation, such a potential infrastructure of ratios would suggest the possibility for a superstructure to exist, in other words, the emergence of exploitable patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the influence of security, trust and price on purchasing decisions for Puri Mansion housing in West Jakarta. The approach used is quantitative-descriptive research, as a result the sample was determined using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. The samples obtained were 160 samples using a web questionnaire technique as a data collection tool. This makes this research choose the SEM-PLS data analysis method with the SmartPLS application. The results of this research provide knowledge that security, trust, and price produce a positive and significant effect on the decision to purchase Puri Mansion housing. This proves how important the factors of security, trust and price are in determining home purchasing decisions. Therefore, the main focus of attention for property business actors is implementing these factors as strategic decision-making actions in the context of effective marketing management in the future, and of course this will be an addition to the latest knowledge for further reliable research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in fuel prices has significant impacts on the Indonesian community's economic sector. Most people object to this policy because of its significant effects on daily life. Additionally, Indonesia's economy has not fully recovered from the Covid-19 pandemic, compounded by news of rising oil prices. With news of the increase in fuel prices, most people express sentiment regarding the rise in fuel prices on one of the social media platforms, Twitter. This study aims to differentiate the sentiment provided by the public, whether positive, negative, or neutral, using the Naïve Bayes Classifier and Decision Tree algorithms. The analysis results show that the Naïve Bayes Algorithm model, specifically Bernoulli Naïve Bayes, achieves the highest accuracy of 65.60%, with a precision of 68%, recall of 60.30%, and f1-score of 59.33%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enjoying a banquet at a cafe has become a new habit or lifestyle trend for millennials today. Consumer satisfaction is always a must to nte paid attention to by every business person, especially the café sector in carrying out their business activities. The purpose of this study is to analyze how much the atmosphere, price and facilities affect consumer satisfaction at Meraki Cafe, both partially and simultaneously. The research method used was quantitative with a sample of 100 respondents with 20 indicators. After the data was collected, the researcher continued the analysis with a linear regression study using SPSS 24. The results and discussions obtained were that the atmosphere variable affected consumer satisfaction, the price affected consumer satisfaction, the facility affected consumer satisfaction, as well as when tested simultaneously the three variables had a significant effect. The impression obtained from this study is that Meraki café managers can pay attention to the three variables, namely atmosphere, price and facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the influence of product quality and innovation on customer relationship management through prices in Payung Geulis creative industry in Kahuripan village, Indihiang, Tasikmalaya. This research implies an explanatory survey design using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS) as the analysis method. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires distributed to 200 customers. The findings reveal that product quality and innovation significantly influence prices and impact customer relationship management--higher product quality results in greater customer satisfaction and emotional attachment to the price. Additionally, innovation has a positive impact on customer engagement and strengthens the relationship with price. Moreover, price significantly influences customer relationship management, since price reduces resistance to changes in product quality and innovation in customer relationship management. Furthermore, this research shows that the impact of product quality and innovation influences customer relationship management indirectly through price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper explores the way Grotius's construction of a theory of acts which aimed at dealing with legal issues, in the chapter on contracts in a book from De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625) where the causes of the birth of war are discussed (bk II), gave birth to an original understanding of exchange and price. The latter is part of a more extended economic analysis which, at the difference of economic policy aspects, has been paid till now little attention. Yet, Grotius' conception of exchange and price occupies an interesting position between the scholastic analysis where price was compared to a norm of just price and the later articulation, in classical economic thought, between typically natural prices and market prices. In a way, his conception of price might be viewed as a continuation of the Scholastic approach, illustrated two centuries and a half ago by Thomas Aquinas in the Summa Theologica, IIa-IIae, q. 77, where the issues debated aim to enlighten the priest about the morality of a transaction carried out by such of his parishioners. But here, with Grotius, the issue is no longer the morality or sinfulness of the transaction, but its lawfulness. This shift from a religious to a legal approach gives birth to an attempt to explain why individuals can deviate from a commonly accepted price in an exchange, and under what conditions, in the framework of either natural law or the law of nations, this effective price can be regarded as legal by a magistrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Affordability and availability of medicines is a growing global challenge for health-care systems. Access to medicines is recognized as an important determinant of treatment adherence. The access to glaucoma medicines and how it affects glaucoma management are not known. The purpose of this study was to determine the availability, affordability, and accessibility of topical intraocular pressure (IOP) -lowering eye drops in Haryana state of northern India using the World Health Organization (WHO)/ Health Action International (HAI) methods. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done to collect data on prices and availability of glaucoma topical medications in public and private sector pharmacies and retail outlets using the WHO/HAI methodology between October 2021 and January 2022. The availability and affordability of topical glaucoma medicines was determined. Comparison of the local price with international prices was done by calculating the median price ratio (MPR). Results: A total of 191 facilities were randomly sampled across 11 (n = 55) urban, 29 (n = 92) semi-urban, and 44 (n = 44) rural places during the study period. The availability of topical medication for glaucoma was low (35.7 ± 22.3) across all sampled sites and all classes of topical glaucoma medications. The median price of topical medication and availability were negatively correlated, Pearson's coefficient r (18) = -0.44, P 0.05, though the relationship was weak. A lowest paid, unskilled Indian government worker must spend between 15% and 203% of their daily wage to acquire a glaucoma medication. Conclusion: The availability and accessibility of topical glaucoma medications was low in this survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to examine the direct and indirect influence of price, income and product quality on purchasing decisions as an intervening variable. Empirical studies were conducted on Farmer Group Associations in 5 Tasikmalaya Districts. Sampling was carried out using a census technique with a total sample of 367 samples from the Combined Farmer Groups in 5 Tasikmalaya Districts. The instrument of this research is a statement questionnaire with a Likert scale. The data analysis technique uses Structural Equation Modeling with the Smart PLS application. The research results show 1) Price, product quality and customer satisfaction are in the poor criteria, while purchasing decisions are in the bad criteria. The average income was 1,865,650 rupiah, of all respondents the majority fell into the medium criteria. 2) Price, income and product quality have no influence on purchasing decisions. 3) price, income and product quality have a significant effect on customer satisfaction. 4) Purchasing decisions have no effect on customer satisfaction. 5) Price, income and product quality do not have a significant effect on customer satisfaction through purchasing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of modern retail in Pekanbaru, where Lotte Grosir is one of the many existing retailers. The company must understand the importance of analyzing the marketing mix in relation to customer satisfaction to innovate and face competition. In this context, the marketing mix includes product, location, price and promotion, known as 4Ps. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the components of the marketing mix have an impact on customer satisfaction, providing a descriptive overview of the current conditions and serving as a consideration for the company in improving customer satisfaction. This research uses a descriptive quantitative method. The sample selected in this study consist of Lotte Grosir Pekanbaru customers using the Simple Random Sampling method, resulting in 105 respondents who filled out the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using instrument test, validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing with SPSS software. The result show that partially, the product variable (X1) does not significantly affect customer satisfaction (Y), while the location (X2), price (X3) and promotion (X4) variables have an impact on customer satisfaction (Y) variable. Other results indicate that simultaneously, product location, price and promotion have an influence on customer satisfaction with a coefficient of determination of 81.8% and the remaining 18.2% is influenced by others factors not examined in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the influence of product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence on general patient satisfaction in the inpatient unit of Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja Regency. The population of this study is 15,798 general patients, of which 375 were taken as samples. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant influence of the dimensions of Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, and Physical Evidence on General Patient Satisfaction in the Inpatient Unit of the hospital. The analysis also showed that the 7P Marketing Mix variable of the people dimension had the most influence on patient satisfaction at the hospital with an Exp value (3,395). The chi square p-value test of 0.747 0.05 was used to test the significance value of the dimension of Place on the overall satisfaction of general patients. This study is expected to provide benefits and can provide input from hospitals to improve the quality of hospital services and marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of exchange rate ($) and energy (oil) prices on livestock product (red meat, milk, eggs) and input (feed) prices in Türkiye through Path Analysis. The material of this study consisted of monthly average exchange rate and energy prices vs. fattening feed, milk feed, and egg feed prices, and producer prices of red meat, milk, and eggs for the years 2010-2023. According to the findings of this study, one unit increase in the exchange rate resulted in a total increase of 0.98, 0.99 and 0.98 units in the prices of fattening, milk and egg feed, respectively; a total increase of 0.93, 0.98 and 0.97 units in red meat, milk and egg prices, respectively (P<0.05). It was determined that a one unit increase in energy prices caused a total increase of 0.09, 0.09 and 0.11 units in fattening, milk and egg feed prices, respectively (P<0.05). However, energy prices did not affect livestock product prices (P>0.05). As a result, it has