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The combined effects of declining fertility and increased longevity have accelerated population aging in different parts of the world. Unlike other countries, Puerto Rico is also experiencing unprecedented levels of working-age out-migration. The full impact of high out-migration on Puerto Rican demography is not fully understood. Placing Puerto Rico’s aging process in an international context is useful in identifying the role out-migration is having on the accelerated aging of the Puerto Rican society. Using the World Population Prospects 2019 estimates, we compared the pattern of rapid aging found for Puerto Rico with the trajectories of six other countries with the highest population of 65+ in the World, Europe, and the Caribbean from 1960 to 2020. Prior to 2010, the aging process in Puerto Rico was comparable to the other countries. After 2010, the percent of the population over 65 years in Puerto Rico nearly doubled from 13.1% to 21%. The nearly doubling of the percent of older adults is not observed in any of the comparison countries. We find that the rapid aging of Puerto Rico, changing from a linear trend to an exponential one, is a result of accelerating levels of out-migration, which is concentrated in the working-age population.

Aims: To review the patterns of early-onset (

The Anthropocene can be read as being the era when the demand humanity makes on the biosphere’s goods and services—humanity’s ‘ecological footprint’—vastly exceeds its ability to supply it on a sustainable basis. Because the ‘ecological’ gap is met by a diminution of the biosphere, the inequality is increasing. We deploy estimates of the ecological gap, global GDP and its growth rates in recent years, and the rate at which natural capital has declined, to study three questions: (1) at what rate must efficiency at which Nature’s services are converted into GDP rise if the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals for year 2030 are to be sustainable; (2) what would a sustainable figure for world population be if global living standard is to be maintained at an acceptably high level? (3) What living standard could we aspire to if world population was to attain the UN’s near lower-end projection for 2100 of 9 billion? While we take a global perspective, the reasoning we deploy may also be applied on a smaller scale. The base year we adopt for our computations is the pre-pandemic 2019.

Population forecasts are used by governments and the private sector for planning, with horizons up to about three generations (around 2100) for different purposes. The traditional methods are deterministic using scenarios, but probabilistic forecasts are desired to get an idea of accuracy, assess changes, and make decisions involving risks. In a significant breakthrough, since 2015, the United Nations has issued probabilistic population forecasts for all countries using a Bayesian methodology that we review here. Assessment of the social cost of carbon relies on long-term forecasts of carbon emissions, which in turn depend on even longer-range population and economic forecasts, to 2300. We extend the UN method to very-long range population forecasts by combining the statistical approach with expert review and elicitation. While the world population is projected to grow for the rest of this century, it will likely stabilize in the 22nd century and decline in the 23rd century.

Despite the numerous strides that have been made towards ensuring food security since the launch of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the gap between the rich and poor across and within countries is still worryingly too large. Around 57.7% of the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) population is food insecure compared to 26.4% of the world population. It is therefore necessary to make concerted efforts to improve food security in Sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the developing world particularly among the poorest and most vulnerable groups. This paper employs propensity score matching analysis to explore gender heterogeneity in the impact of bonding and bridging social capital on household food security on the basis of a nationally representative sample of Zimbabwean households. It offers five major findings. First, female headed households are more likely to have bonding social capital than their male counterparts. Second, there are no gender differences in the household’s ability to possess bridging social capital. Third, household spatial proximity to households with social capital improves the probability of the household possessing social capital. Fourth, both bonding and bridging social capital improves household food security. Finally, female headed households are more able to increase food security than those headed by males when they have both bonding and bridging social capital. The study argues that coping strategies should target putting the family at the core of inclusive development agendas such as food and nutrition assistance programmes in order to maximise the likelihood of easing food insecurity within communities.

Since its appearance at the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020 in Wuhan (China), the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide. The outbreak was declared a pandemic in March 2020. Home confinement, travel restrictions, the closing of venues for exercise and recreation, and the cancellation of indoor and outdoor events including sport have been characteristic features of the public health responses around the world. The result has been a reduction in the levels of physical activity experienced by large numbers of the world population of all ages. This has caused considerable alarm for physical activity professionals around the world. In response, this position statement makes a case for the importance of continuing to embrace regular physical activity alongside the existing public health strategies that are being implemented in the management of the effects of the virus internationally. To be consistent with these policies this activity should always be away from others (application of social distancing) and preferably outdoors. Some potential benefits specific to the current situation, are suggested by reference to existing knowledge about the significance of exercise in the maintenance of a healthy immune system. However, these recommendations need to be viewed primarily within an unchanging context of the long-term value of healthy levels of physical activity for population well-being and quality of life. This has been made the more important on account of the potential harmful effects of the current reduced levels. Some recommendations for appropriate dosage and types of PA for those with different conditions are provided.

