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While much is known about product bundles comprised of different items, much less is known about multipacks—a product set comprised of multiple identical items (e.g. a 4-pack body washes). Using the context of multipacks, the authors propose a novel price divisibility effect, which suggests that a multipack's price that is easily divisible (vs. non-divisible) by the number of component items in the multipack will increase its purchase likelihood. For example, purchase likelihoods of a four-pack body wash multipack will be higher when its price is $16 (easily divisible by 4) versus $15.30 (non-divisible by 4). This occurs because a divisible versus non-divisible price shifts consumers' attention to the unit and creates a belief that each unit item in the multipack will be consumed quickly, which, in turn, helps justify purchasing multiple units. The authors report findings from 15 studies (including a field experiment), where they demonstrate the effect and its underlying mechanism and delineate several moderators and boundary conditions. This research contributes to several literature streams, including those on product bundling, multiple-unit pricing, product consumption, and numerical cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bidirectional uncertainty of source and load creates scarcity in the reserve resources of the distribution network. Therefore, it is highly significant for the safe and economic operation of the system to harness spare energy storage capacity from prosumers to provide reserves. This paper proposes a bi-layer optimal scheduling model of "distribution network–prosumer group–prosumer" that considers the flexible reserve resources of a prosumer. The upper layer is the "distribution network–prosumer group" optimization model, in which the distribution network sets the electricity price and reserve price according to its own economic benefit and sends it to the prosumer group and guides it to participate in the scheduling of the resources of the prosumer. The lower layer is the "prosumer group–prosumer" optimization model, where the prosumer group incentivizes the prosumer to adjust its energy storage charging and discharging plans through prices and mobilize its own resources to provide flexible reserve resources. The results show that the optimal method proposed in this paper can fully utilize flexible reserve resources from prosumers, improve the economy of distribution network operations, and reduce the pressure of providing reserves using the upper grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate factors that influence client selection of a veterinary pharmacy and assess client perception of the impact of online pharmacies on veterinary clinics. METHODS Survey data and satisfaction metrics were compared between online pharmacies, a teaching hospital pharmacy (UW Veterinary Care), and primary care veterinary clinics between March and April 2023. Online pharmacy users were asked about perceived impact of online pharmacies on veterinary clinics. Personal values were correlated with the likelihood of using a pharmacy. RESULTS 158 surveys were analyzed; 32.9% of respondents used an online pharmacy. Of those, 20% used a veterinary-affiliated online pharmacy. Convenience was the value most liked by online pharmacy and primary care clinic users. Online users reported liking price most, whereas veterinary clinic pharmacy users (UW Veterinary Care and primary care clinics) reported liking communication and trust. Online users ranked price as more important, whereas veterinary clinic users ranked personalized experience (caring, explanations, veterinary recommended) as more important. Regardless of pharmacy type, satisfaction scores were high. Most online users perceived a negative impact of online pharmacies on veterinary clinics; this did not change reported usage. CONCLUSIONS Online and veterinary clinic users prioritized different values. Online users prioritized price and veterinary clinic users prioritized personalized experience. Online usage was not influenced by perceived impact. CLINICAL RELEVANCE For veterinary clinics attempting to increase revenue, appealing to these 2 distinct driving values is essential. Offering practice-directed online pharmacies with competitive and transparent pricing could procure online consumers, while maintaining a personalized experience remains important for consumers purchasing prescriptions in-house. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) price transparency rule tries to facilitate cost-conscious decision-making. For surgical services, such as pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), factors mediating transparency and real-world reimbursement are not well described. Methods: The Leapfrog Survey was used to identify United States hospitals performing PD. Financial and operational data were obtained from Turquoise Health and CMS Cost Reports. Chi-square tests and modified Poisson regression evaluated associations with reimbursement disclosure. Two-part logistic and gamma regression models estimated effects of hospital factors on commercial, Medicare, and self-pay reimbursements for PD. Results: Of 452 Leapfrog hospitals, 295 (65%) disclosed PD hospital or procedure reimbursements. Disclosing hospitals were larger (beds > 200: 81.0% vs. 71.3%, p = 0.04), reported higher net margins (0.7% vs. − 2.1%, p = 0.04), more likely for-profit (26.1% vs. 6.4%, p < 0.001), and teaching-affiliated (82.0% vs. 65.6%, p < 0.001). Nonprofit status conferred hospitalization reimbursement increases of $8683–$12,329, while moderate market concentration predicted savings up to $5066. Teaching affiliation conferred reimbursement increases of $4589–$16,393 for hospitalizations and $644 for procedures. Top Leapfrog volume ratings predicted an increase of up to $7795 for only Medicare hospitalization reimbursement. Conclusions: Nondisclosure of hospital and procedural reimbursements for PD remains a major issue. Transparency was noted in hospitals with higher margins, size, and academic affiliation. Factors associated with higher reimbursement were non-profit status, academic affiliation, and more equitable market share. Reimbursement inconsistently tracked with PD quality or volume measures. Policy changes may be required to incentivize reimbursement disclosure and translate transparency into increased value for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the stability and occurrence of Hopf bifurcation of a distributed delay differential cobweb model using the chain trick technique. This is a generalized form of the fixed delay cobweb model to which it is compared using the same parameter values. The results from the delay distribution showed that whenever less weight  (γ = 0.146)  is put on past prices, the current equilibrium price is adjusted upwards while the reverse is observed when a higher weight  (γ = 0.186)  is put on the previous price. It is also observed that if the initial price is set below/above the equilibrium price, the price adjustment either affects the consumers or benefits the suppliers. However, the fixed delay cobweb model does not display the consumers or suppliers benefits of the price dynamics in either direction. These are unique, underlying patterns in price dynamics discovered when using a distributed delay model compared to traditional fixed delay cobweb models. Furthermore, our model challenges the traditional cobweb model's requirement for divergence, as it is based on the weight assigned to past prices rather than the relationship between the elasticities of supply and demand, which is the determining factor in the classical model. Based on these insights, we recommend that future price adjustment models incorporate distributed delays, as they reveal more intricate price dynamics and provide a more comprehensive understanding of market behavior than fixed delay models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions A minimum unit price (MUP) for alcohol of £0.50 per unit (1 UK unit = 10 mL/8 g alcohol) was introduced in Scotland in May 2018. Few previous studies have examined the impact of alcohol pricing policies on people who are alcohol dependent. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MUP on people who are alcohol dependent including changes in alcohol consumption and health status, as well as potential unintended consequences.Three waves of cross‐sectional data were collected in Scotland (intervention) and Northern England (control) at 0–6 months pre‐implementation then 3–9 months and 18–22 months post‐implementation. The sample was N = 706 people receiving treatment related to their alcohol use. We collected structured interview data including recent drinking information via a 7‐day timeline‐follow‐back drinking diary. Difference‐in‐difference analyses estimated change in indicators in Scotland compared to England at both post‐implementation timepoints.The proportion of participants consuming alcohol costing on average <£0.50 per unit in Scotland decreased from 60.6% at 0–6 months prior to MUP implementation to 6.3% at 3–9 months post‐implementation (p < 0.0004). There was no significant change in the indicators for alcohol consumption, severity of dependence, health status, other substance use, deprivation level or parenting.The introduction of MUP in Scotland was associated with increases in the prices paid for alcohol by people with dependence and presenting to treatment services. There was no evidence of changes in their alcohol consumption or health status. There was also no evidence of harmful unintended consequences for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research examines how quality products and price influence the decisions to purchase Sharia property, with word of mouth as a mediator. It employed descriptive quantitative methods to analyze responses from a sample of 71 consumers who purchase Sharia property. For the sampling process, we utilized the purposive sampling method. To collect data, we used questionnaires and conducted interviews. Partial Square analysis - Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the data. Based on the data analysis, product quality significantly and positively impacts Sharia property purchase decisions. The price of Sharia property positively influences the decision to purchase. Additionally, word-of-mouth recommendations are significantly impacted by the quality of the product, while price also has a positive effect on word-of-mouth recommendations. Product quality positively and significantly influences Sharia property purchase decisions mediated by word of mouth. The findings indicate that word of mouth positively and significantly influences purchasing Sharia property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the tourism sector in Indonesia shows very significant figures after the pandemic. As a result, the need for accommodation and MICE facilities continues to increase. This also has an impact on increasing the number of hotels, resulting in tight competition in the Indonesian market. This research aims to determine the influence of location, price, hotel reputation and service quality on purchasing decisions at the Santika Kelapa Gading Hotel. The hypothesis in this research will be tested quantitatively using SPSS. The sampling technique in this research is probability sampling using a simple random sampling approach by distributing questionnaires to several samples from the population list who are customers of the Santika Kelapa Gading hotel. The total sample of Santika Kelapa Gading hotel customers who filled out the questionnaire was 150 respondents. Based on the research results, it is known that there is no influence of location and price on purchasing decisions. However, there is a positive and significant influence of service quality and hotel reputation on purchasing decisions at the Santika Kelapa Gading hotel. The four factors of location, price, hotel reputation and service quality simultaneously influence purchasing decisions and have a moderate coefficient of determination. This means that these four variables have sufficient ability to be able to provide predictions or explanations of purchasing decision variables at Hotel Santika Kelapa Gading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes hospital, insurance, and pharmaceutical price transparency policies and applications in the United States and in selected countries around the world. Many of these policies apply to self-insured employers. So far, the experience in the United States and elsewhere is clear that federal and state price transparency regulations have had little impact on whether employees or dependents search for low-cost or high-quality providers or on the cost and quality of their health care. This is because of weak regulatory oversight, conflicting federal and state reporting requirements, and few economic incentives for providers and insurance companies to supply easily readable or analyzable price information. However, price transparency requirements are here to stay. This paper therefore offers several recommendations to maximize the utility of price transparency tools provided for employees and other insureds, by their employers, providers, commercial insurance carriers, or technology firms. From a policy perspective, coupling reporting requirements with clearer technological guidance and much stronger regulatory oversight would increase the utility of price transparency efforts. For individual employers, the impact of price transparency efforts may increase by coupling price transparency tools with health plan network and design strategies, behavioral economic nudges, and programs designed to improve health, well-being, and quality of care. Many program vendor partners, consultants, and actuarial, technology, and research firms can help make these efforts useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the effect of product quality and price on coal purchase interest through non-KAI-based logistics sales at PT Bukit Asam, Tbk. The background of this research is driven by the challenges faced by the company in increasing purchase interest through more flexible distribution strategies and reducing reliance on railway transportation. The research method used is quantitative, with data collected through surveys of 150 respondents, consisting of customers and brokers. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression. The results show that product quality and price positively and significantly impact coal purchase interest. High product quality has been proven to enhance customer satisfaction, while competitive pricing is crucial in attracting consumer interest. In conclusion, PT Bukit Asam, Tbk, should continue to improve service quality and offer more competitive prices to expand its market and increase sales through the non-KAI logistics system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cosmetics industry in Indonesia is experiencing rapid growth with cosmetic products becoming part of fashion trends. This study aims to analyze the influence of Brand Ambassadors, product quality, and price on the purchase decision of Radiance Up Y.O.U Beauty serum products in Sidoarjo. This study uses a quantitative approach with survey methods and regression analysis to see the influence of these three variables on purchase decisions. The results of the study show that Brand Ambassador, product quality, and price have a significant influence on purchasing decisions. Among the three variables, price proved to be the most dominant factor influencing consumer decisions, followed by product quality and Brand Ambassador. Based on these findings, companies are advised to consider a more optimal strategy in selecting Brand Ambassadors, maintaining product quality, and setting competitive prices to attract more consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although the COVID-19 pandemic is no longer a life-threatening pandemic, it has left behind economic challenges worldwide. During the outbreak, many governments mandated the use of face masks in public areas, resulting in its demand and market price immediately skyrocketing. The government may intervene in markets through price, which may lead to market misallocation. This article aims to investigate how consumers form their beliefs about face mask price changes based on their estimations of the market demand and supply, both with and without government intervention, and assess their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for face masks during the pandemic. The data was collected through an online survey of Chinese consumers in 2020. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers to better understand consumers' price expectations and WTP for face masks, enabling more effective government interventions to maintain market stability while ensuring consumer access to face masks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the factors that affect Customer Loyalty at the Cargo Terminal of PT Angkasa Pura Logistik I Gusti Ngurah Rai Airport Denpasar by using service quality, price and brand image as research variables through customer satisfaction. The population of this study is customers from PT. Angkasa Pura Logistics with a sample of 164 respondents. The results of this study show that of the four variables, including price to customer loyalty through customer satisfaction as mediation, brand image to customer loyalty through customer satisfaction as mediation, price to customer loyalty and brand image to customer loyalty which have a positive and significant effect. Meanwhile, the quality of service to customer loyalty through customer satisfaction as a mediator, the quality of service to customer loyalty and the brand image to customer loyalty have no positive and significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the onset of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, hospitals experienced a demand surge for COVID-19–related medical care while simultaneously struggling to source prescription drugs needed to manage COVID-19 patients. This is worrisome as shortfalls in the supply of essential drugs can negatively impact patient outcomes. The popular press reporting on these challenges suggests that they are caused by supply chain disruptions. However, rigorous research on the relationship between the pandemic and prescription drug supply is limited. To address this gap, we leverage a quasi-experimental design and IQVIA's National Sales Perspectives™ data from 2018 to 2020. We focus on prescription drugs indicated for the management of COVID-19 patients and a set of control drugs (i.e., drugs not used for COVID-19). We find that in the early phases of the pandemic, hospitals stockpiled prescription drugs indicated for the management of COVID-19, making this behavior an under-recognized cause of the sourcing challenges. The sales volume of drugs indicated for COVID-19 management was concentrated in the first two months of the pandemic, after which sales decreased significantly despite a nationwide increase in COVID-19–related hospitalizations. We investigate another potential cause of stockpiling: expected price increases. Counter to concerns of price gouging, we find little evidence of price inflation for these drugs. An implication for drug manufacturers is that orders due to stockpiling by downstream buyers early on in a pandemic may need to be discounted when predicting future demand. Our results have implications for drug suppliers, hospitals, and policymakers interested in improving medical product supply chain resilience. This paper was accepted by Stefan Scholtes, healthcare management. Funding: R. M. Conti was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant 1123649-463157) and the Sloan Foundation. Supplemental Material: The online appendices and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.04150. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of economic analysis, the study of the EU ETS policy has primarily focused on the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth, as well as the role of legal and fiscal instruments in the development of clean energy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the EU ETS policy in altering the energy mix of selected European countries, providing both cognitive and applicational value. The evaluation of the effectiveness of this policy focused on the structure of the energy mix and the relationship between rising CO2 emission allowance prices and the decreasing share of coal in the energy mix. The goal was achieved through statistical analysis of secondary sources, primarily sourced from Bloomberg (2016–2024). The research findings indicated that changes in the structure of energy sources varied across the studied European countries, due to the adopted energy source utilization strategy, resource availability, and geopolitical situations. Additionally, different correlation values were noted between rising CO2 emission allowance prices and the expected reduction in fossil fuel use. Therefore, the EU ETS policy does not fulfill its assigned role—its implementation contributes to disparities in the economic situations of European economies and creates conditions for unequal competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Terapan (JIMT). is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the impact of product development, pricing strategies, and after-sales service on purchase intention, explicitly focusing on the mediating role of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in the context of RYU brand power tool products in Jakarta, Indonesia. The research aims to identify how these key factors influence consumer behavior and decision-making processes in a competitive market environment. Data were collected through surveys from a sample of consumers in Jakarta, and the relationships between variables were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that product development and Price significantly affect purchase intention, while after-sales service exerts a moderate influence. Moreover, eWOM is a critical mediator that amplifies the impact of these factors on purchase intention. This study provides valuable insights for marketers and business practitioners in enhancing consumer engagement and driving sales through a strategic focus on product innovation, competitive pricing, and effective aftersales services while leveraging the power of eWOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last seven to eight years, there have been three disruptions at once: Digital Disruption, Millennial Disruption, and Pandemic Disruption. Relevant to the three disruptions which are also accompanied by changes in consumer behavior, the freight forwarding industry in Indonesia needs to transform from services product to services ecosystem. This can provide value to stakeholders in the freight forwarding industry in particular and the logistics industry in general, including transportation service providers (land, sea, air, train), warehousing, stevedoring, heavy equipment rental, custom clearance handling, banking, digital payment services, quarantine services, and the customers themselves. This study aims to gain a deeper and more understanding of Service Quality, Brand Image, and Price, in the creation of a services ecosystem in Indonesian Freight Forwarding Companies to build an orchestration of the stakeholders in the Logistics Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the influence of brand image and nutrition label on purchase intention for ready-to-eat products with price as a mediating factor. The data was collected through a non-probability sampling method using a google form online questionnaire, with a total 164 respondent who had purchased ready-to-eat Minimarket Lawson products. This study utilized Partial Least Square SEM. brand image and nutrition label variables as dependent variables, purchase intention as independent variables, and price as a mediating variable. The results of this study indicate that brand image has a positive and significant effect on price, nutrition label has a positive and significant effect on price, brand image has a positive and significant effect on purchase intention, nutrition label has a positive and significant effect on purchase intention, price has a positive and significant effect mediating brand image on purchase intention, price has a positive and significant effect mediating nutrition label on purchase intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Accounting & Finance Management (JAFM). is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction are prevalent endocrine disorders that impose enormous burdens on patients and countries. However, access to essential medicines remains inadequate in many low-income countries. This study evaluated medications’ availability, price, and affordability for these conditions. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at health facilities in the South Wollo zone in 2022. Following World Health Organization (WHO)/Health Action International (HAI) guidelines, 34 medicines were evaluated across 60 medicine outlets. Data were collected using a standardized tool adapted from WHO/HAI. Availability was measured by the percentage of facilities where the medicines were in stock. Prices were reported as median prices and median price ratios (MPR). Affordability was assessed based on the number of days’ wages required for the lowest-paid government workers to cover the full course of therapy. Results The availability of lowest-priced generic (LPG) diabetes and thyroid dysfunction medicines in the public sector was 24.4% and 28.7%, respectively. In private pharmacies, availability was 26.3% for diabetes and 21% for thyroid dysfunction medicines. Median prices for LPG medicines were higher in private pharmacies than in public health facilities, with 81.81% showing a statistically significant difference (p