been observed that the exchange rate affects, particularly, input and livestock product prices, whereas energy prices affect only input costs in Türkiye. Therefore, it is thought that reducing external dependence on energy and upward fluctuations in exchange rates will make significant contributions to the reduction of input costs and product prices in animal husbandry, increase consumption rates and profitability of producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: In practice, consumers are directly or indirectly connected with branded manufacturers through intermediaries across industries. In this paper, we explore the effects of different selling formats on product quality and price depending on consumer valuations in a market. We employ a distribution family to comprehensively capture the heterogeneity of consumer valuations. Motivated by realistic phenomena, consumer valuations are used to investigate strategic decisions under different selling formats that are not trivial to analyze. Methodology/results: We develop game-theoretical models to examine the equilibrium decisions of stakeholders. The impact of consumer valuations is investigated and validated using sensitivity analysis, and the results are connected to practice. First, we find that agency selling induces a premium quality and maximizes the channel profit; remarkably, a nonmonotonic (approximate U-shaped) relationship exists between the agency fee and consumer valuations. A higher consumer surplus can be achieved in an agency selling channel compared with a reselling channel, particularly when targeting a mass of high-end consumers. Second, by examining distinct consumer valuations, maintaining top-notch quality and the highest price in an agency selling channel is not universally viable under some conditions. Third, in the case of production-level competition, an agency selling format tends to cause product quality to vary noticeably. Moreover, in the hybrid selling channel, in contrast to agency selling, the high-type manufacturer reduces both quality and price, which bolsters the overall profits of the channel and the consumer surplus. Managerial implications: Branded manufacturers can efficiently respond to individualized consumer needs in a centralized distribution channel. In contrast, for selling basic products, the reselling channel could contribute to achieving economies of scale and offering competitive prices. In the agency selling channel, standardized pricing determined by branded manufacturers can create a consistent perception of product quality throughout the distribution network. Funding: The research of L. Hsiao was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology (now National Science and Technology Council), Grant/Award Number: MOST 110-2410-H-005-016-MY3. The research of Y.-J. Chen was supported by the HK RGC General Research Fund [GRF 16500821, GRF 16501722, and HKUST C6020-21GF]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0470. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between product characteristics (quality and price), location and competitive advantage of electronic gadget outlets within Ilorin metropolis of Kwara State. This study is hinged onResource-based View Theory, with the intentionto identify and leverage the unique resources of electronic gadget outlets to gain a sustainable competitive advantage. A survey research design was employed, employing a purposive sampling technique of 364customers of selected electronic gadget outlets within Ilorin metropolis of Kwara State. Data were collected using the Instrument titled “Product Characteristics, Location and Competitive Advantage Questionnaire (PCLACAQ)”. Both Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) software were used to analyze the data collected. The results indicated that location correlates with the attainment of organizational competitiveness of gadget outlets. According to the study, quality is a good indicator of competitive advantage of gadgets outlets; this indicates that quality produce competitive advantage to the organization. Results from this study shows that quality and location is a good indication of the performance of electronics stores. This suggests that quality and location results in a competitive advantage for the company, while price does not contributes to enhanced organisational performance. The current research however illustrates that improving an organization’s quality and location improve both its performance and its advantage over its competitors. There are some implications in this study for managers in the electronic gadget outlets. Management must ensure the quality assurance of the electronic gadget products is not compromised; this would further boost the corporate image of their business for expected productivity and longevity. Researchers and industry professionals can gain valuable insights into the strategies and factors that drive success in this particular market segment by investigating the relationship between location, product characteristics (price and quality), and competitive advantage of electronic gadget outlets. This study contributes to the existing knowledge base, provides guidance to retailers, and supports decisionmaking processes in the ever-changing landscape of electronic gadget retail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of ultimate limit state checks on the fire resistance of the cross-section (element) of softwood structural timber is analyzed in this study, which was found to depend on the cross-sectional area, strength class or material quality expressed through the actual price. The limit state method and the reduced cross-section method were used to obtain numerical results. The established practice suggests that, if the ultimate limit state is satisfied, the softwood structural timber will meet fire resistance according to the load-bearing criterion of 30 min (R30). This study shows that this is not entirely correct and is not always applicable. The main results of this study are precisely related to the above, and it will now be possible to provide much more precise answers to questions related to fire resistance