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Paper was already being used in southwestern Germany before the first paper mills began production there in the late 14th century. But it was the establishment of a local paper industry that made the still relatively new writing material available in large quantities. The demand for paper made the operation of a paper mill seem profitable, and the increased supply of paper in turn fueled the rise in writing. At the end of the Middle Ages, paper thus became the material basis of a media evolution that extended far into modern times. But how was the new writing material produced? The new craft of papermaking differed significantly from the production of parchment, the traditional writing material, in terms of equipment, raw materials, capital requirements, and working methods. Nevertheless, papermaking could use already existing infrastructures, especially in the field of energy supply by waterwheels. This article examines the specific characteristics of the new craft using the example of the German southwest, where numerous paper mills were established in the 15th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of recycled fiber material for the production of paper and paperboard has a significant share in solving problems related to environmental protection and conservation of energy resources. One of the most important processes for the paper recycling with printing press is a deinking. Perspective method for deinking of waste paper by the method of flotation is the enzyme treatment at neutral pH. The aim of this work is to study the deinking of recycled paper with offset printing press through flotation and use of enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the benefits gained from the use of pulp and paper power boiler ash residues. A major part of the solid residues produced by pulp and paper mills is comprised by ash residuals obtained from recovery and power boilers combusting wood residues, sludges or auxiliary fuels. Different types of ashes have increased since the mid-1990s. The primary disposal method of ashes is through landfilling. However, there are also potential applications for the ashes, such as, large-scale opportunities and small scale applications.

The article presents the author's opinion on five selected technical reports which were discussed at the Photovoltaic Technical Conference held in Provence, France in 2011. These papers reportedly tackles low cost photovoltaic solutions to address the grid parity objectives crucial for competitive electricity produced by renewable energy sources. She comments that the solutions presented are key factors in the success of future photovoltaic technologies for consumer production of electricity.