Abstract To enhance the benefits derived from palm oil processing by the farmers, there is a need for the producers (farmers) and buyers of palm oil to understand the seasonal price for making informed decisions on when to buy and sell the commodity. In order to determine price at the appropriate time of the season, the study looked at the seasonal price variation analysis of palm oil and the relationship between producers and buyers. This was done by understanding buyers’ requirements, producers’ effort, measurements taken, and contracting with buyers’ credit from customers. A multiphase sampling strategy was used. Organized interviews and questionnaires were utilized to collect primary data, while the National Bureau of Statistics provided secondary time series data on the average monthly retail price of palm oil from 2016 to 2022. The need for bio-fuel, production growth, governmental regulations, market dynamics, and the seasonality of palm oil products are then identified by the study as important factors influencing palm oil price fluctuation throughout the year. The study then suggests that there’s a need for economic diversification to reduce reliance on a single sector. This study will serve as a basis for future research on palm oil price variation analysis.

This study aims to analyze the influence of corporate image, content marketing, and price on the interest in buying BSI Mobile gold installment products among Generation Z. This study uses a quantitative approach with sampling through a purposive sampling method that was tested on 100 respondents who are Instagram followers @lifewithbsi from generation Z. The primary data source used was an online questionnaire distribution. The analysis technique used is the structural equation model - partial least square (SEM-PLS) using the SmartPLS analysis tool. This study found that corporate image and content marketing positively influence buying interest. At the same time, price does not affect buying interest. Theoretically, this study can provide information and supporting literature for the academic community in similar studies in the future. Practically, this study can be helpful to BSI in terms of corporate image and content marketing to increase the interest of customers and prospective customers from Generation Z in using its products.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the price dynamics and market prospects of Ethereum, the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization. As blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies increasingly integrate into global financial systems, understanding the factors influencing Ethereum’s price becomes crucial for investors, developers, and researchers. The study uses daily price and volume data from an extensive dataset spanning from 2016 to 2023, focusing on the year 2022 to analyze trends and relationships between Ethereum’s price, market volume, and time. Employing correlation and regression analyses, the study aims to identify key patterns, with a focus on understanding how these variables interact within the volatile cryptocurrency market. The methodology centres on refining the data to ensure accuracy and integrity, including the removal of outliers and verification of variable distributions. Correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationships between price, volume, and time. Regression analysis further assessed the impact of volume and temporal factors on Ethereum's price, using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors to address market volatility. The model's robustness was validated through statistical significance tests, and visualizations were used to present data trends and relationships effectively. The findings reveal that Ethereum experienced substantial volatility in 2022, characterized by a general downward price trend. The study identified a weak inverse correlation between price and trading volume, suggesting that periods of higher trading activity often coincide with lower prices, possibly reflecting market corrections or sell-offs. The regression analysis indicated that time is a significant factor in Ethereum’s price dynamics, with a strong positive correlation between the observation order and price, highlighting a clear downward trend over the year. The model demonstrated a high explanatory power, with an Adjusted R-squared of 83.94%, indicating that the selected variables effectively capture the variance in price. The discussion places these findings within the broader context of market developments, including technological shifts like Ethereum 2.0, regulatory changes, and macroeconomic factors that shaped the price movements. The inverse relationship between volume and price underscores the impact of trading behaviour on market sentiment, while the downward temporal trend aligns with the overall market downturn seen in 2022. Despite short-term negative trends, the analysis underscores Ethereum’s long-term potential, given its leading role in decentralized finance, non-fungible tokens, and blockchain innovation. This research remains highly relevant as it addresses the interplay of technical, market, and macroeconomic factors in shaping Ethereum’s price and market prospects, providing a framework for understanding its future trajectory within the evolving cryptocurrency landscape.