World population has increased manifolds in the last ten years. With the increase in population at this alarming rate, studying and understanding crowd patterns and their collective behaviour is ve...

With coronavirus disease 2019, the risk of death has increased in the general population. In these unprecedented times and even otherwise, it is important for the health care professionals caring for Hindu patients to be aware of the end of life practices in Hinduism. There is limited information in the medical literature about traditions and practices followed in Hinduism which is observed by 15% of the world population. Hinduism is currently the third largest religion following Christianity and Islam. Based on Hindu beliefs about life, death, and reincarnation, we propose 10 end of life best practices for Hindu patients.

To ensure food security in the face of climate change has been a major issue for both developing and developed countries. Since world population is increasing with geometric progression and has been estimated to be nine billion by the end of 2050. The situation could be more aggravated to due to transformation of agricultural land to non-agricultural purposes. Bangladesh is the one of the best example of climate change vulnerable countries of the world. Though it’s total production has been soared up from independence due to high yielding varieties and better management practices. However, climate change will exert negative impact on crop productivity of the country. So to maintain growth of crop productivity, climatic variability study could be helpful to determine policy options and research need. We have focused on simulation study for analyzing eight major crops production performance using historic climate data (temperature, rainfall and sunshine hour) collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department. As a simulation software, we will use MATLAB. Using the data, we’ll look for the best performance of each crops. If we can find out the best performance of production ration of a crop, we can then predict that, the maximum production can be achieved by having these variables. World’s climate is changing, so keeping this in mind, we need to go ahead for achieving maximum production in agricultural sector to support the growing number of population. We hope that, it is possible to produce a better simulated performance to enhance the agricultural sector using Fuzzy logic.

La pandemia por Covid-19 ha afectado a toda la población a nivel, mundial, siendo las personas mayores uno de los colectivos vulnerables en esta situación. En España el 54,59% de la población es mayor de 65 años y de este porcentaje el 30,19% son personas dependientes. Detrás de estas relevantes cifras es importante tener en cuenta que por cada persona en esta situación hay al menos un cuidador informal además de los cuidados formales que recibe. En un año donde las personas mayores dependientes han tenido que pasar la mayor parte del tiempo confinadas y apartadas de sus actividades, familias y lazos sociales, es decir, todo aquello que para la persona es significativo en su vida, el cuidador informal ha tenido que asumir no solo los cuidados que anteriormente realizaba, sino una gestión emocional y terapéutica por la falta de los anteriores recursos. Debido a Covid-19 el cuidador informal se ha visto desbordado a nivel emocional por la situación vivida respecto a los cuidados de su familiar. El propósito de este trabajo es la elaboración de un programa de intervención para respuesta a las necesidades no cubiertas a nivel psicosocial de los cuidadores informales de personas mayores o en situación de dependencia durante este año de pandemia. Ofreciendo una herramienta para validar la importancia de su trabajo y el cuidado de las personas dependientes, además de dotar de estrategias y habilidades de gestión emocional. Trabajando el empoderamiento, la aceptación y orientación en valores. Con esta herramienta que se ofrece a los cuidadores informales se pretende mejorar la calidad de vida del cuidador y por ende de la persona mayor o en situación de dependencia.

The whole world experienced in the last decades a continuous change in the age pyramid related to the population aging, where there is an increase in the elderly population (over 65 years) when compared with other age groups [1]. Such demographic change is not essentially an issue, since it demonstrates that the life expectancy is increasing, directly related to many advances in medicine, public health and biotechnology as well as social and economic developments that allow access for the general population to health treatments [1]. The population aging in conjunction with chronic diseases, where some of them are also age-related, leads to some clinical conditions that can affect human health such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and weakness of the skeletal muscles [2]. These clinical conditions can lead to different types of disabilities, and the most common type is locomotion impairment, which occurs with nearly 14% of the world population [3] and represents around 1 billion people. As locomotor impairment harms work performance, activities of daily living and independence in the community, there is a necessity for continuous treatment of the different conditions that result in locomotor impairments.

