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RESUMO: Nesta comunicação são descritos e comparados três métodos de avaliação do estado de conservação dos edifícios, desenvolvidos no LNEC na última década: «Metodologia de certificação das condições mínimas de habitabilidade» (MCH), «Método de avaliação do estado de conservação dos imóveis» (MAEC) e «Método de avaliação das necessidades de reabilitação de edifícios» (MANR). Em complemento, apresenta-se uma análise prospectiva das possibilidades de aplicação destes métodos. Verifica-se que os métodos proporcionam perspectivas complementares sobre as condições de edifícios existentes: a MCH serve para verificar a existência de condições mínimas de habitabilidade, o MAEC permite avaliar o estado de conservação, e o MANR visa estimar a profundidade da intervenção de reabilitação necessária para assegurar condições mínimas de habitabilidade. As características gerais dos métodos são idênticas. A avaliação baseia-se numa inspecção visual durante a qual são identificadas de forma sistemática as anomalias que afectam cada elemento funcional da construção. Os resultados obtidos são facilmente compreensíveis por todos os intervenientes envolvidos. Os principais instrumentos desenvolvidos para aplicar cada um dos métodos foram uma ficha de avaliação e as respectivas instruções de aplicação. Estes instrumentos são objectivos e quantitativos e podem ser aplicados à generalidade dos tipos de edifícios. Durante a fase de desenvolvimento, os métodos foram discutidos com os vários intervenientes envolvidos e foram realizadas aplicações experimentais para testar e validar os instrumentos. Os métodos podem ser aplicados por arquitectos ou engenheiros civis com formação adequada no método que está a ser aplicado. O tempo, meios e encargos necessários para aplicar qualquer um deles são considerados socialmente aceitáveis. As principais limitações dos métodos são: poderem existir anomalias construtivas não detectadas pela inspecção visual; a qualidade dos resultados depender da correcta aplicação dos instrumentos pelos técnicos avaliadores; e o diagnóstico das causas das anomalias e a definição de trabalhos correctivos obrigarem a eventuais vistorias mais detalhadas por técnicos especializados e recorrendo a sondagens ou equipamento apropriado. Para além das aplicações para as quais os métodos foram especificamente concebidos, podem perspectivar-se outras utilizações. O domínio geral de aplicação dos métodos apresentados é informar e fundamentar processos de tomada de decisão relativos à gestão de imóveis isolados ou parques imobiliários. As suas aplicações privilegiadas são verificar a necessidade de realizar intervenções de manutenção/reparação, apoiar a definição do valor do imóvel em transacções imobiliárias, avaliar danos em imóveis devido a acções imprevistas e informar a elaboração de programas de manutenção preventiva. Entende-se que esta comunicação pode ser útil para entidades gestoras de parques imobiliários e para técnicos e investigadores que actuem na área da inspecção, diagnóstico, conservação e reabilitação da construção. 10 fig. 2 quadros 29 p. DED/NAU 2011 29 de Agosto a 2 de Setembro

The purpose of the paper is to describe the main functional elements with defects in illegal residential buildings. Three research questions are addressed: What are the main functional elements with defects in buildings and in dwellings? What are the main defects found? In which way these defects affect the use of buildings? The defects were identified during a survey to the building stock of the Cova da Moura District (Amadora, Portugal), carried out in 2008. This district is made of illegal constructions, occupies an area of 16.5 ha and has approximately 5,000 inhabitants. During the survey 833 buildings and 1884 units were inspected. The main results are: a) only 13% of these building presented defects in the building structure; b) about 60% of the buildings have defects in the roofing systems (e.g., damp and mould, infiltrations); c) more than 84% of the dwellings have defects in the technical installation such as gas or electrical installations most of them classified as severe defects. The main conclusion is that most of the defects detected configure serious risk scenarios, particularly in terms of the minimum habitability conditions and fire safety. However, defects related to structural stability were not as serious as expected for this kind of construction.