Purpose. The purpose of our article is to research and forecast prices for agricultural products using the example of potato prices based on the most effective models using data science techniques. Methodology / approach. Various forecasting models are explored, starting from baseline models like decomposition and exponential smoothing models to more advanced techniques such as ARIMA, SARIMA, as well as deep learning models including neural network. The data is split into training and testing sets, and models are validated using cross-validation techniques and optimised through hyperparameter tuning. Model performance is evaluated using metrics such as MAE, MSE, RMSE, and MAPE. The selected model is then used to generate future price forecasts, with uncertainty quantified through confidence intervals. Results. The study successfully applied advanced data science techniques to forecast potato prices, leveraging a range of effective models. By analysing historical price data and using various forecasting methods, the research identified the most accurate models for predicting future price trends. The results demonstrate that the selected models can provide reliable forecasts. In particular, the results showed that the model could achieve good forecast results when applied to real problems and, thus, can be effectively used for forecasting tasks especially considering seasonality. In addition, it should be noted that the model has a higher prediction accuracy at the time intervals closest to the original data. The obtained results support using both models simultaneously for forecasting, which can compensate for the shortcomings of each of them. The models can be used separately, to more accurately predict the values for the required period, or a combination of them is also possible. Originality / scientific novelty. The study’s originality lies in development of methods for effectively accounting for seasonality in agricultural price data, such as using seasonal decomposition techniques or more advanced techniques that combine statistical and data science approaches. The novelty implies the implementation of real-time data processing and forecasting system allows for the timely prediction of price changes, enabling stakeholders to make more informed decisions. Practical value / implications. Forecasting potato prices holds significant practical value for various stakeholders. For farmers, accurate forecasts enable informed decisions on the optimal times to plant, harvest, and sell their crops, thereby optimising their profits. In the supply chain, distributors and retailers can use these forecasts to manage inventory more effectively and plan contracts, reducing waste and avoiding shortages. Policymakers benefit from forecasts by anticipating market fluctuations and stabilising prices, which supports both consumers and producers. For consumers, stable pricing ensures better budgeting and helps avoid sudden price spikes, making essential foods more affordable. Overall, accurate price forecasting enhances market efficiency by reducing uncertainty and aiding investors in managing risk.