Aim This paper examines aspects of pandemic policy responses to the COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 variants and presents an integrated view of the consequences of response tactics at national and health service levels for older adults. Background Nurses are positioned at the intersection of health service and policy implementation; therefore, their influence on clinical protocols and health policy directions post pandemic is crucial to preventing further premature deaths in the 65+ years age group and others. Sources of evidence Perspectives presented here are based on a critical evaluation of the many published reports, comments, research and insights concerning the pandemic. That evidence, combined with my experience in various fields of study and professional service, enables me to envisage what some decisions and policies may mean for older people, nurses and societies worldwide. Discussion Established information on world population patterns and the location and health of national groups has been made less reliable by population shifts caused by years of geo‐political conflicts and now the impact of the pandemic. Added to this already chaotic context, the pandemic has further disrupted societies, health services and economies. Ageist responses by these systems have further disadvantaged older people and generated trust deficits that need to be resolved. Conclusion When the pandemic recedes, policy and management decisions taken by governments and hospital administrators will be a telling indicator of whether the established systematic ageism exposed during the pandemic will continue to compromise the health and longevity of older adults. Implications for nursing, health and social policy The ascendency of nursing influence within the health and social policy environment must be further strengthened to enable nurses to champion equity and fairness in the pandemic recovery effort.

World population has almost doubled during the last century increasing dramatically the need for food to support the population over 7 billion persons. Precision agriculture is a type of innovative agriculture, based on new technologies, which aims to streamline the agricultural process. Parameters such as temperature, humidity, soil characteristics, and nutrients all play a role in plant development. Numerous sensors are available to measure the environmental factors and depending on datum, the devices monitor and control the parameter changes for each crop. Some existing technologies are more complex and very complicated for farmers to implement. The main goal of this project is to produce precision agriculture-based grid with high performance and low energy consumption.

This overview focuses on the implementation of the 2020 World Population and Housing Census Programme in 2020 and 2021 amid the COVID-19 pandemic;impact on census-taking in terms of adapting data collection instruments and techniques to the new pandemic reality;comparability with the previous census;and the long-terms impact on census-taking after the 2020 round. © 2021-IOS Press. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUNDPopulation aging proceeds with other socioeconomic developments, including educational expansion. Improvements in educational attainment lead to changes in demographic behaviors such as assortative mating, fertility, and the intergenerational transmission of education, which change the health of the elderly and the education of their offspring generation.OBJECTIVEWe examine such a jointly-changing process in South Korea.METHODSWe apply a recursive demographic model (Mare and Maralani 2006) by using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA).RESULTSFirst, improvements in education lead to improvements in health among the elderly. Intermediate demographic factors make positive contributions to this improvement. Second, improvements in education lead to a decline in the ratios of offspring to the elderly because better-educated people have fewer children. However, this decrease is not substantial. Third, improvements in education increase the ratio of college-educated offspring to the unhealthy elderly because of improvements in both offspring's education and elderly health.CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that improvements in education change configurations of the elderly and their offspring's generations, mitigating the negative consequences of population aging, such as increasing burdens of elderly support.(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. Introduction: Alternative ways to measure population agingPopulation aging is a worldwide phenomenon, with the median age of the world population forecast to rise to 38.1 years in 2050 from 26.7 years in 2000 (Goldstein 2009). Population aging has important socioeconomic consequences because the age structure of a population determines the ratio of net producers to net consumers in a population. Hence, most industrialized countries are concerned about negative consequences of population aging and have attempted to develop pronatal policies that balance the population's age structure (Kalwij 2010; McDonald 2002). Population aging, however, also occurs in tandem with other socioeconomic changes such as educational expansion and improvements in health, which may mitigate the consequences of rising dependency ratios. Skirbekk, Loichinger, and Weber (2012) proposed a new measure of population aging-the cognition-adjusted dependency ratio (CADR)-and showed that the ranking for degree of population aging depends upon the measures: whereas India has fewer elderly people per working-aging individual than the U.S., the U.S. has fewer cognitively-limited elderly people per working-age individual than India. There is also evidence that increasing human capital per capita may offset the loss of total economic product due to fertility decline in a population level (Lee and Mason 2010) and the cost of supporting an elderly population may be reduced as the health of the elderly has continued to improve over decades (Martin, Schoeni, and Andreski 2010). In other words, -population aging is intrinsic to the processes that bring us a highly-educated population and comfortable standards of living" (Lee and Mason 2010: 179). In this study, we examine changing joint configuration of the elderly and their offspring in terms of health and educational attainment by applying a demographic model.Accounting for the changing configurations of the elderly and the offspring generation is important in population aging. This has been largely overlooked, however, in previous research. Earlier studies found that the better-educated enjoy better health and survival chances in later life than do the less educated (e.g., Cutler and Lleras- Muney 2008; Elo and Preston 1996). Based on this positive educational gradient in health and survival chances, recent studies have used educational attainment in projecting the size of the elderly population in the future (Batljan, Lagergren, and Thorslund 2009; Batljan and Thorslund 2009; Joung et al. …

