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Hawaii vital record data for 1979 through 1990 were analyzed to examine potentially differing relationships between maternal and infant risks and outcomes in native Hawaiian and White infants. Despite high rates of inadequate prenatal care and teenage and unmarried childbearing, the Hawaiian low-birth-weight rate was below the US average. Hawaiian infants experienced an elevated risk of mortality, particularly among those of normal birthweight during the postneonatal period. Public health initiatives to reduce infant mortality must go beyond preventing teenage pregnancy and low birthweight to address Hawaiian infants' unique pattern of risk factors and the social and economic environment in which such risks abound.

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy is one of the leading causes of adverse infant outcomes. Black women are disproportionately affected by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and it associated adverse outcomes. Adequate prenatal care may improve adverse infant outcomes. However, the evidence on adequate prenatal care improving birth outcomes for women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy especially for Blacks is limited. This study examined the role of adequate prenatal care and race/ethnicity as moderators of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on infant outcomes. Methods: The sample was obtained from the 2016–2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Surveillance dataset from North Carolina. We compared adequate prenatal care among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (n = 610) to women without(n = 2,827), and women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with adequate prenatal care to women hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with inadequate prenatal care. Results: The weighted prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was 14.1%. Adequate prenatal care was associated with better infant outcomes for low birth weight (AOR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.58, 0.90) and preterm birth (AOR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.46, 0.82). Although these effects were not moderated by Black race/ethnicity, Black women independently also had worse outcomes for preterm birth (AOR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.11, 2.28) and low birth weight (AOR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.42, 2.29). Conclusions: Moderation of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy effects on infant outcomes by prenatal care and race/ethnicity was not found. Women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy who received inadequate prenatal care experienced worse adverse birth outcomes compared to women without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Strategies to improve prenatal care, particularly among underserved populations at risk for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, need to be a public health priority. Significance: What is already known on this subject? Racial/ethnicity disparities persist in birth outcomes in the United States despite the continuous efforts to improve birth outcomes. What this study adds? Although, adequate prenatal care improves preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age, adequate prenatal care or race/ethnicity did not moderate adverse birth outcomes. Healthcare provider contacts during the pregnancy period may not be enough to address birth outcomes disparities. Preconception interventions should be encouraged, especially for Black women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Racial disparities in adverse perinatal outcomes have been studied in other countries, but little has been done for the Canadian population. In this study, we sought to examine the disparities in adverse perinatal outcomes between Asians and Caucasians in Ontario, Canada.Methods: We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study that included all Asian and Caucasian women who attended a prenatal screening and resulted in a singleton birth in an Ontario hospital (April 1st, 2015-March 31st, 2017). Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate the independent adjusted relative risks and adjusted risk difference of adverse perinatal outcomes for Asians compared with Caucasians.Results: Among 237,293 eligible women, 31% were Asian and 69% were Caucasian. Asians were at an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, placental previa, early preterm birth (< 32 weeks), preterm birth, emergency cesarean section, 3rd and 4th degree perineal tears, low birth weight (< 2500 g, < 1500 g), small-for-gestational-age (<10th percentile, <3rd percentile), neonatal intensive care unit admission, and hyperbilirubinemia requiring treatment, but had lower risks of preeclampsia, macrosomia (birth weight > 4000 g), large-for-gestational-age neonates, 5-min Apgar score < 7, and arterial cord pH ≤7.1, as compared with Caucasians. No difference in risk of elective cesarean section was observed between Asians and Caucasians.Conclusion: There are significant differences in several adverse perinatal outcomes between Asians and Caucasians. These differences should be taken into consideration for clinical practices due to the large Asian population in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnancy outcomes are affected by many different factors. One of the influential factors on pregnancy outcomes is the male partner as an important person to mother's wellbeing.Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of male partner's role including socioeconomic support, emotional support, accompanying pregnant women during prenatal care visits (PNC) and labor, and the level of pregnant women's satisfaction from their partners' support and involvement during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes.Method: Two hundred first gravid pregnant women with mean age of 23.2 ± 4.3 were studied. Primary outcomes were total maternal and neonatal adverse outcome (TMNAO), total maternal adverse end result (TMAE), and total neonatal adverse outcome (TNAO), regardless of the type of outcomes. Preterm labor and delivery; premature rupture of membrane (PROM) and preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM); preeclampsia and eclampsia; placental abruption; chorioamnionitis; stillbirth; meconium passage; maternal death; postpartum hemorrhage; poor progression labor; abnormal vaginal bleeding in third trimester of pregnancy; low birth weight and neonatal need for CPR or intubation, neonatal anomaly, NICU admission, and neonatal mortality were also analyzed as subgroup outcomes.Results: One hundred twenty-seven (63.5%) participants showed a kind of total maternal and neonatal adverse outcome (TMNAO), 72 (36%) deliveries resulted in a kind of neonatal adverse outcome (TNAO), and 104 (52%) of participants had a kind of maternal adverse end result (TMAE). Iranian fathers showed a significantly higher rate of TMNAO than Afghan fathers did (82 versus 69%, odds ratio: 2.9, 95% CI 1.0-7.8, p: .01). Mother's nationality showed the same result (82 versus 64%, odds ratio: 2.6, 95% CI 0.9-6.8, p: .03). Iranian fathers showed a significantly higher rate of TMAE than Afghan fathers did (79 versus 58%, odds ratio: 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.3, p: .01). Mother's nationality showed the same result (78 versus 60%, odds ratio: 2.4, 95% CI 1.0-5.6, p: 0.02). Neonates with Iranian fathers showed significantly more TNAO than those with Afghan fathers (50 versus 31%, odds ratio: 2.21, 95% CI 0.9-5.5, p: .04). The same trend was observed among Iranian mothers in comparison to Afghan mothers (50 versus 32%, odds ratio: 2.11, 95% CI 0.9-4.6, p: .06). Of mother's age, mother's BMI, father's age, father's BMI, and mother's nationality, only father's BMI contributed significantly to the binary logistic regression model (n = 116, R2: 9%, p: .028). It was found that for each decreased unit in BMI, the risk of TNAO was increased by 16%, p: .03. Moreover, Father's family history of preeclampsia resulted in a higher prevalence of total neonatal adverse outcome (TNAO) in comparison with lack of such family history (87 versus 43%, odds ratio: 8.9, 95% CI 1.1-74.5, p: .02). Besides, mothers' participation in prenatal care (PNC) visits, assessed by caregivers, was significantly more satisfactory in neonates without any adverse outcome than those with neonatal adverse outcomes (median (IQR) = 2 (1-2) versus 2 (2-3), p: .04). PROM, pre-eclampsia, NICU admission, neonatal intubation, low Apgar score minute 0, and low Apgar score minute 5 were significantly more prevalent in participants revealing positive father's family history of pre-eclampsia. Regarding psychosocial exposures, placental abruption was more prevalent in mothers with exposure to verbal aggression versus non-exposed ones (9 versus 2%, odds ratio: 4.0, 95% CI 0.9-24.6, p: .04). Moreover, a weak positive association between neonatal gestational age at birth and quality of mother's participation in PNC visits (r: +0.3, p: .01) as well as mother's satisfaction from father's commitment to PNC visits was found (r: +0.1, p: .03).Conclusion: Male partners may play a key role in pregnant women and fetus's heath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human migration is not a new phenomenon, but it has changed significantly with the advance of globalization. We focus on differences in the published literature concerning migration and health (EU vs the US), centering specifically on reproductive health outcomes. We conducted a literature search in the Pubmed and Embase databases. We reviewed papers that contrast migrants to native-born populations and analyzed differences between countries as well as challenges for future research. The prevalence of low birthweight among migrants varies by the host country characteristics as well as the composition of migrants to different regions. The primary driver of migrant health is the migrant 'regime' in different countries at specific periods of time. Future health outcomes of immigrants will depend on the societal characteristics (legal protections, institutions and health systems) of host countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Unopar Cientifica Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude is the property of Unopar Cientifica Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ethnicity (AE) mothers have lower preterm birth (PTB) risk than white mothers. Little is known about the determinants of PTB among AE women or the role of interethnic mating in shaping PTB risk among this group. We assessed the relationship between interethnic mating and risk for PTB, very