In a highly competitive Azerbaijani coffee shop market, knowing what drives consumer behaviour is crucial for marketers and businesses looking to separate out from the competition and encourage customer loyalty. The article examines the effects of brand image, product quality and price on consumer purchase intention. The study is based on marketing theory, consumer behavior theory and the concept of customer-centric marketing. The methods of logical-structural, quantitative, factor and regression analysis are used. Within the scope of the research, the data were collected through an online questionnaire. The data set of the study is represented by data from an online survey of 298 customers of coffee shops in the city of Baku, collected in the period April-May 2023. According to the findings of the study, brand image, product quality and price, which are independent variables, have a significant and positive effect on the dependent variable, the purchase intention. The results contribute to the understanding that businesses need to focus on building a strong brand image in order to increase consumer purchase intention. By gaining a deeper comprehension of the factors influencing the purchasing decisions of customers, businesses can create more effective marketing campaigns, increase their market share, develop a solid market position and build consumer loyalty in an increasingly competitive environment. The study adds to the ongoing discussion about customer-centric marketing by throwing new insight on the elements that influence consumer behaviour.

E-commerce platforms often use collaborative filtering (CF) algorithms to recommend products to consumers. What recommendations consumers receive and how they respond to the recommendations largely depend on the design of CF algorithms. However, the extant empirical research on recommender systems has primarily focused on how the presence of recommendations affects product demand, without considering the underlying algorithm design. Leveraging a field experiment on a major e-commerce platform, we examine the differential impact of two widely used CF designs: view-also-view (VAV) and purchase-also-purchase (PAP). We found several striking differences between the impact of these two designs on individual products. First, VAV is about seven times more effective in generating additional product views than PAP but only about twice as effective in generating sales due to a lower conversion rate. Second, VAV is more effective in increasing views for more expensive products, whereas PAP is more effective in increasing the sales of cheaper products. Third, VAV is less effective in increasing the views but more effective in increasing the sales of products with higher purchase incidence rates (PIRs). Finally, when aggregated over all products with the same levels of price or PIRs, VAV dominates PAP in generating views and the difference is more striking for products with higher prices or lower PIRs. Interestingly, PAP is more effective than VAV in increasing the sales of products with low prices or moderate PIRs, though VAV generates more sales than PAP overall. Our findings suggest that platforms may benefit from employing different CF designs for different types of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionRemoval of tobacco industry branding from cigarette packs may reduce their appeal. Adding graphic warning labels (GWLs) should enhance this effect. We investigate whether willingness to pay for various packaging designs changes after 3 months' use of: (1) US branded packs without GWLs (US), (2) non-branded packs without GWLs (Blank), and (3) rotating non-branded packs with GWLs (gangrene; throat cancer; neonatal baby) covering >75% of pack (GWL).MethodsCalifornian adult daily smokers not planning to quit (n=287; 56% female; mean age=39.6) completed a discrete choice purchase task before and after 3 months' experience using one of three packaging options. Conjoint analysis and pre-post modelling evaluated the change in importance of pack attributes and willingness to pay for US, Blank or GWL (blindness; teeth; gangrene) pack designs.ResultsPrice determined ~70% of purchase choices, while pack design determined ~22%. Irrespective of intervention arm, US packaging generated appeal valuations compared with Blank packaging, while GWLs consistently provoked strong aversive valuations at baseline and follow-up. Compared with the US pack arm, using GWL packs for 3 months decreased willingness to pay for US packaging (β=-$0.38, 95% CI -0.76 to 0.00). Wear-out effects were detected in the discount needed to willingly purchase the gangrene-GWL pack (β=$0.49, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.82) and Blank pack (β=$0.42, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.74) but not for GWLs (blindness, teeth) not used in trial.ConclusionCompared with US branded packs, the negative valuation of non-branded GWL packs attenuates with even 3 months' use but does not generalise to non-used GWLs. This suggests that GWLs should be regularly refreshed. The appeal valuation of industry imagery suggests that the US plan to retain such imagery on packs may ameliorate the effect of GWLs.