The world population is getting older, but the European Union (EU) and Turkey are getting older faster than the world average. Together with children, old people are another vulnerable part of society in a country. Poverty and social exclusion of old people are key policies for social states. This study aims to point out both the importance of the increasing number and the social exclusion of older people in the EU and Turkey. The poverty and social exclusion of older people in the EU and the candidate country Turkey were investigated using past and predicted data obtained from Eurostat, the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), the World Bank, TurkStat, the United Nations (UN), and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). As income per capita increases, the birth growth rate decreases, and life expectancy at birth increases as a result of rising health expenditures. The decreasing birth rate also causes the older population share in total population to increase. In 2015 the world had a life expectancy at birth growth rate at 36.7% compared with 1960, where the EU grew by 17.1% and Turkey 66.1% compared with 1960. By 2100 the United Nations (UN) has forecast the world’s total population (which was 7.2 billion in 2016) as 11.2 billion, wherein the world’s 65-and-over population is expected to be nearly 2.5 billion, rising 4 times from nearly 631 million in 2016. Thus, the population of old people population is increasing much more rapidly than the world total population. In 2016, Bulgaria, Latvia, and Estonia had the highest ratio of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion, while Luxembourg, Denmark, France, and The Netherlands had the lowest ratio. Improvements in health innovations and health expenditure increase lead to people living longer, especially in high-income countries. One of the social states’ main aims is to improve public health, so governments try to provide health care for their citizens. Otherwise facing lower physical and mental capacity create more negativity for older people in their additional living years. Additional years not only provide older people the chance to pursue new activities such as further education or a new career, but also society benefits from the experience of older people.

Countries increasingly compete to attract and retain human capital. However, empirical studies, particularly those of migrants moving back to developing countries, have been limited due to the lack of education-specific migration flow data. Drawing on census microdata from IPUMS, we derive flow data by level of education and age group to quantify the level of return migration and examine the educational and age profile of return migrants for a global sample of 60 countries representing 70% of the world population. We show that return migrants account for a significant share of in-migration flows, particularly in Africa and Latin America, and, in all countries but six, return migrants are more educated than the population in the migrants’ country of birth. Our age decomposition reveals that young adults contribute the most to the positive educational selectivity of return migrants, particularly in Africa and Asia. While this paper does not quantify the net effect of return migration on education levels, it underlines the importance of the human capital contributions of young adult returnees. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11113-021-09655-6.

This study has examined the fiscal impacts of the demographic transition. Declining fertility rate and increasing life expectancy rate are expected to cause ageing in Pakistan. The population projections of United Nation’s World Population Prospects were used, for projecting the labour force, which uses different scenarios to project population namely low variant, medium variant and high variant scenario. The study found that projected labour force is expected to decline under the medium variant scenario. The study examined the impact of expected decline in labour force on output growth of Pakistan using growth accounting technique, and found that under medium variant scenario, Pakistan is expected to face a loss of 4% of GDP at the end of this century. On the expenditure side, this study attempted to measure the impact of demographic transition on pension expenditures. Due to the increase in the proportion of the dependent population pension expenditures are expected to rise from 1.2% of GDP in 2015 to 3.5% of GDP by the end of the century. Due to the increase in old-age dependency ratio and hike in pension expenditures of Pakistan pay-as-you-go pension system is expected to become fiscally unsustainable as fewer workers would be bearing the burden of aged population. This fact advocates transition from pay-as-you-go pension system to fully funded pension system.

