Search

Showing total 2 results
Start Over Topic preschool
2 results

1. Investing in the foundation of sustainable development: pathways to scale up for early childhood development

Author

Richter, Linda M, Daelmans, Bernadette, Lombardi, Joan, Heymann, Jody, Boo, Florencia Lopez, Behrman, Jere R, Lu, Chunling, Lucas, Jane E, Perez-Escamilla, Rafael, Dua, Tarun, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Stenberg, Karin, Gertler, Paul, Darmstadt, Gary L, and Committee, Paper 3 Working Group and the Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Pediatric, Prevention, Generic health relevance, Quality Education, Child Development, Child Health Services, Child Protective Services, Child, Preschool, Developing Countries, Early Intervention, Educational, Financing, Government, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Politics, Poverty, Paper 3 Working Group and the Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering Committee, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

Building on long-term benefits of early intervention (Paper 2 of this Series) and increasing commitment to early childhood development (Paper 1 of this Series), scaled up support for the youngest children is essential to improving health, human capital, and wellbeing across the life course. In this third paper, new analyses show that the burden of poor development is higher than estimated, taking into account additional risk factors. National programmes are needed. Greater political prioritisation is core to scale-up, as are policies that afford families time and financial resources to provide nurturing care for young children. Effective and feasible programmes to support early child development are now available. All sectors, particularly education, and social and child protection, must play a role to meet the holistic needs of young children. However, health provides a critical starting point for scaling up, given its reach to pregnant women, families, and young children. Starting at conception, interventions to promote nurturing care can feasibly build on existing health and nutrition services at limited additional cost. Failure to scale up has severe personal and social consequences. Children at elevated risk for compromised development due to stunting and poverty are likely to forgo about a quarter of average adult income per year, and the cost of inaction to gross domestic product can be double what some countries currently spend on health. Services and interventions to support early childhood development are essential to realising the vision of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Published
2017

2. Human candidate gene polymorphisms and risk of severe malaria in children in Kilifi, Kenya: a case-control association study