Funny's Kitchen is one of the tenants of Foodcourt E at X University. Internal improvements were carried out based on research on students as the main consumers of Funny's Kitchen. The results of Multiple Linear Regression processing from 99 students' data show that the freshness of the food, the suitability of the price to the quality of the food provided, and the correct temperature of the food provided have a significant effect on students' interest in repurchasing at Funny's Kitchen. It is proposed that Funny's Kitchen use a microwave to speed up the process of heating food, maintain the taste of the food, employ employees who can help with the process of preparing and serving food, and adjust prices to the quality of the food provided. In this PKM, training was carried out to calculate the cost of production and it was discovered that Funny's Kitchen could still increase the quantity of its food portions. It is hoped that through the improvements made, student interest in buying back traditional food at Funny's Kitchen can increase.

Increased competition in the craft industry and reduced activity in the surrounding community have caused a significant decline in the number of MSMEs, which is indicated by internal and external factors. Rajapolah crafts are increasingly popular with consumers because they prefer modern products compared to crafts made in Rajapolah. Wicker is considered old-fashioned and out of date, especially by the millennial generation. This research aims to analyze how price and product quality influence consumer buying interest in Rajapolah craft products. This research can be expanded as quantitative research with a sample size of 100 respondents. Based on the results that have been carried out, price and product quality have a significant effect on buying interest in Rajapolah handicraft MSME products. It can be concluded that producers, in increasing purchasing interest, need to look at the price and quality aspects of their products.

Purchasing decisions are the stage of decision making involved in buying a product. Everyone has their way of making decisions. This research attempts to ascertain the extent to which social media, price, and product quality influence purchasing decisions for Pringgasela Sesek woven fabrics. The population in this study was 150 people, with a sample size of 60 people selected by random sampling. This study used primary data from the Customer Kelompok Nine Penenun (KNP). The results showed that price and social media have a significant positive effect on the decisions of purchasing, while product quality has a significant negative effect on the decisions of purchasing. This research implies that craftsmen must pay attention to quality by considering other factors in assessing product feasibility.

This research focuses on the Jember Branch of the PHRI (Indonesian Hotel and Restaurant Association) Association as the main reference in formulating hotel marketing strategy policies, both during the transition period of the COVID-19 pandemic and after. Quantitative methods using SPSS 21 were used in this study, with the population consisting of hotel visitors who had stayed at four-star hotels in Jember City. This research began by conducting surveys and testing research instruments. After obtaining valid instruments, surveys are conducted through interviews and questionnaires to collect primary and secondary data. The collected data is then processed using the SPSS statistical application. The next step is to compile a final report based on the results of data analysis, as well as produce scientific publications as an output of this research. The results showed that service quality has a significant influence on customer loyalty and satisfaction. In addition, price also affects customer loyalty and satisfaction at Four Star Hotels in Jember Regency. Customer satisfaction, in turn, affects customer loyalty, as well as mediates the relationship between service quality and price with customer loyalty to Four Star Hotels in Jember Regency.

Supply chain process is interdependent. Starting from procurement of raw materials, production, distribution, and finally the goods reaching consumers will influence each other. The costs of goods and services will be somewhat impacted by these social habits. Producers and merchants must comprehend these social behaviors in order to properly establish prices and the distribution of goods. This includes determining the prices of goods and services. Offering manufacturers who participate in cooperative advertising schemes money for a percentage of the costs connected with local advertising encourages retailers to launch additional promotional activities. The aim of this research is to investigate how cooperative pricing and advertising can improve supply chain coordination using consumer demand functions. A model based on game theory that takes the dynamics of power in the supply. A series of numerical simulations is presented to illustrate the optimal solution of channel members based on scenarios that illustrate, understand and compare the fundamental results of the game models. The results of this research are that retail price decisions are influenced by the level of competition and product differentiation. The results show that retail margins depend on local ( ) and national ( ) advertising effectiveness values. In addition, retailers can gain greater profits by setting higher prices in conditions of low price elasticity but must consider consumer sensitivity to price to maximize profits.

The supply operation is widely used among professionals, which is why it has imposed the regulation of the relations between them. The supply contract complements the provisions of the sales contract, concerning the effects of the contract, specifically the obligations of the parties: those of the supplier, namely the transfer of ownership of the supplied goods, delivery of goods and provision of services, bearing the risk of loss of the goods up until they are handed over, the warranty obligation for eviction, and the warranty obligation for the defects of the supplied goods, as well as those of the beneficiary, namely taking over the goods and paying the price of the products or services. An aspect that adds specificity to the supply contract is the possibility of subcontracting the supply, which, we believe, raises issues due to the lack of regulation regarding the possibility of changing the price by conventional means.