PTB, and late PTB among AE mothers. Data was collected for all births ( N = 21,621) to AE women in Michigan between 2000 and 2005. Self-reported ancestry was used to determine paternal AE as well as to identify AE mothers. We used bivariate chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression to assess the relationship between paternal non-AE and risk for PTB, very PTB, and late PTB among AE mothers. All analyses were also conducted among non-Arab white mothers as a control. Among AE mothers, paternal non-Arab ethnicity was associated with higher risk of PTB (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.30) and late PTB (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.20, 1.38) compared to paternal Arab ethnicity. Paternal non-Arab ethnicity was not associated with risk for any outcome among non-Arab white mothers. Future studies could assess the causal mechanisms underlying the association between interethnic mating and risk for PTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The study examines the relationship between maternal nativity, maternal risks and birth outcomes in six Asian sub-populations. Methods U.S.- versus foreign-born immigrants of Chinese (67,222), Japanese (18,275) and Filipino (87,1208), Vietnamese (45,229), Cambodian/Laotian (21,237), and Korean (23,430) singleton live births were assessed for maternal risks and birth outcomes. Results U.S.-born Chinese and Japanese mothers had lower risk and increased preterm births but similar infant mortality, while U.S.-born Filipino mothers had higher risk and higher infant mortality. U.S.-born mothers of more recent Cambodian/Laotian and Vietnamese immigrants had higher risk and delivered more small and preterm births, while U.S.-born Korean mothers had higher risk but no differences in preterm and low birthweight delivery. Discussion Asians in America are a distinctly heterogenous population in terms of the relationship between maternal risk factors and birth outcomes and the influence of maternal nativity on this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The goals of our study were (1) to estimate the trends in maternal weight gain patterns and (2) to estimate the influence of variation in maternal weight and rate of weight gain over different time periods in gestation on variation in birth weight in African-American and non-African-American gravidas. Study Design and Setting. Data from a prospective cohort study in which pregnant women were monitored at multiple time points during pregnancy were analysed. Maternal weight was measured at three times during pregnancy: preconception ( W0); 16–20 weeks gestation ( W1); 30–36 weeks gestation ( W2), in a cohort of 435 women with full-term singleton pregnancies. The relationship between gestational age-adjusted birth weight (aBW) and measures of maternal weight and rate of weight gain across pregnancy was estimated using a multivariable longitudinal regression analysis stratified on African-American race. Results. The aBW was significantly associated with maternal weight measured at any visit in both strata. For African-American women, variation in aBW was significantly associated with variation in the rate of maternal weight gain in the first half of pregnancy ( W01) but not the rate of maternal weight gain in the second half of pregnancy ( W12); while for non-African-American women, variation in aBW was significantly associated with W12 but not W01. Conclusion. Factors influencing the relationship between aBW and maternal weight gain patterns depend on the context of the pregnancy defined by race. Clinical decisions and recommendations about maternal weight and weight gain during pregnancy may need to account for such heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The objectives of this study were to investigate the difference in timing of the first antenatal visit between ethnic groups and to explore the contribution of several noneconomic risk factors. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting All independent midwifery practices in the city of Amsterdam and all six Amsterdam hospitals. Population Consecutive cohort of pregnant women ( n = 12 381). Ethnic groups were distinguished by country of birth. Methods Questionnaire data showed possible risk factors for late start. A Cox-proportional hazards model was created with (1) only ethnic group and (2) the addition of all significant risk factors, both time fixed and time dependent. Main outcome measures Gestational age at first visit. Results The questionnaire was returned by 8267 pregnant women (response rate 67%). All non-Dutch ethnic groups were significantly later in starting antenatal care during the whole duration of pregnancy compared with the ethnic Dutch group (hazard ratio [95% CI]: other Western, 0.83 [0.76–0.90]; Surinamese, 0.62 [0.56–0.68]; Antillean, 0.56 [0.45–0.70]; Turkish, 0.62 [0.55–0.69]; Moroccan, 0.56 [0.52–0.62]; Ghanaians, 0.50 [0.43–0.58] and other non-Western, 0.61 [0.56–0.67]). The range at which 90% were in care varied between 16 weeks and 3 days for Dutch and 24 weeks and 4 days for Ghanaians. These differences disappeared almost totally in the non-Dutch-speaking ethnic groups when the following risk factors were added to the model: poor language proficiency, low maternal education, teenage pregnancy, multiparity and unplanned pregnancy. The differences remained in the