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Objectives: Endothelial dysfunction in the fetuses of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with their subsequent cardiovascular events. Prenatal assessment of endothelial function in fetuses exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemic environment remains challenging. The aim of this study was to assess the fetal vascular endothelial function in GDM patients using color M-mode derived aortic propagation velocity (APV) and evaluate the correlation of APV with endothelial function biomarkers., Methods: This observational cross-sectional study included 31 gestational diabetic mothers and 30 healthy pregnant mothers from August 2019 to January 2020. Clinical data were compared between the groups. Fetal APV was measured using color M-mode echocardiography at late gestation. Concentrations of endothelial biomarkers including von Willebrand Factor (vWF), vascular endothelial-cadherin and endothelin-1 in umbilical cord serum were assessed. Measurements between diabetic group and controls were compared., Results: vWF was the only endothelial functional marker that differed between the two groups. Fetuses in the GDM group had significantly lower APV levels and higher vWF levels compared with the healthy controls ( P < 0.05). There was a moderate but significant correlation between APV and vWF (r =-0.58, P < 0.001). There were no associations between APV and ventricular wall thickness or umbilical artery pulsatility index., Conclusions: Color M-mode propagation velocity of aorta is a non-invasive, practical method that correlates well with GDM and fetal endothelial function. This novel metric could contribute to recognizing early vascular functional alterations and hence represents a potential strategy for early risk factor surveillance and risk modification., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Chen, Huang, Liu, Zeng, Tang, Lei, Wang, Jiang, Shentu and Wang.)

Background: Identification of prenatal ventriculoarterial connections in fetuses with conotruncal anomalies (CTA) remains one of the greatest challenges for sonographers performing screening examinations. Herein, we propose a novel protocol of 4D volume analysis that identifies ventriculoarterial connections and evaluate its clinical utility in routine screenings., Methods: Twenty-nine cases of transposition of the great arteries (TGA), 22 cases of double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), 36 cases of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 14 cases of truncus arteriosus (TCA), and randomly selected 70 normal fetuses were reviewed in this study. All cases were evaluated using 2D data alone (2D method), post-processing volumes with no exact algorithm (4D-1 method), or with the proposed algorithm (4D-2 method), or using the 2D and 4D data together (combined method). Comparisons were made to evaluate the detection rate of ventriculoarterial connections for these different methods., Results: During 18-28 gestational weeks, the detection rate of 4D-2 modality was satisfactory. The detection rate of the combined method was significantly higher than 2D method in the identification of TGA, TOF, and TCA. The detection rate of 4D-1 method was significantly lower than 4D -2 modality for CTA fetuses. During late pregnancy, the detection rate for both 4D modalities was very low due to the poor quality of the 4D volumes., Conclusions: We proposed a detailed protocol, which allowed the examiner to identify fetal ventriculoarterial connections by 4D volumes. Inclusion of blood information into the volumes improved diagnosis. Our findings suggest that the incorporation of 4D STIC into routine screenings could improve the detection for TGA, TOF, and TCA.

Background: Identification of prenatal ventriculoarterial connections in fetuses with conotruncal anomalies (CTA) remains one of the greatest challenges for sonographers performing screening examinations. Herein, we propose a novel protocol of 4D volume analysis that identifies ventriculoarterial connections and evaluate its clinical utility in routine screenings.Methods: Twenty-nine cases of transposition of the great arteries (TGA), 22 cases of double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), 36 cases of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 14 cases of truncus arteriosus (TCA), and randomly selected 70 normal fetuses were reviewed in this study. All cases were evaluated using 2D data alone (2D method), post-processing volumes with no exact algorithm (4D-1 method), or with the proposed algorithm (4D-2 method), or using the 2D and 4D data together (combined method). Comparisons were made to evaluate the detection rate of ventriculoarterial connections for these different methods.Results: During 18-28 gestational weeks, the detection rate of 4D-2 modality was satisfactory. The detection rate of the combined method was significantly higher than 2D method in the identification of TGA, TOF, and TCA. The detection rate of 4D-1 method was significantly lower than 4D -2 modality for CTA fetuses. During late pregnancy, the detection rate for both 4D modalities was very low due to the poor quality of the 4D volumes.Conclusions: We proposed a detailed protocol, which allowed the examiner to identify fetal ventriculoarterial connections by 4D volumes. Inclusion of blood information into the volumes improved diagnosis. Our findings suggest that the incorporation of 4D STIC into routine screenings could improve the detection for TGA, TOF, and TCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Prenatal diagnosis of fetal total anomalous pulmonary vein connection ( TAPVC) remains challenging for most screening sonographers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of four-dimensional echocardiography with high-definition flow imaging and spatiotemporal image correlation (4D- HDFI) in identifying pulmonary veins in normal and TAPVC fetuses. Material & Methods We retrospectively reviewed and performed 4D- HDFI in 204 normal and 12 fetuses with confirmed diagnosis of TAPVC. Cardiac volumes were available for postanalysis to obtain 4D-rendered images of the pulmonary veins. For the normal fetuses, two other traditional modalities including color Doppler and HDFI were used to detect the number of pulmonary veins and comparisons were made between each of these traditional methods and 4D- HDFI. Results For conventional echocardiography, HDFI modality was superior to color Doppler in detecting more pulmonary veins in normal fetuses throughout the gestational period. 4D- HDFI was the best method during the second trimester of pregnancy in identifying normal fetal pulmonary veins. 4D- HDFI images vividly depicted the figure, course, and drainage of pulmonary veins in both normal and TAPVC fetuses. Conclusion HDFI and the advanced 4D- HDFI technique could facilitate identification of the anatomical features of pulmonary veins in both normal and TAPVC fetuses; 4D- HDFI therefore provides additional and more precise information than conventional echocardiography techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Prenatal diagnosis of cardiac valve anomalies challenged most screening sonographers. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the use of four-dimensional echocardiography with spatiotemporal image correlation (4D STIC) in detecting normal and abnormal fetal cardiac valves. Methods Forty-three cases of confirmed cardiac valve anomalies identified by two-dimensional echocardiography (2 DE) were retrospectively reviewed in this study. Additional 121 confirmed normal fetuses were included as controls. Four-dimensional volumes were acquired from each fetus using a transverse sweep. Four-dimensional rendered images were retrieved from the volumes for each of the cardiac valves for the normal fetuses and for the intended valves for fetuses with valve malformations. Results The visualization rates of cardiac valves retrieved from 4D volumes in the normal fetuses ranged from 72.5% to 97.5% before 33 gestational weeks and from 46.3% to 80.5% in late pregnancy. Furthermore, 4D rendered images were successfully obtained in 38 of 43 (88.4%) fetuses with cardiac valve lesions. Conclusions The 4D images and cine loops displayed the valves anatomy vividly in both normal and abnormal fetuses, including some subtle malformations which were not identified by traditional 2 DE. The standardized protocol we propose herein was important in obtaining the 4D images from the volumes. The 4D modality allows a better visualization of fetal cardiac valves and should be considered a valuable addition to traditional 2 DE imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]