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"This paper examines the growth experience of 20 states of India during 1961-91, using cross-sectional estimation and the analytical framework of the Solow-Swan neoclassical growth model. We find evidence of absolute convergence--initially poor states grew faster than their initially rich counterparts. Also, the dispersion of real per capita state incomes widened over the period 1961-91. However, relatively more grants were transferred from the central government to the poor states than to their rich counterparts. Significant barriers to population flows also exist, as net migration from poor to rich states responded only weakly to cross-state income differentials.", (excerpt)

The results of the 1981 Indian census showed a slight increase in the rate of population growth despite an energetic governmental campaign to reduce fertility, the growing use of contraception, a substantial number of sterilized persons, and a declining birthrate. The longitudinal ethnographic analysis of population data from Shanti Nagar dating from the 1950s and the 1970s suggests that the growth rate of the population might be better understood if analytical emphasis were to be shifted somewhat from birth and death rates to survivorship, that is, the average number of living children per mother, thus focusing attention on the family, the social unit in which the decisions are made that give rise to national demographic rates and averages. Currently, the principle fertility decision that a Shanti Nagar couple must make is whether to undergo sterilization and how many children are deemed necessary before taking this step. Analysis of the Shanti Nagar data shows that women of completed fertility in the 1970s had more living children than comparable women in the 1950s, and that even the sterilized couples of the 1970s had only slightly fewer children than the almost entirely noncontracepting women of the 1950s. Although the age of women at their own (or their husbands') sterilization is falling and the operation takes place after fewer children than formerly, the average sterilized couple nonetheless has more than 4 children instead of the 2 or 3 that the Government of India prefers. An analysis of the relationship to fertility of various modernization variables, such as urbanization and enhanced economic status, fails to show any consistent correlation of such variables with reduced fertility. School attendance by females is perhaps the most promising of the modernization veriables, but its effect is somewhat ambiguous and relatively weak until women achieve the college level. Current trends suggest that soon after 2025, India may surpass China as the world's most populous nation.

The Santals are described as the largest most integrated and possibly the most resilient tribe in eastern India. "The paper aims at looking into the parameters that set Santals in the process of socio-economic and demographic transformation and subsequently search for, the plausible explanation for the underlying mechanism for such changes.... The paper discusses the growth of their population and finds that Santals are growing below national average with increase in concentration in some of the pockets in Bihar and West Bengal, while it is spreading towards evenness in Orissa. In the absence of 1991 census data on the tribe wise breakdown the analysis has been restricted to the 1961, 1971 and 1981 census returns and availability of the literature on the tribe.", (excerpt)

"This paper is aimed at presenting the salient features of the morphology of India's urbanization paying due attention to interstate variations. We will find a lot of variations among the states in terms of their basic indices of urbanization. There are six sections in this paper. Section II deals with how to define an urban area. Section III presents a picture of the patterns of population transformation in India with due consideration to changes in the birth and death rates over time. Section IV examines the main features of the morphology of India's urbanization, discussing the level of urbanization, primacy patterns, interstate differences in urbanization, and the components of urban growth. Section V deals with the structure and pattern of migration in order to explain the background to India's slow urbanization.", (excerpt)

"The aim of this paper is to develop a probability model describing the variation in...total out-migration [using] micro-level data. The parameters involved in the models are estimated with the help of [the] method of moment, proportion of zeroth cell and one'th cell respectively, [and] the suitability of [the] model [is] tested through observed demographic survey data [for India].", (excerpt)

"Several attempts have been made in the past at studying trends in rural-urban migration through the use of probability models.... In this paper, an alternative method (based on maximum likelihood) of estimating the parameters of the inflated geometric distribution is proposed.... Section 2 describes the model. The method of estimating the parameters and the associated variance-covariance matrix is contained in section 3. Section 4 gives an illustrative example. Section 5 contains the conclusion." Data are from a 1978 survey conducted in three types of villages in India., (excerpt)