Abstract Background The cost of tobacco is one of the most reported reasons to quit smoking. The Netherlands increased tobacco taxes twice in the span of nine months: a €1 increase per pack in April 2020, and a €0.12 increase per pack in January 2021. This study examines to what extent people report to think about quitting due to the upcoming tax increase(s), as well as how it relates to their age, income or educational level. Additionally, we examined whether thinking about quitting was associated with quit intention and quit behaviour, and whether these associations were different for the two tax increases. Methods Longitudinal data from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Surveys, Cohort 2 were used (N = 5919 observations; wave 1 (February – March 2020): n = 2051; wave 2 (September – November 2020): n = 1919; wave 3 (June – July 2021): n = 1949). Generalised Estimating Equation (GEE) regressions were fit to test the associations between thinking about quitting due to the tax increase and post-tax increases in quit intention, serious quit attempts, and quitting smoking (≤ 1 cigarette a month), as well as sociodemographic variables. Results Circa half of the people who smoke reported thinking about quitting smoking due to the upcoming tax increase (Wave 1 = 51.3% (n = 1052); Wave 2 = 47.3% (n = 849)). Individuals who reported thinking about quitting smoking due to upcoming tax increase(s) were more likely to have increased their quit intention (aOR: 2.00, p ≤ .001) or have carried out a serious quit attempt (aOR:1.48, p ≤ .001) post-tax increase. More people attempted to quit smoking between wave 2 and 3 (post 2021 increase) than between wave 1 and 2 (post 2020 increase). We did not find an interaction effect between wave and thinking about quitting for quit intention, quit attempts, and quitting smoking. Conclusions Tax increases stimulate people to think about quitting. Thinking about quitting due to an upcoming tax increase was associated with more positive quit intention and serious quit attempts.

The objective of the research is to examine the impact of brand name and pricing on Kazakhstan Gen Z consumers’ buying behavior, spending patterns, and other buying motives. Adopting a quantitative approach, the study administers a structured questionnaire following a comprehensive analysis of the relevant literature and gleaned responses from 300 Generation Z consumers after checking the reliability and validity of the instrument using Cronbach’s alpha. The selected hypotheses were tested using the Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation, which revealed that brand name significantly impacts Kazakh women, and price greatly influences both genders. The results observed that price has the most significant effect on the buying behavior of female and male Gen Z consumers in Kazakhstan, with 25 and 28 percent, respectively. Brand name and authenticity considerably influence female consumers, with 16 and 15 percent, whereas innovation, technology, and customization, with 20 and 14 percent, influence male consumers. The significant influence of branding and pricing on the buying behavior of Kazakhstan Gen Z customers is displayed, and the findings provide a focal context for developing marketing plans in this first-of-its-kind research article.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the availability, cost, affordability of anti-cancer medicines in Nanjing, Jiangsu. Methods A longitudinal tracking investigation study was performed to collect information about 24 essential anti-cancer medicines (EAMs) and 17 innovative anti-cancer medicines (IAMs) in 26 healthcare institutions in Nanjing from 2016 to 2020. The availability, cost, drug utilization and affordability of EAMs and IAMs were investigated. Results The availability of EAMs showed no significant changes in Nanjing, but the availability of IAMs showed a significant increase in 2018 and 2019 and tended to stabilize in 2020. For EAMs, the DDDc(Defined Daily Dose cost) of LPGs (Lowest-Priced Generics) showed no significant changes, and the DDDc of OBs (Originator Brands) and IAMs significantly decreased. The DDDs(Defined Daily Doses) of EAMs (LPGs) showed a decreasing trend since 2016 and rose again in 2019. Overall, the DDDs of EAMs (LPGs) decreased by 25.18% between 2016 and 2020, but the proportion selected for clinical treatment remained at 67.35% in 2020. The DDDs of EAMs (OBs) and IAMs both showed an increasing trend year by year, with a proportional increase of 207.72% and 652.68%, respectively; but the proportion selected for clinical treatment was only 16.09% and 16.56% respectively in 2020. EAMs (LPGs) had good affordability for urban residents but poor affordability for rural residents; the affordability of EAMs (OBs) and IAMs was poor for both urban and rural residents. Conclusions There were no significant changes in the availability and cost of EAMs (LPGs), whose lower prices showed better affordability. Although their relative change in drug utilization showed a decreasing trend, they still dominated clinical treatment. Driven by the national drug price negotiation (NDPN) policy, the availability of IAMs was on the rise. It is necessary to further develop and strengthen policies for essential medicines procurement assessment to improve the accessibility of EAMs.

Understanding the factors influencing professionals' commitment to suppliers when acquiring pesticide products is crucial in urban pest management. The study assesses how price, quality, trade credit, and supplier relationships impact commitment to purchasing pesticides. Employing partial least squares structural equation modelling, the study's findings indicate that when urban pest management professionals decide on pesticide purchases, their decisions are notably influenced by product price, the availability of trade credit, and product quality. Surprisingly, a positive relationship with suppliers does not influence their commitment to purchasing pesticides. This study discusses the variations and offers implications for managers in the Philippines.

This study examines the repurchase intention of imported vegetables in Batam City by analyzing consumer satisfaction, price, and quality as factors influencing repurchase intentions. Path analysis with SmartPLS was used to test the hypothesis. The sample used in this study was 199 respondents. The results showed a positive relationship between customer satisfaction and repurchase intention, there was no relationship between price and repurchase intention and showed that quality was positively related to repurchase intention. The results also show that there is a significant influence between quality on repurchase intentions through customer satisfaction. However, customer satisfaction failed to mediate the relationship between price and repurchase intention.

