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This review underscores the conformational flexibility of porphyrinoids, a unique class of functional molecules, starting from the smallest triphyrins(1.1.1) via [18]porphyrins(1.1.1.1) and concluding with a variety of expanded porphyrinoids and heteroporphyrinoids, including the enormous [96]tetracosaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0). The specific flexibility of porphyrinoids has been documented as instrumental in the designing or redesigning of macrocyclic frames, particularly in the search for adjustable platforms for coordination or organometallic chemistry, anion binding, or mechanistic switches in molecular devices. A structural prearrangement to coordinate one or more metal ions has been outlined. The coverage of the topic focuses on representative examples of geometry or conformational rearrangements for each selected class of the numerous porphyrinoids accordingly categorized by the number of built-in carbo- or heterocycles.

32-Hetero-5,6-dimethoxyphenanthrisapphyrins-macrocycles that link structural features of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons and expanded porphyrins-were obtained in a straightforward [3+1] condensation reaction of dimethoxyphenanthritripyrrane and 2,5-bis(arylhydroxymethyl)heterocyclopentadienes. The highly folded conformation of formally 4 n π-electron macrocycles causes them to manifest only limited macrocyclic π conjugation as explored by means of NMR spectroscopic and X-ray structural analyses, and supported by DFT calculations. Although protonation does not change their π-conjugation characteristics, the cleavage of ether groups at the phenanthrenylene moiety yields nonaromatic 32-hetero-5,6-dioxophenanthrisapphyrins., (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

A family of transition metal complexes of meso‐aryl‐2‐aza‐21‐carbaporphyrin (N‐confused porphyrin, NCP) derivatives acting as ortho‐metallating ligands for ruthenium(II), rhodium(III), and iridium(III) is synthesized and characterized by XRD, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methods. The chirality of these systems is shown by the separation of the enantiomers and analyzed by circular dichroism and DFT. A preliminary catalytic study indicates the activity of the iridium(III) ortho‐metallated complexes in the N‐heterocyclization of primary amines with diols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insertion of palladium(II) into di‐p‐pyrirubyrin results in mutually convertible bimetallic complexes. Post‐synthetic functionalization of one of them yielded bispalladium(II) dioxo‐di‐p‐pyrirubyrin and, after demetallation, dioxo‐di‐p‐pyrirubyrin, introducing for the first time the α,β′‐pyridin‐2‐one unit into the macrocyclic frame. Bispalladium(II) di‐p‐pyrirubyrin 6, bispalladium(II) dioxo‐di‐p‐pyrirubyrin 9, and dioxo‐di‐p‐pyrirubyrin 10 absorb and emit light around 1000 nm and are characterized by high photostability. Thus, they are promising candidates for near‐infrared photoacoustic dyes, ideally targeting (9) the wavelength of Yb‐based fiber lasers. The incorporation of an α,β′‐pyridine moiety into expanded porphyrins opens a highly interesting area of research due to the attractive optical and coordination properties of the resulting molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world of modified porphyrins changed forever when an N-confused porphyrin (NCP), a porphyrin isomer, was first published in 1994. The replacement of one inner nitrogen with a carbon atom revolutionised the chemistry that one is able to perform within the coordination cavity. One could explore new pathways in the organometallic chemistry of porphyrins by forcing a carbon fragment from the ring or an inner substituent to sit close to an inserted metal ion. Since the NCP discovery, a series of modifications became available to tune the coordination properties of the cavity, introducing a fascinating realm of carbaporphyrins. The review surveys all possible carbatetraphyrins(1.1.1.1) and their spectacular coordination and organometallic chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Incorporation of phenanthrene into a hexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.0) frame resulted in intramolecular ring fusion, thus giving rise to chiral helicenophyrins. These molecules contain helicene and porphyrin features by incorporating either an aza[5]helicene or heptacyclic S‐shaped aza[5]helicene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search of porphyrin arrays with a unique geometry, the efficient synthesis of a directly linked 21-carba-23-thiaporphyrin dimer with the distinctive dihydrofulvalene bridging motif has been developed. This compound acquires an uncommon parallel-displaced arrangement of two carbaporphyrin planes. The dimer undergoes an acid-triggered cleavage to create of the asymmetric carbathiaporphyrin-carbathiachlorin dyad or 2,3-dihalo-21-carba-23-thiachlorin depending on choice of acid. A formation of a reactive carbocation intermediate is postulated to account for mechanism of cleavage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5,10,15,20-Tetraaryl-23-thiaazuliporphyrin (SAz) was synthesized starting from nonfunctionalized azulene using a "1 + 3" method to be applied as a monoanionic macrocyclic ligand that provides a peculiar [CNSN] coordination cavity. An insertion of palladium(II) afforded the cationic [PdII(SAz)]+, which readily undergoes the seven-membered ring contraction to form palladium(II) 23-thiabenzocarbaporphyrin [Pd(SBzC)] providing the first example of metal azuliporphyrinoid contraction. A reaction of SAz and a ruthenium source ([RuCl2(CO)3]2, [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2, or [RuCl2(cod)]) yielded ruthenium(II) 23-thiaazuliporphyrin [RuII(SAz)Cl(CO)]. As shown by X-ray crystallography the thiophene ring in [Ru(SAz)Cl(CO)] is sharply tilted out of the plane of the two pyrrole nitrogen and carbon atoms being bound to the ruthenium through the pyramidal sulfur in the η¹ fashion. In solution, as demonstrated by variable-temperature ¹H NMR investigations, [Ru(SAz)Cl(CO)] exists as an equilibrium mixture of two isomers that are differentiated by the direction of thiophene folding (toward or outward of the axial chloride ligand). Apart of [RuII(SAz)Cl(CO)], ruthenium(III) 23-thiaazuliporphyrin [RuIII(SAz)Cl2] was obtained when [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 or [RuCl2(cod)]n were used for insertion. The most characteristic ¹H NMR features of paramagnetic [Ru(SAz)Cl2] are negative isotropic shifts of resonances assigned to meso-aryl, azulene, and pyrrolic hydrogen atoms. The analysis of contact shifts and the parallel density functional theory calculations of spin density distribution documented that in [Ru(SAz)Cl2] the metal ion acquires the dxy²(dxzdyz)³ ground electronic state. This Cs symmetry complex has singly occupied dxz or dyz orbitals that are symmetrically unequivalent. The resulting two different spin density distributions, when merged, reflect the spectroscopic image with the very specific π-spin delocalization, also including the azulene moiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]