Dutch-speaking ethnic groups. Conclusions We observed a disturbing delay by all ethnic groups in the timing of their first antenatal visit. In women born in non-Dutch-speaking, non-Western countries, these differences were explained by a higher prevalence of the risk factors: poor language proficiency in Dutch, lower maternal education and more teenage pregnancies. In women born in Dutch-speaking, non-Western countries, the disparities cannot be explained by higher prevalence of these risk factors, indicating that cultural factors play a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examines the maternal characteristics and birth outcomes of infants of U.S. resident Asian-Indian-American (AIA) mothers and compares those to infants of U.S. resident Whites and African-American (AA) mothers.Methods: Single live births to U.S. resident mothers with race/ethnicity coded on birth certificate as AIA, non-Hispanic White, or non-Hispanic AA were drawn from NCHS 1995 to 2000 U.S. Linked Live Birth/Infant Death files.Results: Compared to AAs or Whites, AIAs have the lowest percentage of births to teen or unmarried mothers and mothers with high parity for age or with low educational attainment. After taking these factors into account, AIA had the highest risk of LBW, small-for-gestational age and term SGA births but a risk of infant death only slightly higher than Whites and far less than AAs.Conclusions: The birth outcomes of AIAs do not follow the paradigm that more impoverished minority populations should have greater proportions of low birth weight and preterm births and accordingly greater infant mortality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Small for gestational age (SGA) is one of the major determinants of perinatal mortality and morbidity, and may relate in adult diseases. Early prediction of SGA could be helpful for health care providers and public health workers in guiding antenatal management and prevention. The reported methods of SGA prediction are not satisfactory because the diagnostic performance is poor and the interval between prediction and delivery is too short. Aims: To establish a SGA prediction model for twin pregnancies based on variables obtainable in early gestation. Methods: We used a large twin registry United States data (1995–1997). The study subjects were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 to establish the prediction model by logistic regression and group 2 to validate the prediction model. SGA was defined as birth weight for gestational age z scores less than 10th percentiles. Pair of twin was the unit of analysis. Two sets of multiple logistic regression analyses with different outcome measures – one or both twins SGAs and both twins SGAs – were used to establish the prediction model. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value were 52.3, 62.5, and 21.5%, respectively, at the cutoff value 0.16 in a SGA prediction model based on maternal race, education, marital status, parity, prenatal care visit initiation, cigarette smoking, and paternal race. Conclusions: A prediction model based on determinants that can be obtained at early gestation might be useful in the management of pregnancies with high risk of SGA in twins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the extent to which racial and ethnic disparities exist in the use of prenatal services among Medicaid pregnant women. Methods: Medicaid claims data for Florida, Georgia, New Jersey, and Texas, with linked birth certificate data for Georgia and Texas, were used to investigate the use of selected prenatal services, including the initiation and adequacy of prenatal care visits; prescriptions for multiple vitamins and iron supplements; and claims for complete blood cell counts, blood type and RH status, hepatitis B surface antigen, ultrasound, maternal serum alphafetoprotein, drug screening, and HIV tests. We computed raw and adjusted odds ratios of having the health service of interest during pregnancy for women in three minority groups: black non-Hispanics, Hispanics, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Results: We found racial and ethnic disparities in the use of every health service investigated. Compared with white non-Hispanics, minority women were less likely to receive services that the woman initiates, discretionary services, and services potentially requiring specialized follow-up care, whereas they were more likely to receive screening tests for diseases related to high-risk behaviors. Disparities were generally larger, more consistent across states, and less likely to be explained by other factors among black non-Hispanics than among either Hispanics or Asian/Pacific Islanders. Conclusions: Even among women who are provided equal financial access to health care services, unexplained racial and ethnic disparities persist in the initiation and use of both routine and specialized prenatal care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assisted reproduction programmes do not report success consistently. Rates vary with the definition used. Success must reflect delivery of healthy babies, and the burden of treatment to couples. We report the singleton, term gestation, live birth rate of a baby per assisted reproductive technology cycle initiated for a large IVF programme. We defined assisted reproductive technology cycles as those initiated with the