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Background: Previous literature suggests a positive association between history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and development of postpartum depression (PPD); however, limited evidence has come from prospective population-based studies and whether history of depression affects this association is unknown.Methods: This study included 5479 women from the 1973-78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health and estimated the association between pre-pregnancy PMS and PPD. Participants were followed from 22-27 years in 2000 to 37-42 years in 2015. PMS was collected from a 4-category Likert-scale reporting on frequency of PMS in the last 12 months (never, rarely, sometimes, or often) at the survey preceding an index birth. PPD was ascertained from reports of doctor diagnoses for each birth. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the association of interest. The role of history of depression was assessed by testing its interaction with pre-pregnancy PMS.Results: During 15 years' follow-up, 15.4% of participating women reported PPD; and 55.1% reported PMS (rarely: 17.2%, sometimes: 25.7%, and often: 12.2%). Compared to women who had no PMS before pregnancy, those who rarely had PMS had similar risk of PPD (1.03, 0.82-1.30); whereas those who sometimes or often had PMS had significantly higher risk of PPD (1.31, 1.09-1.57 and 1.51, 1.22-1.87, respectively). History of depression did not affect the association.Limitations: PMS was self-reported. PMS severity was not collected.Conclusions: This large population-based study provides evidence of a dose-response relationship between PMS prior to pregnancy and PPD, independent of history of depression. Evidence to date suggests PMS has the potential to help identify women at increased risk of PPD before pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is thought to be a risk factor for postpartum depression (PPD), but results from studies examining the association have been mixed. To estimate the association between pre-pregnancy history of PMS and development of PPD and evaluate the risk of bias of included evidence. PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and reference lists of relevant papers were searched. Observational studies that collected pre-pregnancy history of PMS and measured PPD status between one week and one year after delivery were included. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Random-effect models were used to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Small study effect was analysed by funnel plot. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Instrument for Non-Randomized Studies of Exposures (ROBINS-E). Our meta-analysis included 19 studies. Overall, women with a pre-pregnancy history of PMS had more than double the odds of PPD compared to those without PMS (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.81–2.68). However, the quality of evidence was low: five studies had moderate risk, eleven studies had serious risk, and three studies had critical risk of bias. Current evidence supports a significant association between history of PMS and development of PPD. Well-designed prospective studies are needed to further investigate this relationship. • PMS may be a risk factor for postpartum depression, but with mixed findings to date. • This study synthesised evidence from papers published in English and Chinese. • From meta-analysis a positive association between the two conditions was identified. • Women with a history of PMS had double the odds of developing postpartum depression. • Good-quality prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Evidence suggests a positive association between cannabis use and depression however whether preconception cannabis use is associated with postpartum depression (PPD) remains unknown. This study examined the association using a longitudinal design.Methods: Participants were from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (cohort born in 1989-95), a sample broadly representative of similarly aged Australian women. The association of past year cannabis use at 3-15 months prior to pregnancy with PPD at ages 19-24 to 22-27 was examined in 516 women with 570 singleton live births. The associations of chronicity, recency, and initiation of cannabis use before pregnancy with PPD at ages 21-26 to 24-29 were investigated in 538 women with 590 singleton live births. PPD was ascertained from self-report of doctor diagnosis for each birth. Relative risk (RR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were used to calculate the associations of interest.Results: Compared with no cannabis use, any past-year cannabis use at 3-15 months before pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk of PPD (1.50, 0.99-2.28). Compared with no cannabis use in the first three annual surveys before pregnancy, chronic use (a past year user in ≥ 2 surveys) was associated with an 80 % higher risk of incident PPD for births in the following 1-4 years (1.80, 1.22-2.68). Compared to never users at ages 20-25, former users who had no use within the past year had no increased risk; past year users had 73 % higher risk (1.73, 1.07-2.81); and past year users who initiated cannabis use at or after age 18 had twice the risk of incident PPD for births in the following 1-4 years (2.02, 1.17-3.49).Conclusion: This study provides evidence that preconception cannabis use is associated with increased risk of PPD. More studies are warranted to confirm this finding before cannabis cessation policies can be reinforced on reducing the risk of PPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]