The purpose of the paper is to describe the main spatial defects in illegal residential buildings. Three research questions are addressed: What are the main spatial defects of the dwellings? What are the main spatial defects in the relation between buildings? What is the impact of spatial defects to the minimum habitability conditions of dwellings? The defects were identified during a survey of the buildings of the Alto da Cova da Moura District (Amadora, Portugal), carried out in 2008. This district is made-up of illegal constructions, covers an area of 16.5 ha and has approximately 5,000 inhabitants. During the survey 833 buildings and 1,884 units were inspected. The main results are: a) 65% of buildings have problems with windows; b) about 20% of buildings have spatial defects in common stairways; and c) more than 50% of dwellings have spatial defects. The main conclusion is that the lack of urban planning, the confinement of the terrain and the continuous arrival of new residents have led to an overcrowded and disordered urban fabric. Furthermore, buildings are mainly self-built by residents without design and do not comply with recognized technical good practices. As a result, there is a general lack of habitability and a quick decay of buildings' condition.

The purpose of the paper is to describe the main spatial defects in illegal residential buildings. Three research questions are addressed: What are the main spatial defects of the dwellings? What are the main spatial defects in the relation between buildings? What is the impact of spatial defects to the minimum habitability conditions of dwellings? The defects were identified during a survey of the buildings of the Alto da Cova da Moura District (Amadora, Portugal), carried out in 2008. This district is made-up of illegal constructions, covers an area of 16.5 ha and has approximately 5,000 inhabitants. During the survey 833 buildings and 1,884 units were inspected. The main results are: a) 65% of buildings have problems with windows; b) about 20% of buildings have spatial defects in common stairways; and c) more than 50% of dwellings have spatial defects. The main conclusion is that the lack of urban planning, the confinement of the terrain and the continuous arrival of new residents have led to an overcrowded and disordered urban fabric. Furthermore, buildings are mainly self-built by residents without design and do not comply with recognized technical good practices. As a result, there is a general lack of habitability and a quick decay of buildings' condition. 8 fig. 3 tabelas 1215-1222 p. DED/NAU 2011 12-15 de Abril

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss a method for assessing the condition of buildings. The method was developed in Portugal as part of a new Urban Tenancy Regime approved in 2006. Design/methodology/approach – The method was developed in six phases, namely: definition of objectives; analysis of existing instruments; formulation of the proposal; discussions with organisations in the rented sector; pilot; and technical presentations of the final version. Findings – The method is viable and adequate, since a balance was achieved between the accuracy of the results in view of their importance for the contractual relationship between landlord and tenant, and feasibility in terms of human and financial resources available for its implementation. Research limitations/implications – The method has been in use for two years. Further research is needed to confirm the accuracy of the results. Practical implications – The results are used to determine the maximum annual rent value and to summon landlords to carry out repairs if the state of the building falls short of the required standard of maintenance. In a broader perspective the method is also used to assess of rented stock condition of large property owners and, in an adapted form, to assess buildings viability and determine repair needs. Originality/value – This paper is relevant because it describes the assessment method; the previous methods for assessing the condition of Portuguese buildings were too simplistic and lacked the accuracy, transparency and independence required. 3 fig. 2 tabelas p. 322-335 (14) Vol. 26, No. 4 DED/NAU Structural Survey

The analysis of the correlation between phenotypic plasticity and environmental variability has been very useful to describe the morphologic responses of individuals to environmental factors affecting them (in the present contribution the altitudinal variation), from a genecological perpective. However, the literature shows that the studies in this area have had a monospecific or monogeneric use. As a consequence, intergeneric comparative descriptions have not been possible. In the present work we propose an analytical method to compare the morphological expressivity of individuals included in the genera Dianthus and Lotus from the north of Portugal by means of a contingency matrix. This matrix was elaborated on the basis of amplitude parameters, in order to describe the variability present in the basic matrix of each genus studied. The results pointed out the existence of opposite phenotypic behaviours dependent on the altitudinal variation, thus indicating the importance of the analysis between different groups of taxa as a reference for the comparison of their morphological expressivities.