intention of oocyte collection. We examined cycles conducted through Monash IVF in 2001. All women with positive pregnancy tests had first trimester ultrasonography. Obstetric outcomes were recorded. All babies had neonatal examinations conducted by paediatricians. A total of 644 positive pregnancy tests were recorded in 2600 cycles; 509 showed fetal heart motion. Of 448 deliveries, 328 were singleton and 120 were multiple. There were 290 singleton deliveries at term gestation. In 2001, a couple had an 11.1% chance of delivering a singleton, term gestation, live baby per assisted reproductive technology cycle begun. We suggest that delivery of a single, term gestation, live baby per cycle initiated is the most relevant standard of success. This statistic was 11.1% at Monash IVF. We encourage programmes to report this BESST (Birth Emphasizing a Successful Singleton at Term) outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare pregnancy outcomes between foreign-born women and women born in the United States (US-born). Methods: A retrospective cohort study (1991–2001) of all deliveries at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Results: Among 49 904 deliveries, 27% were to foreign-born mothers representing 164 countries grouped into eight geographic regions. Compared with US-born women, foreign-born women had a higher mean birthweight (3315 vs. 3083 g), and a lower risk of preterm delivery (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.43–0.49), perinatal mortality (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.36–0.45), hypertension (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.23–0.41), and HIV infection (RR 0.13, 95%CI 0.10–0.18). However, foreign-born women had an increased risk of diabetes (RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.48–1.79), perineal laceration (RR 1.71; 95% CI 1.66–1.76), and postpartum hemorrhage (RR 1.10; 95% CI 1.05–1.15). Conclusions: Foreign-born women have better health behaviors, pregnancy outcomes, and a lower risk of infectious diseases than US-born women, but they have a higher risk of certain medical conditions and obstetric complications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

OBJECTIVE -- This study examines the relationship of glucose intolerance during pregnancy to birth weight among black and white participants of the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -- This prospective cohort study recruited women from prenatal clinics in central North Carolina at 24-29 weeks' gestation. A 1-h 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) and 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were conducted. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was defined as one high value on the OGTT, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) as two or more high values, and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) was defined as a low or high value on the GCT screen but no high values on the OGTT. Women with known glucose status and birth outcome information were included in this analysis (n = 2055). RESULTS -- Black women with IGT had higher rates of both macrosomia (38.5%) and large for gestational age (LGA) (53.9%) compared with white women (10.0% and 13.2%). Black infants' birth weights (3,800 g) and prevalence of macrosomia and LGA were significantly higher among mothers with IGT compared with NGT women (birth weight, 3,184 g; macrosomia, 7.0%; LGA, 11.6%). In contrast, among white infants, there was no significant increase in birth weight, macrosomia, or LGA associated with the mother's glucose tolerance status. In addition, there was no effect of GDM on birth weight in either group. CONCLUSIONS -- This study suggests that, independent of maternal prepregnant weight, there may be significant increased risk of macrosomia among black IGT women but not among white IGT women. Further investigations into factors that may contribute to the observed results are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the state of Hawaii, Samoan mothers are known for the large average birthweight and low percentage of low birthweight (< 2500 g) of their infants, in spite of the relatively low socio-economic status of the population. This paper reports the findings of a temporal trend analysis of birth outcomes of Samoan women and identifies worrying changes. Data were obtained from Hawaii birth certificates. Single live births to Hawaii-resident Samoan and Caucasian women from 1979 to 1994 were included in the study. Infants of Samoan women experienced a 75 g decline in mean birthweight and an increase in the percentage of low (< 2500 g) and very low (< 1500 g) birthweight from 2.6 and 0.4 to 3.8 and 0.8 respectively. During the same time, infants of Caucasian mothers experienced an increase in mean birthweight and a decline in low birthweight, while very low birthweight did not change. Maternal socio-demographic characteristics explained only part of the findings and use of prenatal care did not appear to be associated with any birth outcome indicators. Multiple regression analyses identified an adjusted loss of 50.8 g in birthweight and a 1.48 increase in the odds ratio of small-for-gestational-age associated with birth at the end (1991-4) compared with the beginning (1979-82) of the study period. Further studies focusing on maternal health status and psycho-social variables, including