Author

Ndila, Carolyne M, Uyoga, Sophie, Macharia, Alexander W, Nyutu, Gideon, Peshu, Norbert, Ojal, John, Shebe, Mohammed, Awuondo, Kennedy O, Mturi, Neema, Tsofa, Benjamin, Sepúlveda, Nuno, Clark, Taane G, Band, Gavin, Clarke, Geraldine, Rowlands, Kate, Hubbart, Christina, Jeffreys, Anna, Kariuki, Silvia, Marsh, Kevin, Mackinnon, Margaret, Maitland, Kathryn, Kwiatkowski, Dominic P, Rockett, Kirk A, Williams, Thomas N, Abathina, Amadou, Abubakar, Ismaela, Achidi, Eric, Agbenyega, Tsiri, Aiyegbo, Mohammed, Akoto, Alex, Allen, Angela, Allen, Stephen, Amenga-Etego, Lucas, Amodu, Folakemi, Amodu, Olukemi, Anchang-Kimbi, Judith, Ansah, Nana, Ansah, Patrick, Ansong, Daniel, Antwi, Sampson, Anyorigiya, Thomas, Apinjoh, Tobias, Asafo-Agyei, Emmanuel, Asoala, Victor, Atuguba, Frank, Auburn, Sarah, Bah, Abdou, Bamba, Kariatou, Bancone, Germana, Barnwell, David, Barry, Abdoulaye, Bauni, Evasius, Besingi, Richard, Bojang, Kalifa, Bougouma, Edith, Bull, Susan, Busby, George, Camara, Abdoulie, Camara, Landing, Campino, Susana, Carter, Richard, Carucci, Dan, Casals-Pascual, Climent, Ceesay, Ndey, Ceesay, Pa, Chau, Tran, Chuong, Ly, Clark, Taane, Cole-Ceesay, Ramou, Conway, David, Cook, Katharine, Cook, Olivia, Cornelius, Victoria, Corran, Patrick, Correa, Simon, Cox, Sharon, Craik, Rachel, Danso, Bakary, Davis, Timothy, Day, Nicholas, Deloukas, Panos, Dembele, Awa, Devries, Jantina, Dewasurendra, Rajika, Diakite, Mahamadou, Diarra, Elizabeth, Dibba, Yaya, Diss, Andrea, Djimdé, Abdoulaye, Dolo, Amagana, Doumbo, Ogobara, Doyle, Alan, Drakeley, Chris, Drury, Eleanor, Duffy, Patrick, Dunstan, Sarah, Ebonyi, Augustine, Elhassan, Ahmed, Elhassan, Ibrahim, Elzein, Abier, Enimil, Anthony, Esangbedo, Pamela, Evans, Jennifer, Evans, Julie, Farrar, Jeremy, Fernando, Deepika, Fitzpatrick, Kathryn, Fullah, Janet, Garcia, Jacob, Ghansah, Anita, Gottleib, Michael, Green, Angie, Hart, Lee, Hennsman, Meike, Hien, Tran, Hieu, Nguyen, Hilton, Eliza, Hodgson, Abraham, Horstmann, Rolf, Hughes, Catherine, Hussein, Ayman, Hutton, Robert, Ibrahim, Muntaser, Ishengoma, Deus, Jaiteh, Jula, Jallow, Mariatou, Jallow, Muminatou, Jammeh, Kebba, Jasseh, Momodou, Jobarteh, Amie, Johnson, Kimberly, Joseph, Sarah, Jyothi, Dushyanth, Kachala, David, Kamuya, Dorcas, Kanyi, Haddy, Karunajeewa, Harin, Karunaweera, Nadira, Keita, Momodou, Kerasidou, Angeliki, Khan, Aja, Kivinen, Katja, Kokwaro, Gilbert, Konate, Amadou, Konate, Salimata, Koram, Kwadwo, Kwiatkowski, Dominic, Laman, Moses, Si, Le, Leffler, Ellen, Lemnge, Martha, Lin, Enmoore, Alioune, Ly, Macharia, Alexander, Macinnis, Bronwyn, Mai, Nguyen, Makani, Julie, Malangone, Cinzia, Mangano, Valentina, Manjurano, Alphaxard, Manneh, Lamin, Manning, Laurens, Manske, Magnus, Marsh, Vicki, Maslen, Gareth, Maxwell, Caroline, Mbunwe, Eric, Mccreight, Marilyn, Mead, Daniel, Mendy, Alieu, Mendy, Anthony, Mensah, Nathan, Michon, Pascal, Miles, Alistair, Miotto, Olivo, Modiano, David, Mohamed, Hiba, Molloy, Sile, Molyneux, Malcolm, Molyneux, Sassy, Moore, Mike, Moyes, Catherine, Mtei, Frank, Mtove, George, Mueller, Ivo, Mugri, Regina, Munthali, Annie, Mutabingwa, Theonest, Nadjm, Behzad, Ndi, Andre, Ndila, Carolyne, Newton, Charles, Niangaly, Amadou, Njie, Haddy, Njie, Jalimory, Njie, Madi, Njie, Malick, Njie, Sophie, Njiragoma, Labes, Nkrumah, Francis, Ntunthama, Neema, Nyika, Aceme, Nyirongo, Vysaul, O'Brien, John, Obu, Herbert, Oduro, Abraham, Ofori, Alex, Olaniyan, Subulade, Olaosebikan, Rasaq, Oluoch, Tom, Omotade, Olayemi, Oni, Olajumoke, Onykwelu, Emmanuel, Opi, Daniel, Orimadegun, Adebola, O'Riordan, Sean, Ouedraogo, Issa, Oyola, Samuel, Parker, Michael, Pearson, Richard, Pensulo, Paul, Phiri, Ajib, Phu, Nguyen, Pinder, Margaret, Pirinen, Matti, Plowe, Chris, Potter, Claire, Poudiougou, Belco, Puijalon, Odile, Quyen, Nguyen, Ragoussis, Ioannis, Ragoussis, Jiannis, Rasheed, Oba, Reeder, John, Reyburn, Hugh, Riley, Eleanor, Risley, Paul, Rockett, Kirk, Rodford, Joanne, Rogers, Jane, Rogers, William, Ruano-Rubio, Valentín, Sabally-Ceesay, Kumba, Sadiq, Abubacar, Saidy-Khan, Momodou, Saine, Horeja, Sakuntabhai, Anavaj, Sall, Abdourahmane, Sambian, David, Sambou, Idrissa, Sanjoaquin, Miguel, Shah, Shivang, Shelton, Jennifer, Siba, Peter, Silva, Nilupa, Simmons, Cameron, Simpore, Jaques, Singhasivanon, Pratap, Sinh, Dinh, Sirima, Sodiomon, Sirugo, Giorgio, Sisay-Joof, Fatoumatta, Sissoko, Sibiry, Small, Kerrin, Somaskantharajah, Elilan, Spencer, Chris, Stalker, Jim, Stevens, Marryat, Suriyaphol, Prapat, Sylverken, Justice, Taal, Bintou, Tall, Adama, Taylor, Terrie, Teo, Yik, Thai, Cao, Thera, Mahamadou, Titanji, Vincent, Toure, Ousmane, Troye-Blomberg, Marita, Usen, Stanley, Vanderwal, Aaron, Wangai, Hannah, Watson, Renee, Williams, Thomas, Wilson, Michael, Wrigley, Rebecca, Yafi, Clarisse, Yamoah, Lawrence, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics [Oxford], University of Oxford, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, TNW and MM are funded through awards from the Wellcome Trust (grants 091758 and 202800 [to TNW] and grant 088634 [to MM]) and DPK and TGC receive support from the Medical Research Council (grant G19/9 [to DPK] and grants MR/K000551/1, MR/M01360X/1, MR/N010469/1, and MC_PC_15103 [to TGC]). The research leading to these results received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013, under grant agreement 242095) and from the Medical Research Council (grant G0600718). MalariaGEN is supported by the Wellcome Trust (WT077383/Z/05/Z) and by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (grant 566) as part of the Bill & Melinda Gates' Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative. The Resource Centre for Genomic Epidemiology of Malaria is supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant 090770/Z/09/Z). Support was also provided by the Medical Research Council (grant G0600718). The Wellcome Trust also provides core awards to the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (grant 090532/Z/09/Z) and to the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (grant 098051). This work forms part of a larger collaboration with the MalariaGEN Consortium, whose members are listed at http://www.malariagen.net/projects/host/consortium-members. This paper is published with permission from the Director of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)., MalariaGEN Consortium (Anavaj Sakuntabhai), and European Project: 242095,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2009-single-stage,EVIMALAR(2009)