according to the load-bearing criterion. Certainly, the price, which plays a significant role in achieving a certain or required fire resistance, should not be overlooked. This study provides the possibility of optimizing the choice of the cross-sectional area, fire resistance and price, depending on the state of stress to which the cross-section (element) is exposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tea is a typical beverage that has been consumed worldwide. A large number of brands of this beverage are available in the market. This study looked into the consumer preference for the attributes of selected, packed tea products available in the market. The study focused on attributes such as brand, price, strength and tea package. Conjoint analysis with an orthogonal design assessed consumer preference for different tea brands. The results showed that packaging was the attribute most preferred by the consumers (importance score of 36.083), followed by the brand of the Tea (31.084) and the strength of the Tea (21.518). The least preferred attribute was the price of the branded Tea. Further, the findings also revealed optimum attribute combination among the existing tea products in the market. The results of this study will be helpful to tea growers and will significantly advance research on beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The global prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has presented a persistent challenge for public health prevention and treatment. However, studies that assess the public's access to anti-HBV drugs are absent. Aim: To examine the availability, pricing, and affordability of anti-HBV drugs in Jiangsu province, China and provide recommendations for improvement. Method: An enhanced methodology developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Action International was applied in a cross-sectional study that included 1026 healthcare facilities distributed in 13 prefectural-level cities in Jiangsu province. Results: Since almost all drugs had an availability of less than 30%, the accessibility of anti-HBV drugs was notably low. Primary healthcare facilities had the lowest availability, reporting 1.4% for Original Brands (OBs) and 1.7% for lowest-priced generics (LPGs). Furthermore, the northern Jiangsu region recorded the lowest availability at 0.7%. LPGs demonstrated higher availability than OBs, with median availability probabilities of 2.6% and 1.4%, respectively. The drugs listed on the WHO Essential Medicines List exhibited higher availability than those on other lists. The median price ratios for OBs, LPGs, and volume-based purchasing drugs were 0.83, 0.50, and 0.27, respectively, less than 1.5 times the international reference price. Despite favorable pricing, affordability rate was 23% for urban residents and 0% for rural residents, which was discouraging. Conclusion: Low availability and affordability of anti-HBV drugs were observed. Policy recommendations should emphasize the improvement of LPG availability by incentivizing priority prescribing. Healthcare subsidies should be provided more effectively and equitably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We posit that prices are signs, not just signals, that work in the same symbolic way as words. Both are complex, generative systems of shared meaning that rely on a web of intricate symbolic references. Just like the meaning of a word is a product of our social and linguistic action, the meaning of a price is a product of our relationship to the physical world phenomena of people in markets. The fundamental conception of both is to communicate and construct worlds with ourselves and others, enabling us to act in the world. Prices, like words, do symbolic work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how the brand image of a legacy automaker like Toyota adapts in the face of increasing competition in eco-friendly vehicles and advanced technology. We examine how customers perceive Toyota's product quality and pricing strategies in relation to brand image and purchase decisions. Through a survey of 170 customers, we utilize a covariance-based structural equation model (CB-SEM) to analyze the data. Interestingly, our findings suggest that product quality does not directly influence brand image, nor does it have an indirect effect on buying decisions. However, other hypothesized relationships within the model were supported. This implies that for established brands like Toyota, price competitiveness might be a more significant factor for a large segment of their customer base. Toyota's focus on price competitiveness could potentially deter new entrants, allowing them to refine their offerings with more strategic pricing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In input-output analysis, the Leontief and Ghosh models can be used to determine the price indexes of goods, which is convenient for analyzing inter-industry inflation. Their respective merits are debated, but both provide the same solution. We demonstrate that, contrary to common belief, it is superfluous to use the Leontief or Ghosh model to calculate price indexes: the price index vector alone satisfies the accounting identities without assuming constant coefficients. So, in contrast to the Leontief and Ghosh models, price indexes can be derived 'instantly', without a round-by-round process. Conducting research on price indexes deduce from the Leontief or Ghosh model becomes pointless: it suffices to study price indexes deduced from the data. We illustrate these findings with an application for France 2018. The same is demonstrated for prices with the data given in physical quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding meaning in life is a fundamental human motivation. Along with pleasure, meaning is a pillar of happiness and well-being. Yet, despite the centrality of this motive, and despite firms' attempts to appeal to this motive, scant research has investigated how the pursuit of meaning influences consumer choice, especially in comparison to the study of pleasure. While previous perspectives would suggest that the pursuit of meaning tilts consumers toward