the effect of acculturation-related stress, are warranted to identify at least some of the determinants of the changes identified by this analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This study investigated the birth outcomes of Japanese Americans, focusing on the role of the mother's place of birth. Methods. Single live births to US-resident Japanese American mothers (n = 37941) were selected from the 1983 through 1987 US linked live birth-infant death files. Results. US-born mothers were more likely than foreign-born mothers to be less than 18 years old and not married, to start prenatal care early, and to : more adequately use prenatal care, infants of foreign-born Japanese Americans had a slightly tower risk of tow birthweight. No significant differences were found between nativity groups for very low birthweight or neonatal, postneonatal, and infant mortality. The mortality rates of infants of US-born (6.2) and foreign-born (5.4) Japanese American women were below the US Year 2000 objective but still exceeded Japan's 1990 rate (4.6). However, low-birthweight percentages of the US-born group (5.7%) and the foreign-born group (5.0%) were similar to that of Japan (53%). conclusions. The infants of foreign-born Japanese-American women exhibited modestly better low-birthweight percentages than those of US-born Japanese Americans. This finding supports theories of the healthy immigrant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of maternal diabetes on birth weight for gestational age patterns of all term black infants and white infants in the United States using data derived from the 1990–1991 US Live Birth File of the National Center for Health Statistics. Infants of both black mothers and white mothers exhibited the expected fetal overgrowth associated with maternal diabetes. However, the increase in birth weight was much greater in infants of black than white diabetic mothers in comparison with their nondiabetic counterparts, as measured by the discrepancy in birth weight between infants of diabetic and nondiabetic mothers at each gestational week, the incidence of large for gestational age, high birth weight, small for gestational age, and low birth weight. After adjustment for maternal hypertension, prenatal care use, and sociodemographic factors, the disparity in mean birth weight associated with diabetes was 211.67 g in black infants and 115.74 g in white infants. The adjusted odds ratios of birth weight ≦4,000 g were 2.98 (95% confidence interval 2.89–3.12) for black infants and 1.83 (95% confidence interval 1.78–1.89) for white infants. Given the potential risks for mothers and infants consequent to maternal diabetes and fetal hyperinsulinemia, further investigation of the prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of diabetes during pregnancy among black mothers and infants is warranted. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:1053–61. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To study the assumption that obstetric risk factors would change over time in an immigrant Ethiopian population, a retrospective study of the records of singleton births among the Ethiopian immigrants between 1981-88 was undertaken and compared to a similar study of the general population. The Ethiopian immigrants were characterized by pregnancies at age extremes, a greater incidence of preeclampsia and premature deliveries, and a lower incidence of premature rupture of membranes. There was over time an increase in maternal weight gain among the Ethiopians as well as an increase in the incidence of preeclampsia and perinatal mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the maternal, pregnancy and birth characteristics of Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (NHPI) and Asians in King County, Washington from 2003 to 2008. Results of a study revealed that compared to Asians, NHPI mothers were significantly more likely to be adolescents, overweight or obese before pregnancy, have smoked during pregnancy and their infants more likely to be born preterm. The results will help identify differences and support routine presentation of health data separating Asians and NHPI mothers.

The article focuses on a method aimed at identifying and correcting "problem" gestational age and birthweight values on fetal death records. It aims to encourage states to use quality assurance procedures to improve vital records data. Although the annual number of fetal deaths in the U.S. exceeds the number of neonatal deaths, much of the published research on the risk factors for poor pregnancy outcomes is based on live births. Accurate assessments of temporal changes in perinatal health status as well as evaluations of related interventions and policy initiatives, are enhanced by the availability of good-quality fetal death data. It has been suggested that trends toward the increased reporting of deliveries of less than 500g as live births, rather than fetal deaths, or not reporting at all, may partially underlie the apparent lack of improvement in low-birthweight rates in parts of the United States. The existing variation among states, both in requirements for fetal death reporting and in the quality of fetal death data, precludes an unambiguous interpretation of these trends and therefore hinders valid appraisals of national efforts to reduce low-birthweight and preterm birthrates.