The worldwide concern regarding sustainable urban development has been increasing as the populations of countries increase and demand more consumption of the already scarce natural resources. According to the United Nations, it is estimated that 55% of the world population lives in urban centers, with the perspective of surpassing 68% in 2050. In Brazil, 84% of the population today live in the cities. One of the goals of sustainable development is to make cities more sustainable and inclusive and, to accomplish such goal, many variables need to be accomplished, among which is the strengthening of efforts to protect and safeguard cities’ cultural heritage, for the present and future generations. Seeing as São Paulo is the 10th urban city in the world, and its historical heritage preservation policies are recent and in the process of being outlined, this research strives to answer: What are the main challenges identified by owners/managers of listed historical buildings in São Paulo, which stand in the way of conserving/preserving their properties? Results revealed that the main challenges are a lack of knowledge about what interventions can be done to the property, lack of knowledge on incentive laws and more feasible ways for the conservation of historical sites and dealing with excessive bureaucracy. Such results contribute to the implementation of urban development policies focused on the sustainable goal of safeguarding the city’s cultural heritage, in order to propitiate advancements in preserving the memory and identity of the city through the conservation of properties listed as historical heritage.

After China, India has the most skewed sex ratio at birth. These two Asian countries account for about 90 to 95% of the estimated 1.2 to 1.5 million missing female births annually, worldwide, due to gender-biased (prenatal) sex selection. To understand this extreme discrimination against girls, this article examines the gendered biopolitics embedded in population policies, new sex selection technologies, and in the social reproduction of patriarchal society. The ethical consequences of advanced reproductive technologies, which remove the moral turpitude around gender-based sex selection by reformulating it into a "modern", "scientific" endeavour, facilitating the rise of "missing girls", make this an issue of gender justice, as noted by the World Population Report 2020. This article argues that unpacking gendered biopolitics within the household is crucial to understanding the reproduction of son preference and daughter aversion since it is here that reproduction and parenthood are subjected to biopolitical governance. We discuss how "biosocial" strategies of the household aimed at producing the "desired" and "right" family of more sons at the cost of daughters are operationalized through women's bodies with a view to family mobility. While women and girls continue to bear the burden and costs of social reproduction that lie at the heart of the patriarchal capitalist system of accumulation, a perusal of more recent studies suggests the beginning of an equalizing trend of parental investments, especially in the health and education of daughters who are "allowed" to be born. We suggest that familial enhancement of girls' human capital can help as a means of developing girls' capabilities and agency, enhancing their power in the biopolitics of the family and increasing their "bio-value" in parents' eyes.

Agroecosystem energy is an essential part of the natural resources available to humans for use and the continuation of Earth's life cycle. Without energy, life on this Earth will stop, and the drivers of all ecological life cycles will not be able to continue function. Energy is an essential factor that makes the working process of human survivability possible. According to World Population Clock, the current status of human population growth is in an alarming situation (i.e., 7.81 billion people and continues to increase) [World Population Clock 2020 Accessed September 20, 2020][ World Population Clock, 2020). Therefore, the ecological human imprint will impact all Earth's natural resources, in the forms of more consumptions and demands that will have impacts on the global social and economic issues globally. Sustainability will be accomplished if we live within the concept of Nature, controlling our human population growth to reduce the impacts on natural resources' demands. In this respect, sustainability will not be achieved by economic growth alone; instead, the biosphere natural resources must replenish it and allow the natural resources to regenerate itself to support the growing human population. The present paper will assess the agroecosystem energy continuing ongoing demands and availability concerning human population growth by modeling different scenarios. According to our model, the human population growth will reach 10 billion people or more by the year 2050 at the current trend, and we may be faced with shortening the availability of energy. It is important to stress that the energy should be replenished through non-tradition energy supply, and we have to concentrate on renewable energy, which we can develop to the extent of harvesting this energy in efficient ways. An example of the needs of energy in the agroecosystem is to calculate how much enough the Earth has to support the human beings. In this regard, if each human being is in need of 2000 calories/per day on average, this means that globally the Earth has to produce more than 5694 trillion calories per year. The question is whether the Earth can create these calories to support 7.81 billion people, and we need more calories when the human population grows to be more than 7.81 bil lion people. Therefore, engineering of the Earth agroecosystem should be significant, and we have to think about how we accomplish it. Additionally, we need to sustain our environment by conserving our water resources and keeping our global climate environmentally in the best condition to maintain international economic and social standards. Further, in this paper, we will discuss the impacts of changing different parameters that affect global agroecosystem energy.