"The present paper aims to analyse district-wise decadal growth of population in Uttar Pradesh [India] since 1872. It also attempts to identify population growth regions based on a suitable statistical technique. The spatio-temporal differentials are explained by the three interacting processes of birth, death and migration.", (excerpt)

"This paper proposes to construct, for India, a two-regional life table, considering two regions viz., rural and urban. Such a table provides information on the probabilities of survivorship and migration, as well as life expectancy by age, region and place of birth and in particular information on: (1) The probability that an individual living in a rural area at age x will be living in an urban area at age y. (2) Life expectancy at birth in a rural area, and the number of years on average this individual may live in an urban area. The aim here is to compare and contrast rural to urban and urban to rural migration probabilities by sex and age for the years 1971, 1981 and 1991, and provide the underlying reasons. Region-specific life expectancy is also compared for these years." (SUMMARY IN ITA AND FRE), (excerpt)

"This paper is an attempt to analyze the process of rural-urban migration based on the data relating to the ¿Place of Birth' for Andhra Pradesh [India]. The specific objective of this study is to present a rigorous economic analysis of the process of inter-district rural-urban male migration as seen from 1971 migration data. With the help of a simple model...the direction and magnitude of relationships between selected explanatory variables and migration have been identified.", (excerpt)

"In this paper we investigate the impact of rapid change from subsistence to irrigated farming [in Maharashtra, India,] and human dynamic responses to these changes from a longitudinal perspective (1975 to 1987). The study focuses on a single village, providing an in-depth and extensive analysis of both in and out-migration, characteristics of migrants, motivations for migration, experience at destination, and links with home areas, both social and economic.... The importance of migration, not only to the study village, but also to other rural areas from which in-migrants came, is also assessed." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA), (excerpt)

"The main content of this paper is to model the numbers of single male migrants aged 15 years and above from the households in [a rural village in India. The] author proposes two probability distribution models...." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS), (excerpt)

"This paper examines the implications of demographic transition...on kinship relationships in India during 1971-1988. Three simulations based on the schedules of fertility and mortality of India during 1971, 1981, and 1988 have been undertaken. The kinship size constitutes parents, grand parents, siblings (brothers and sisters) and children. Improved mortality condition has increased the percentage of kins in ancestor generation. The percentage of kins in ancestor generation was 15 percent in 1988 as compared to 8.5 percent in 1971.... The increase in the percent of kins in ancestor generation and the support ratio obviously shows the aging of the population.", (excerpt)

"The aim of this paper is to analyse the expectancy of in-migration in the districts of Madhya Pradesh State [India, using the 1981 census.].... The percentage of in-migration in Madhya Pradesh from rural areas is very high (84.83), in comparison to the urban areas (15.17). The influences of industrialisation, urbanisation and facilities of higher education on in-migration has been analysed and found significant. The Chhattisgarh Basin and Malwa Plateau are the regions where the expectancy and actual in-migration are high.", (excerpt)

"This paper provides a probability model for the total out-migration pattern from the rural areas [of India]. The suitability of [the] model [is] tested through observed data.", (excerpt)

"Based on a simple procedure developed by Menken (1979), the estimate of fecundability of migrated couples in the process of rural out-migration [in India] has been obtained in this paper. It is found that the estimates of fecundabilities for females of different age-groups are significantly larger than the level of fecundability estimated for non-migrated couples. Some possible explanations for observing such a large gap [are] given.", (excerpt)

"This paper reviews...demographic development [in India] since the mid-1970s and highlights important data gaps in respect to (i) fertility and family planning (ii) mortality and morbidity along with priority areas for exploratory research. The paper notes that during the past two decades, [the] demographic data-base in India has improved considerably. Fertility levels have begun to fall in many places and mortality has continued its rapid downward course....", (excerpt)

"This paper aims to study the pattern of urbanization and the evolution of [the] relationship between rural-urban migration and the degree of economic development taking Gross National Product...into consideration. Intercensal age-specific rural net out-migration rates are also estimated from [tabulations] of the proportion of rural population of India by age through a recently developed procedure based on generalized stable population by Stupp (1989). A comparative study is also made between [the] survival column of India with a developed nation like Japan.", (excerpt)