high-quality products, we predicted and found the opposite. As compared to a pleasure or (no goal) baseline condition, six studies demonstrate that the pursuit of meaning causes people to consider how they can otherwise use their money (opportunity costs) which in turn leads to a preference for less expensive goods. This effect is robust across multiple product categories and usage situations, including both experiential and material purchases, and is obtained even when the more expensive product is perceived to deliver greater meaning. For participants pursuing meaning, making opportunity costs salient has no effect on their choices, and encouraging opportunity cost neglect increases their willingness to pay for a more expensive item. This research thus provides an initial answer as to how the pursuit of meaning shapes consumer choice processes and preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates when and why consumers purchase products with social costs (e.g., environmental harm). Six studies demonstrate that upper-class consumers are more likely to purchase a product with social costs when it has a higher price because they experience greater entitlement, which the authors term the "price entitlement effect," allowing for purchase justification. In contrast, lower-class consumers do not feel entitled to purchase a product with social costs when it is higher-priced. This effect occurs because upper-class consumers tend to have a greater self-focus, with a higher price entitling them to more resources than others. Consistent with the entitlement mechanism, when egalitarian values are made salient, the price entitlement effect is mitigated, reducing upper-class consumers' purchase of socially costly products. Notably, the price entitlement effect occurs only when products have social costs rather than for all higher-priced products. However, when the social costs of a product are severe, price entitlement does not sufficiently justify product purchase. This research provides theoretical and practical insights regarding when and why higher price entitles purchase of socially costly products, contributing to research on social class and socially responsible (vs. costly) consumption as well as choice justification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate how consumers' purchase decisions are influenced by the quality, cost, and brand perception of e-services. The sampling strategy utilized in this study is simple random sampling because it is not possible to sample every consumer in the city of Cilegon. The study's sample consisted of 140 participants. The measurement method used is the Likert scale, and the data collection was done using a questionnaire. Among the analytical methods used are validity and reliability checks, normality checks, multicollinearity checks, heteroscedasticity checks, multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing (t-test and f-test), and R2 tests for the coefficient of determination, using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 as a statistical tool. The results showed a strong correlation between brand perception, pricing, purchase intent, and e-service excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal is to find out the influence of halal labeling, product quality, and price on purchasing decisions on tteokbokki products. This study used literature studies and questionnaires with data collection techniques using a Likert scale. The population of this study were students of Sharia Economics, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. This type of research uses correlational research, which is a type of research with a problem characteristic in the form of a correlation relationship between two or more variables. As a result of data processing with SPSS Version 26, the r square value at the coefficient of determination of .374 or 37.4% of the variables of halal labeling, product quality, and price affect the variables of purchase good decisions. The regression equation obtained KP = -3.293+.721 LH-.076 KPr+.679+e. The calculated F value is 7.379 and the resulting Ftable is 2.86. Fcount>Ftable (7.379>2.86), which means that Ho4 was rejected and Ha4 was accepted. It can be seen that simultaneously the variables of halal labeling, product quality, and price have a positive effect on purchasing decisions. But partially, product quality does not affect purchasing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The WHO highlight alcohol, tobacco, unhealthy food, and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes as one of the most effective policies for preventing and reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases. This umbrella review aimed to identify and summarise evidence from systematic reviews that report the relationship between price and demand or price and disease/death for alcohol, tobacco, unhealthy food, and SSBs. Given the recent recognition as gambling as a public health problem, we also included gambling. Methods: The protocol for this umbrella review was pre-registered (PROSPERO CRD42023447429). Seven electronic databases were searched between 2000–2023. Eligible systematic reviews were those published in any country, including adults or children, and which quantitatively examined the relationship between alcohol, tobacco, gambling, unhealthy food, or SSB price/tax and demand (sales/consumption) or disease/death. Two researchers undertook screening, eligibility, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the ROBIS tool. Results: We identified 50 reviews from 5,185 records, of which 31 reported on unhealthy food or SSBs, nine reported on tobacco, nine on alcohol, and one on multiple outcomes (alcohol, tobacco, unhealthy food, and SSBs). We did not identify any reviews on gambling. Higher prices were consistently associated with lower demand, notwithstanding variation in the size of effect across commodities or populations. Reductions in demand were large enough to be considered meaningful for policy. Conclusions: Increases in the price of alcohol, tobacco, unhealthy food, and SSBs are consistently associated with decreases in demand. Moreover, increasing taxes