Corn, wheat and other different types of cereal crops, are one of the basic nutritional products in general, which have essential and vast application in the daily diet of people around the world. Cereal crops are the most important food sources, and cereal-based food is the main source of energy, protein, B vitamins and minerals for the world population. Therefore, the goal of this research is to analyze the production of wheat on arable land in the Republic of North Macedonia, as an agricultural country, which will indirectly help to draw conclusions about the impact on the economic structure of the population, their standard of living, the investment and economic fluctuations in market prices, taken as a sui generis element, set as an assumption ceteris paribus against the other determinants and factors that affect the national economy in the Republic of North Macedonia.

In 2015, the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation (hereafter Macarthur) announced the end of its Population and Reproductive Health (PRH) grant-making program and began to design strategies for exiting the field. The program ran from 1988 to 2019 and provided US$372 million to civil society organisations. In 2020, the Foundation issued a PRH History and Narrative Assessment (written by Dipa Nag Chowdhury, one of the authors of this paper) that describes the program’s scope and impact based on research and interviews with staff and grantee partners. Here, staff involved in the exiting phase reflect on lessons learned over the program’s lifespan. MacArthur’s PRH program funded sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) policy-related advocacy, research, national and cross-country mobilisation, and thought leadership globally and in four countries: Brazil (1991–2001), India (1994–2019), Mexico (1992–2019), and Nigeria (1994–2019). Grant-making budget ranged from US$12–14M in total annually. The program had three distinct phases – expansion: setting up offices and creating initial strategy (1986–2000); focus on maternal mortality and young people’s reproductive and sexual health and rights (2000–2015); and exit (2015–2019). An international advisory group of experts and advocates designed the overarching program strategy which was adjusted to each country. Cross-country learning included staff discussions of country developments, grants, and trends, and exchange visits for grantee partners that strengthened program cohesion, facilitated change, inspired creativity, fostered relationships among thought leaders, and encouraged learning between local and global work. MacArthur’s program was simultaneously a result and a fomenter of changing paradigms in the field – perhaps most significantly, the shift from population control to women’s health and rights. The program’s name change from World Population Program to Population and Reproductive Health in 1994 showed a readiness to embrace reproductive health concepts while maintaining a connection with population growth concerns. Today, in the context of more diverse voices, a shift toward reproductive justice gathers momentum in some countries, moving further from “population” programs. In line with the rights-based approach, there is significant work emerging on empowerment, agency, and autonomy, particularly regarding reproductive and sexual choices and young people. The PRH program supported projects that advanced these concepts, such as networking, leadership, and advocacy projects for young people. But advances in SRHR are uneven worldwide, and the field has always faced challenges and setbacks. Beyond our program, the field will continue to adapt as people increasingly recognise the impact of other fields on women’s rights and wellbeing, such as the climate crisis; racism, discrimination, power, and colonisation; health emergencies such as COVID-19 and their aftermath; governance; closing civic space; migration; insecurity and violence; and other pressing issues. Within this context, we, staff of the PRH program charged with the unenviable task of bringing it to an end, share here our thoughts about adjusting, implementing, and closing a program in the hope that it may be useful to others. Collectively, our tenure spans from 1999 to 2020. We acknowledge and are grateful for the vision of those who came before us, recognising that our perceptions are influenced by the early days of the program but more heavily weighted to the last 20 years.

The novel COVID-19 pandemic has swept the entire world, seriously threatening the safety of all mankind, causing psychosocial panic and global financial crisis. Public measures taken to reduce the spread of Coronavirus have disrupted social and economic systems. At the same time, the entire world population is exposed to various persistent stressors that lead to mental health problems. These include social isolation, loss of employment, severe stress due to loved ones being infected or deceased, and fear of being affected by an invisible enemy. Given the psychological, social and economic burden placed on the entire world’s population, the impact on mental health is still not fully graspable, as the COVID-19 pandemic is one continuum of traumatic event. When facing stressful situations, most individuals may cope in a resilient manner; however, it is common that resilience decreases due to uncertainty and continuation of the stressor. Thereby, the strategies in dealing with the pandemic’s impact upon mental health problems require a long-term concept.