The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of exchange rate ($) and energy (oil) prices on livestock product (red meat, milk, eggs) and input (feed) prices in Türkiye through Path Analysis. The material of this study consisted of monthly average exchange rate and energy prices vs. fattening feed, milk feed, and egg feed prices, and producer prices of red meat, milk, and eggs for the years 2010-2023. According to the findings of this study, one unit increase in the exchange rate resulted in a total increase of 0.98, 0.99 and 0.98 units in the prices of fattening, milk and egg feed, respectively; a total increase of 0.93, 0.98 and 0.97 units in red meat, milk and egg prices, respectively (P0.05). As a result, it has been observed that the exchange rate affects, particularly, input and livestock product prices, whereas energy prices affect only input costs in Türkiye. Therefore, it is thought that reducing external dependence on energy and upward fluctuations in exchange rates will make significant contributions to the reduction of input costs and product prices in animal husbandry, increase consumption rates and profitability of producers.

The process of procuring military equipment, technology, material, and associated services (VM) is frequently shrouded in concerns about cost-effectiveness and, in some instances, even becomes the focus of law enforcement investigations. This often leads to delays in strategic investments and exposes involved individuals to the risk of criminal charges. Additionally, there is a notable lack of capacity to impartially evaluate the overall investment's efficacy. Consequently, the "Znalec" (Expert Witness) project was initiated as a part of the defense research program. Its objective is to explore the feasibility of establishing an expert institute that could impartially assess the value of the military procurements, set a standard for evaluating these assets, and outline a training program for relevant experts. This paper specifically addresses the first objective of the project, proposing a legal framework for the expert institute based on an extensive systems analysis.

Go-Food by GOJEK Apps is a popular food delivery platform in Indonesia. The main objective of this study is to understand the factors influencing consumer purchase decisions through the Go-Food by GOJEK Apps, such as delivery reliability, menu variety, food quality, price, and service quality. Methods of research are using a quantitative approach by collecting data through a survey using a questionnaire that has been developed. The research sample was taken randomly from the consumer population using the Go-Food by GOJEK Apps. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and multiple linear regression. The results of the study show that delivery reliability, menu variety, food quality, price and service quality have a significant effect on consumer purchase decisions through the Go-Food by GOJEK Apps. Results of the research show that consumers tend to choose apps that offer fast delivery, a wide menu selection, high-quality food, competitive prices, and responsive service. These findings provide a better understanding of the factors influencing consumer purchase decisions through the Go-Food by GOJEK Apps. This research implies the importance of Go-Food service providers paying attention to these factors in improving user experience and consumer satisfaction. By understanding consumer preferences and needs, service providers can improve service quality, optimize delivery, provide interesting menu variations, and set prices accordingly.

This study investigates the factors influencing college students’ choice of food delivery service providers. As the online food delivery market expands, understanding student preferences is pivotal for this sector. We surveyed 128 university students, focusing on factors such as service quality, price, menu diversity, convenience, and digital experience. Our findings reveal that service quality ranks highest, followed by price, suggesting that while students value superior services, they are also cost-sensitive. Menu diversity emerged as another vital aspect, reflecting students’ interest in a wide range of cuisines. Convenience and digital experience, though slightly less important, significantly influence the choice, emphasizing the need for easy-to-use, efficient platforms. This study offers valuable insights for food delivery businesses, suggesting a focus on service quality, competitive pricing, diverse menus, user-friendly digital interfaces, and convenience to attract and retain student customers. Future research should explore the global applicability of these findings.

Key points The original manufacturer of azelastine‒fluticasone (AZ‒FL) prevented generic availability until 2020 via patent enforcement. Following generic availability of AZ‒FL, Medicare utilization increased and spending decreased. Retail prices for generic AZ‒FL remain high due to markup by manufacturers and pharmacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights The goal of this project was to recycle the waste forming in the production of a flexible, multilayer food packaging film. The film consists of five layers, two polyamides containing three different polymers, a polyethylene and two adhesive layers of maleated polyethylene. The type of the components and the exact composition are not disclosed because they represent proprietary information. The key to recycling is the selection of an appropriate strategy and target product. In this case, glass fiber reinforced PA composites were produced with an acceptable property profile. The properties of the recycled product are comparable to those of commercial composites available on the market. The crucial question was the selection of the glass fiber grade with the appropriate sizing. The selection was further complicated by the possible interaction of the functionalized polymer with the sizing of the fiber. The implementation of the solution is feasible technologically, the properties of the product are comparable to those available on the market, and its price is very advantageous. An engineering material can be produced from flexible multilayer packaging waste. The properties of the recycled product are comparable with those on the market. The selection of the glass fiber is crucial for mechanical properties. The solution is feasible technologically and the final price is competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of affordability in housing policy signalled a critical shift away from the priorities of housing need. This displacement of need by affordability can be understood as an act of economic valuation in which market price becomes the standard against which housing policies are measured. In this article I draw on John Dewey’s neglected theory of value to examine the relation between price and need. I apply this theory to an investigation of the assessments of housing need carried out by municipal authorities to establish quotas for the delivery of affordable housing in England. I argue that the shift from need to affordability has separated the concept of value from the process of valuation and resulted in a displacement of housing policy goals. I conclude that the systemic failure to address affordability problems in global housing markets should direct our attention to the failure of price to adequately value a prized goal of public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Driven by the present worldwide turbulence, this research investigates the consequences of ambiguity and psychological variables on cryptocurrency valuation and artificial intelligence applications in the cryptocurrency market. Results demonstrate that many factors impact cryptocurrency pricing, and artificial intelligence algorithms have the potential to provide an average level of stability. Nevertheless, the interplay among shareholder opinions displayed on various channels has a considerable negative impact on cryptocurrency investment refunds, as this effect is especially noticeable for coins inside the same environment. Furthermore, there may be a considerable dispersion across currencies within the same network when unpleasant information occurs. Given the significant uninsured deficits many crypto traders face during crypto trade, the findings offer vital insights into how investing professionals might build appropriate placement methods aided by artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]