"Metropolitanisation has been observed by experts as one of the main characteristics of Indian urbanisation. Rural to urban migration has been a major player in urban growth of metropolitan cities, particularly Delhi. Not only Delhi but its hinterland [are] urbanising fast as compared to the hinterlands of other major cities of India. There are several processes of urbanization viz. historical, physical, demographic and economic. In this paper the role of demographic processes in urban expansion of Delhi [is examined].", (excerpt)

"Based on survey data on 1,400 rural migrants in Delhi, this paper examines within a multivariate context the determinants of migrating with a pre-arranged job and of the initial duration of urban unemployment. The results show that the probability of moving with a pre-arranged job increases with education and with age, and is higher for those who seek non-manual jobs. For migrants who arrive in the city without a pre-arranged job, unemployment duration depends on marital status, premigration information on urban employment opportunities, and on the reliance on contacts for job search.", (excerpt)

"Based on the census data, the present paper focuses on patterns of rural population growth in the Patiala district [India] during 1951-81. The striking spatial variations in growth rate were associated largely with migration differentials in the study area. Similarly, there were wide differentials in the population growth rates between scheduled castes and non-scheduled castes and among different religious communities. The proportion of different castes and communities to the total population changed due to their uneven growth rates.", (excerpt)

"The chief objective of the present paper is to comprehend the broad spatial patterns of internal migrations in India." Aspects considered include data constraints, the magnitude of internal migration, interstate migration, migration to rural and to urban destinations, spatial patterns, and areas of origin and destination., (excerpt)

"This study examines the patterns of spatial mobility in India as expressed at the inter-state level for the post-Independence period. Comparing these patterns with those which had been evolving throughout the colonial period the paper probes into the processes of dislocation of people in the context of India's development strategy.... The analysis points out the complex interrelationships with the nature of socio-economic development and suggests alternatives for stemming distress migration from the backward regions.", (excerpt)

"This paper is intended to examine two propositions with regard to the educational characteristics of migrants to cities [in India]: Firstly, migration to urban areas is highly selective of educated persons. Secondly, most educated female migrants are more likely to be dependents of male migrants than workers at the place of destination. It is suggested that these two propositions hold differently in different cultural regions of India." Data are from the 1971 census., (excerpt)

This paper attempts to gauge the effect of constantly declining fertility on population aging in India through the application of an analytical model proposed by Ansley Coale (1972), which employs stable population theory. The author has assumed a linearly constant fertility decline in India to obtain a net reproduction rate equals 1 by the year 2001. The projected age distribution in 2001 shows that the proportions of males and females aged 65+ will be 3.66% and 3.98% respectively. This means that there would be an increase of 7.3% in the proportion of males (65+) from 1971 to 2001. The corresponding increase for females is more, 17.4%. The median age of males increases from 16.59 to 22.92 years during the same period. For females, the increase is from 16.64 to 22.75 years. Although the proportional increase of the aged is not very substantial, the absolute magnitude it implies is very large. It has far reaching implications in the development process in India.

Tracing the origin of political economy as a class-science, this paper focuses on the political economy of population growth. Exposing the limitations of Malthusian ideas and their invalidity even for the capitalist economies, it discusses the subsequent revival of the Malthusian model during the period of de-colonization and the misinterpretation of the relationship between population growth and development in the developing and developed countries. Taking India, China, and Japan as some case studies, the paper examines the relationship between birth rate levels and some correlates. It elaborates on the Indian experience, emphasizing the association of population growth with poverty and unemployment and lays bare some of the hidden causes of these phenomena. The authors examine some interstate variations in India and identify constraints and prospects of the existing population policy. The paper proposes outlines of a democratic population policy as an integral part of India's development strategy which should recognize human beings not simply as consumers but also as producers of material values. It pleads for 1) restructuring of property relations; 2) bringing down the mortality rates and raising of the literacy levels, especially among females; and 3) improving nutritional levels, as prerequisites for bringing down birth rates.