Subjects
Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Gene Frequency, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Kenya, Malaria, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Hematology, macromolecular substances, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Article, Genetic, [SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, parasitic diseases, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Polymorphism, Preschool
Abstract

Summary Background Human genetic factors are important determinants of malaria risk. We investigated associations between multiple candidate polymorphisms—many related to the structure or function of red blood cells—and risk for severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and its specific phenotypes, including cerebral malaria, severe malaria anaemia, and respiratory distress. Methods We did a case-control study in Kilifi County, Kenya. We recruited as cases children presenting with severe malaria to the high-dependency ward of Kilifi County Hospital. We included as controls infants born in the local community between Aug 1, 2006, and Sept 30, 2010, who were part of a genetics study. We tested for associations between a range of candidate malaria-protective genes and risk for severe malaria and its specific phenotypes. We used a permutation approach to account for multiple comparisons between polymorphisms and severe malaria. We judged p values less than 0·005 significant for the primary analysis of the association between candidate genes and severe malaria. Findings Between June 11, 1995, and June 12, 2008, 2244 children with severe malaria were recruited to the study, and 3949 infants were included as controls. Overall, 263 (12%) of 2244 children with severe malaria died in hospital, including 196 (16%) of 1233 with cerebral malaria. We investigated 121 polymorphisms in 70 candidate severe malaria-associated genes. We found significant associations between risk for severe malaria overall and polymorphisms in 15 genes or locations, of which most were related to red blood cells: ABO, ATP2B4, ARL14, CD40LG, FREM3, INPP4B, G6PD, HBA (both HBA1 and HBA2), HBB, IL10, LPHN2 (also known as ADGRL2), LOC727982, RPS6KL1, CAND1, and GNAS. Combined, these genetic associations accounted for 5·2% of the variance in risk for developing severe malaria among individuals in the general population. We confirmed established associations between severe malaria and sickle-cell trait (odds ratio [OR] 0·15, 95% CI 0·11–0·20; p=2·61 × 10−58), blood group O (0·74, 0·66–0·82; p=6·26 × 10−8), and –α3·7-thalassaemia (0·83, 0·76–0·90; p=2·06 × 10−6). We also found strong associations between overall risk of severe malaria and polymorphisms in both ATP2B4 (OR 0·76, 95% CI 0·63–0·92; p=0·001) and FREM3 (0·64, 0·53–0·79; p=3·18 × 10−14). The association with FREM3 could be accounted for by linkage disequilibrium with a complex structural mutation within the glycophorin gene region (comprising GYPA, GYPB, and GYPE) that encodes for the rare Dantu blood group antigen. Heterozygosity for Dantu was associated with risk for severe malaria (OR 0·57, 95% CI 0·49–0·68; p=3·22 × 10−11), as was homozygosity (0·26, 0·11–0·62; p=0·002). Interpretation Both ATP2B4 and the Dantu blood group antigen are associated with the structure and function of red blood cells. ATP2B4 codes for plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 (the major calcium pump on red blood cells) and the glycophorins are ligands for parasites to invade red blood cells. Future work should aim at uncovering the mechanisms by which these polymorphisms can result in severe malaria protection and investigate the implications of these associations for wider health. Funding Wellcome Trust, UK Medical Research Council, European Union, and Foundation for the National Institutes of Health as part of the Bill & Melinda Gates Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative.

Published
2018
Full Text
View/download PDF