can be expected to increase tax revenue. There may be potential in joining up approaches to taxation across the harm-causing commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effect of price, location, and service quality on passenger satisfaction at PT Titisan Sang Pangeran (Tispa). The population in this study were passengers at PT Titisan Sang Pangeran who used services during the 2023 period. The sample taken in this study was 300 passengers at PT Titisan Sang Pangeran who used services during the 2023 period using the purposive sampling method. The results of multiple linear regression analysis show that price, location, and service quality have a positive and significant effect on passenger satisfaction. Price, it is hoped that PT Titisan Sang Pangeran can evaluate pricing with the quality of service, facilities, and prices set by similar competitors. Location, it is expected to add a name sign from the street corner. Regarding service quality, it is hoped that an evaluation will be carried out regarding what are the obstacles in-service officers in responding to consumers both by telephone and WhatsApp. the purpose of this study is to determine, measure, and evaluate aspects of the quality of service provided to passengers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By examining the econometric interrelationships of rice export prices of India, Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, the U.S. Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, this study examines the most influential rice-exporting countries in the international rice export market. The sampled countries are the source of more than 80% of the global rice exports. In the process, this study relies on online data portals of the United Nations and country-level sources for aromatic and non-aromatic rice export price information from India, Pakistan, and Thailand. This study employed the Prais-Winsten and Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) estimation processes with the error correction procedure. Combining the findings from both models, this study concludes that in terms of interactions, the non-aromatic long-grain rice price of the U.S. and the aromatic rice price of Pakistan are the most correlated prices in the international rice market. Considering the number of countries influenced by the price of a given country, our results indicate that Vietnam is the price leader in the non-aromatic long-grain market, followed by Argentina, Brazil, and India. India, the largest exporter, is the fourth top price leader. In the case of aromatic rice, Thailand is the absolute leader. Many countries in Asia and Africa rely on rice imports to meet domestic demand, where the food security situation is already precarious. Based on the findings, this study suggests closely monitoring rice production and export trends of Vietnam, Argentina, Brazil, India and Thailand to provide early warning when necessary to better manage supply shocks in the international rice market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When shopping for gadgets online, a person often feels worried if their shopping activity ends in fraud. Lack of confidence in online shopping is experienced by some consumers which makes them no longer want to buy gadgets on online shopping sites. The risk of buying a gadget in online shopping is huge. Starting from the risk of goods being damaged during shipment, theft, goods not arriving and much more. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the influence of the price, risk and claims of shipping insurance on the decision to buy gadgets in E-commerce. This research uses quantitative methods with double linear regression analysis. Research results show that prices influence purchasing decisions, risks influence purchase decisions, and insurance claims influence buying decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The business world has become increasingly competitive lately. Business people must optimize their organizational performance to compete in the global market amidst an increasingly tight competitive environment. MSMEs or micro, small and medium enterprises are very important for economic growth and development in both industrial and developing countries, such as Indonesia. MSMEs have a function in Indonesia apart from contributing to economic growth and development. UMKM Banderk Sergai is a product business in the form of packaged instant bandrek herbal drinks that has been running since 2013. This UMKM has consumers who make repeat purchases from various cities starting from Aceh, Tebing Tinggi, Sei Rampah, Perbaungan, Lubuk Pakam, Tanjung Morawa, Medan, Deli Tua, and Binjai and there are still fluctuations in Banderk Sergai MSMEs as seen through income from 2018-2022. This research uses quantitative methods using a sample of 102 consumers at Bandrek Sergei MSMEs. The results of this finding are that repurchase decisions are strongly influenced by price and service quality, but not by trust. Then, although service quality has a big impact on customer happiness, price and trust have little effect on it. Repurchase decisions are also significantly influenced by customer satisfaction. Finally, although service quality and trust do not have a significant effect on consumer satisfaction through repeat purchase decisions, price has a significant positive effect on satisfaction. So the suggestion from this research is that Bandreak Sergai MSMEs should further improve service and trust to consumers regarding the products offered so that they continue to increase sales and consumers from Bandrek Sergai MSMEs continue to make repeat purchases in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current era of globalization, the development of the business world is increasingly rapid. One of them is business in the fashion sector. This business cannot be separated from global influence due to a situation that forces developing countries to follow the fashion of developed countries. