Mycale (Zygomycale) parishi (Bowerbank, 1875) (Fig. 30 A���M) (Tab. 14) Examined material. Samples Port Allen 1, Port Allen 2, Port Allen 3: Hawai���i, Kaua���i Island, Port Allen Harbour, depth between 1���10 m, 0 2 June 2005; sample HK 10: Hawai���i, O���ahu Island, Hawai���i Kay, depth between 0.5���3 m, 31 May 2007; sample Carrambali 01: Indonesia, Bali Island, Garden eels I, 17 m, 18 October 2007. Comparative material: holotype of Mycale (Aegogropila) pectinicola Hentschel, 1911 ZMB Por 4404 (Fig. 31 A-I). Description. Pulpy sponge, about 2���3 mm thick, covering branches of Carijoa riisei up to the anthocodial bases and sometimes joining branches of the octocoral (Fig. 30 A, B). Consistency elastic and with macroscopically smooth surface (Fig. 30 B); with stereo-microscope examination, the surface is microhispid due to protruding mycalostyles. Beige alive (Fig. 30 A), in ethanol pinkish (Fig. 30 B). The Hawaiian specimens are nine ramified fragments of the octocoral, ~ 10 cm in length (Fig. 30 A); the Indonesian specimens are two fragments, up to 10 cm, joined by the sponge tissue. Skeleton. Tracts of mycalostyles forming an ectosomal reticulum with triangular meshes (Fig. 30 C). Choanosome consisting of plumoreticulate, ascending, interconnecting tracts, irregularly arranged (Fig. 30 D). Anisochelae I arranged in rosettes in the choanosome. Spongin scarce. Spicules. Mycalostyles often flexuous and with a slightly ovoid head (Fig. 30 E, L), 230 ��� 360 x 5 ��� 10 ��m. Sigmas in two size classes: sigmas I ���C��� or ���S��� shaped (Fig. 30 F), 45 ��� 107.5 x 2.5 ��� 7.5 ��m; sigmas II ���C��� shaped (Fig. 30 G, L), 14���43 ��m. Palmate anisochelae in two size classes: anisochelae I are arranged in rosettes with straight shaft and short alae (Fig. 30 H), 40���62.5 ��m; anisochelae II slightly curved (Fig. 30 I), 12���27.5 ��m. Isochelae with very short lateral alae (Fig. 30 J), 7���15 ��m. Toxas in a large size range (Fig. 30 K), 27.5���145 ��m. Raphides arranged also in trichodragmas (Fig. 30 M), 20���50 ��m. Refer to Tab. 14 for complete measurements. Distribution and remarks. Malacca Strait (Bowerbank 1875), Mergui Archipelago (Carter 1887), Australia (Ridley 1884), Philippines (Ridley & Dendy 1887), Indonesia and Palau (Hooper et al. 2000), Vietnam (Azzini et al. 2007) and Hawai���i (Bergquist 1967). According to van Soest et al. (2011) three species belong to this subgenus: M. (Z.) angulosa (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864), M. (Z.) parishi (Bowerbank, 1875) and M. (Z.) ramulosa Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2010. Mycale (Aegogropila) pectinicola Hentschel, 1911 was described with mycalostyles, additional isochelae, two classes of anisochelae, two classes of sigmas and microxeas (Fig. 31 A���I); the examination of its holotype confirmed the presence of isochelae (Fig. 31 F), but also of numerous toxas (Fig. 31 G) and micracanthoxeas (Fig. 31 I) not originally observed by Hentschel (1911). Because of the presence of isochelae, this species has to be moved to the subgenus Zygomycale. Mycale (Z.) pectinicola differs from our specimens by: i) the shape of the isochelae, which are characterised by a tooth on the central ala, variable in length (Fig. 31 F, Hentshel 1911: 300 Fig. 8 d); ii) microxeas instead of raphides; iii) the presence of micracanthoxeas. The dimensions of toxas in M. (Z.) pectinicola are slightly smaller (Tab. 14). The Atlantic species M. (Z.) angulosa (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) is quite similar to M. (Z.) parishi; the latter shows a large variation in spiculation, which is not reported for M. (Z.) angulosa (van Soest 1984). Mycale (Z.) ramulosa differs from M. (Z.) parishi mainly in the presence of micracanthoxeas. Our specimens are similar to M. (Z.) parishi in skeletal organisation and spicule complement. No differences in general morphology or in spiculation were recorded between the Hawaiian and Indonesian specimens (Tab. 14). Mycale (Z.) parishi is a thinly encrusting species, known to grow over other organisms (molluscs, bryozoans). In Hawai���i it was recorded mainly in the fouling communities of harbours (see Carlton & Eldredge 2009). The re-examination of the type of M. (A.) hentscheli (see M. (A.) furcata) and of M. (Z.) pectinicola revealed the existence of other two species of Mycale with micracanthoxeas, besides the six species known thus far (Carballo & Cruz-Barraza 2010): M. (C.) micracanthoxea, M. (C.) urizae, M. (A.) bamfieldensis, M. (A.) escarlatei, M. (A.) lilianae and M. (Z.) ramulosa. Four of these (M. (A.) hentscheli , M. (Z.) ramulosa, M. (Z.) pectinicola and M. (A.) bamfieldensis are described in the Indo-Pacific ocean. It is interesting to note that micracanthoxeas are not a character restricted to genera Carmia and Aegogropila (Carballo & Hajdu 1998), but are also present in two species of Zygomycale. This subgenus is mainly based on the presence of isochelae, but some authors considered it synonymous with Aegogropila, recognizing the character ���isochelae��� as plesiomorphic (see comments in van Soest & Hajdu 2002 b). The discovery of micracanthoxeas in two species of Zygomycale adds further controversy to the currently accepted subgeneric classification of Mycale, stressing the need for clarification of these phylogenetic relationships., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 46-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Bowerbank, J. S. (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 281 - 296.","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905 Vol. 10, Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Carter, H. J. (1887) Report on the Marine Sponges, chiefly from King Island, in the Mergui Archipelago, collected for the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. John Anderson, F. R. S., Superintendent of the Museum. The Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 21 (127 - 128), 61 - 84.","Ridley, S. O. (1884) Spongiida. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. British Museum of Natural History: London, 366 - 482, 582 - 630.","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger', 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 20 (59), i - lxviii, 1 - 275, pls I - LI, 1 map.","Azzini, F., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C., Bavestrello, G. & Pansini, M. (2007) Sponges of the marine karst lakes and of the coast of the islands of Ha Long Bay (North Vietnam). In: Custodio, M. R., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Rio de Janeiro: Museu National, pp. 157 - 164.","Bergquist, P. R. (1967) Additions to the Sponge Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica, 3 (2), 159 - 174.","Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011).","Carballo, J. L. & Cruz-Barraza, J. A. (2010) A revision of the genus Mycale (Poecilosclerida: Mycalidae) from the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Contributions to Zoology, 79 (4), 165 - 191.","Soest, R. W. M. van (1984) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 112. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 62 (191), 1 - 173.","Carlton, J. T. & Eldredge, L. (2009) Marine bioinvasions of Hawai'i: the introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Cultural and Environmental Studies, 4, 1 - 202.","Carballo, J. L. & Hajdu, E. (1998) Micromorphology in Mycale taxonomy (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) with the description of two new micracanthoxea-bearing species. Contributions to Zoology, 67 (3), 187 - 195.","Soest, R. W. M. van & Hajdu, E. (2002 b). Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 73"]}