"This paper examines the relationship between marriage and migration distance through a probabilistic model with two parameters. The suitability of the present model is tested with several sets of observed data collected from the rural areas in 1978 in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India; and it is found that the model fits the observed data reasonably well.", (excerpt)

Following the comparative method of analysis, this paper examines the marital status characteristics of rural to urban migrants in 3 Indian states-Biharm West Bengal, and Kerala. The discussion is based on the Census of India, 1971. The main thrust of this paper is that as these 3 states tend to differ markedly in terms of the social and cultural value system, the marital status characteristics of migrants also differ between states. Important findings emerging from this study are as follows. 1) Singles are more migratory than marrieds where singles are more likely to be males than females. 2) Similarly married females are greater migrants than married males. 3) However, these differences by sex are much less marked in Kerala than in Bihar and West Bengal. Married migrants tend to migrate alone rather than with their family in Bihar and West Bengal, while in Kerala family migration is more common than individual migration.

"This paper evaluates statistically and displays cartographically previously untabulated and unpublished data from the 1971 Census of India for the entire population of Delhi. Data pertain to Delhi's census 'charges' (wards) and were originally tabulated in the form of 348 variables relating to occupational distribution, migration, and non-worker status--each classified separately by gender. Although these data are subject to multiple reporting errors and fallacious ecological inferences, they constitute the largest database yet assembled for comparative analysis of Indian intra-metropolitan patterns and structures. Socio-demographic patterns and areas are identified reflecting the traditional-modern, formal-informal, familistic, and ethnic constituents of the national capital of India.", (excerpt)

"This paper attempts to analyse life-time as well as period migration data in India, derived from 1971 census, through conventional techniques as well as by the log-linear modelling." The differences between lifetime and period migration flows are analyzed., (excerpt)

"In this paper an attempt has been made to assess the pattern of social mobilization, and also to identify the heterogeneity profile of the different states of the Indian union." Interstate migration flows are analyzed, and open or hospitable states are compared with insular ones in terms of net migration hospitality ratios. Findings indicate that geographical and cultural proximity of states encourages migration and thus integration. Data are from the 1961 and 1971 national censuses., (excerpt)

This paper analyzes the impact of various factors on variations in the rate of natural increase of population in Western Maharashtra, India. By using district level data, coefficients of correlation have been calculated between the rate of natural increase, the birth rate and the death rate on the 1 hand and different factors affecting them on the other. The analysis shows that in Western Maharashtra the birth rate is high in response to the high death rate and the high infant mortality rate. It is also revealed that the rate of natural increase of the population declines with an increase in the proportion of working females as well as the proportion of educated males. All this signifies that the region under study is in the 2nd stage of the "demographic transition."

"In this paper an attempt has been made to estimate return migration from the destination state of migrants for 15 major Indian states during 1961-71 among the life-time inter-state migrants enumerated in the 1961 census. The model used for estimation is based on the procedure suggested by Zachariah (1967) for estimating return migration from two census data." The results indicate that of the almost 13 million interstate migrants enumerated in the 1961 census, about 4.7 million returned during the period 1961-1971. Factors affecting this return migration are considered., (excerpt)

"This paper examines two hypotheses formulated by Ravenstein relating to migration and distance: namely, that the volume of migration tends to decrease with the increase in distance and that at shorter distances females are more migratory than males, but at longer distances males are more migratory than females. Based on [Indian] census data, the author seeks to discuss these two issues with regard to rural to city migration in Kerala and West Bengal in a comparative manner. In the main, it is suggested that Ravenstein's formulations hold good in the present case.", (excerpt)

This paper develops probability distributions to describe the variations in the number of live birth-conceptions to a female during a given time interval (0, To) of length To. In the derivation, the interval (0, To) is divided into 2 consecutive segments, and fertility parameters within each segment are assumed to be constant but may differ between the segments. A method of obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters is outlined. The models are applied to an observed set of data. An application of the models in the evaluation of family planning programs is illustrated.