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of brand image, price, location and product quality on customer satisfaction with used clothing at the Monja Horas Aek Tapa Rantauprapat shop. The results of the research show that brand image, price, location and product quality on used clothing customer satisfaction at the Monja Horas Aek Tapa Rantauprapat store have a significant effect on customer satisfaction partially and simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine service quality, price and costumer trust in interest in goods delivery services at local expedition companies in the city of Pontianak. The population in this study were all existing users of local expedition company services and the sample was determined using the Purposive Sampling method. The form of research is a form of causality research with data collection techniques using questionnaires. The analytical method used in this research is the rating scale method which is processed on a computer using the SPSS version 25 program. Data testing is carried out using validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests (normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation), correlation tests, coefficient tests determination, multiple linear regression test, F test and t test. Based on the test results (Test F), it shows that the variables of service quality, price and customer trust influence consumer buying interest. Partial test results (t test) show that service quality does not influence costumer buying interest, but price and costumer trust influence interest in using the company's goods delivery services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing mix is a tactical tool for companies in establishing a strong position in the market. The marketing mix combines four main elements: product, price, place, and promotion, to achieve the company's marketing goals and provide value to consumers. This article outlines the importance of each element in achieving optimal sales levels. Through data collection and analysis methods, it is concluded that effective implementation of the marketing mix can increase sales and the company's position in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Orphan Drug Act (ODA) incentivizes drug development for rare diseases with limited sales potential. Partial orphans—drugs used to treat rare and common diseases—frequently turn into multi-billion dollar blockbusters. This study analyzes partial orphan cancer drugs' development, approval, and economics. 170 drugs with US Food and Drug Administration approval for 455 cancer indications were identified (2000-2021). 110 full, 22 partial, and 38 non-orphan drugs were compared regarding their approval, benefits, trials, epidemiology, price, beneficiaries, and spending with data from regulatory documents, Global Burden of Disease study, and Medicare and Medicaid. Full orphans, relative to partial and non-orphans, were more frequently monotherapies for hematologic cancers supported by smaller single-arm trials treating diseases with a lower incidence and higher severity. The time from first to second indication approval was 1 year shorter for partial than full orphans. Full orphans offered a greater overall survival (median: 4.0 vs 2.8 vs 2.8 months, P <.001) and progression-free survival benefit (median: 5.1 vs 2.5 vs 3.6 months, P <.001). Monthly prices were higher for full and partial than non-orphan drugs (median: $17 177 vs $13 284 vs $12 457, P <.001). Beneficiaries (8790 vs 4390 vs 1730) and spending ($570 vs $305 vs $156 million) per drug were greater for partial than non-and full orphans. Although partial orphans' benefits, trials, and economics are more similar to non-than full orphans, they receive all of the ODA's benefits and are swiftly extended to new indications; resulting in greater spending. A maximum ODA revenue/patient threshold could limit expenditure on partial orphans. • The Orphan Drug Act (ODA) incentivizes drug development for rare diseases with limited sales potential. However, orphan drugs frequently turn into multi-billion dollar blockbusters, particularly those used to treat rare and common diseases: "partial orphans." • This is the first study to analyze the development, US Food and Drug Administration approval, epidemiology, and economics of full, partial, and non-orphan cancer drugs. • We show that the clinical benefit, trials, and epidemiology of partial orphan cancer drugs are more similar to non-orphans than full orphans. • However, partial orphans receive all of the ODA's incentives and are swiftly extended to new indications; resulting in greater prices, beneficiaries, and gross spending. • Establishing a maximum revenue threshold for the ODA's benefits alongside indication-specific pricing could reduce expenditure on partial orphan drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial (JMPIS) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Technology is currently developing increasingly rapidly. This applies to familiar communication tools, namely smartphones. With advances in technology, people are interested in enjoying technology so people often buy smartphones based on desire, not because of need. Therefore, this research aims to determine the influence of product quality and price on Realme smartphone purchasing decisions, empirical study; Libra Cell. The number of respondents was 100 people, with sample criteria; realme smartphone users and Libra Cell consumers. The sample used uses a non-probability sampling technique. The method used is purposive sampling, namely a sampling technique with certain considerations, so the samples selected are people who meet the criteria mentioned above. By using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the methods used include; validity and reliability analysis (smartPLS 4.0). The result is that product quality has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions and the price variable has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. Realme needs to improve and develop product quality and smartphone prices so that the company can know what factors can motivate people to buy Realme smartphones. However, it should be noted that purchasing decisions are influenced by several other factors that are beyond the scope of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)