In his book, Brian J. Yates (2020) overgeneralizes the experiences of a few Oromo collaborator individuals from the Tulama and Wallo Oromo to the affairs of these Oromo groups. It claims that the Tulama and Wallo Oromo participated in the construction of the modern Ethiopian state between 1855 and 1913 and, in the process, became Habasha by abandoning their Oromo culture and identity. If the colonization of peoples would transform the cultures and uniqueness of the conquered peoples, today, the entire world population would have become the English and the French by rejecting their respective cultures and identities. But colonialism only creates collaborative classes from the dominated population groups to use them as intermediaries to facilitate the exploitation and oppression of the subaltern groups. The Tulama and Wallo Oromo case is not different. The Oromo intermediaries from these Oromo groups were assimilated to the Amhara/Habasha culture and state to promote their interests and the interest of their colonial masters at the cost of the Oromo masses. By using the critical and political economy analytical approaches, this review essay debunks the claims that the author of the book makes by ignoring the history, culture, and identity of the Oromo people, which have been suffering under Habasha colonialism in general, and Amhara colonialism in particular, for more than a century.

Las matemáticas aplicadas forman parte de la formación universitaria en pregrado y posgrado. Desde esta perspectiva, en este ensayo se hará uso de las matemáticas aplicadas con el objetivo de estudiar los efectos psicológicos, económicos y educativos ocasionados sobre la población por un escenario de crisis como el COVID-19. Las teorías matemáticas desarrolladas en este ensayo son: Teoría del Caos, Cadenas de Markov y Teoría de Nash. El COVID-19 se ha extendido a través del mundo, afectando poblaciones y países, sin distinción de raza, posición económica, política o sociocultural. El impacto que el COVID-19 ha causado en la población mundial se podrá medir, a mediano y largo plazo, a través de cambios en el comportamiento psicológico, hábitos sociales, de salud, económicos y educativos. Este impacto dejará profundas huellas y dilemas morales, como priorizar que áreas deben atenderse y cuál será el esfuerzo político dirigido a cada una de ellas.

The world population has always been on the rise and currently stands at 7.5 billion people. [1] As the world’s population grows, so do the resources needed to ensure general prosperity. The basis of all products is the provision of sufficient raw materials [2], but various raw materials are only available in limited quantities. This limitation forces us to use them in a sustainable and efficient way, which poses new challenges for the industry. Due to the growing demands, the supply chain is in a constant state of change and in the coming years there will (have to) be a rethink due to the changing conditions. • What could the raw materials logistics of the future look like? • What problems are facing raw materials logistics chains and how should these challenges be dealt with? The aim of this article is to create reliable scenarios for the development of raw material logistics chains based on a comprehensive literature analysis. As a result, three scenarios are created for development based on the scenario analysis and recommendations for action for the supply chain are derived from them.

Earth’s total land area is 1.3916 × 1010 ha (3.43725 × 1010 ac), of which 4.285 × 108 ha (1.0584 × 109 ac) or 3.1% includes inland water (Knoema 2021). As a share of total land area, agricultural land (cropland and grazing land) is 37.4%, arable land is 11.1%, and forest land is 30.7% (Knoema 2021). Therefore, total agricultural land area is about 5.04 × 109 ha (1.25 × 1010 ac). Some estimates indicate that an additional 5.93 × 108 ha (1.4647 × 109 ac) land may be required to feed the projected population of 10 billion by 2050 (Ranganathan et al. 2018). Such excessive human land use, with strong implications for environmental health and biodiversity (Ramankutty et al. 2018), needs a critical and an objective assessment. In the context of a growing and increasingly affluent world population, it is important to objectively assess the land resources needed to meet the food and other critical requirements of humanity. Prevalence of undernourished people in the world decreased from 826 million to 695 million in 2019 (FAO et al. 2020). However, disruption in the food supply chain by the COVID-19 pandemic increased the prevalence of undernourishment by 82 to 132 million by December of 2020. This number is projected to increase by 17 to 61 million by the end of 2021 and 19 to 60 million by 2030 (FAO et al. 2020). However, the global total cereal grain production increased from 7.36 × 108 t (8.113 × 108 tn) in 1961 to about 3.0 × 109 t (3.3 × …

The coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) motivated measures of social isolation (quarantine), which brought considerable changes to the routine of the general population. With regard to the human being as a member of a society, the realization of mass social isolation requires a broad understanding of the consequences of this distance. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the impacts of social isolation on the behavior of the population of Itaqui - RS, in the initial period of social isolation recommended by the Ministry of Health. Itaqui, located on the western border of Rio Grande do Sul, is the most distant city of the state capital. The survey consisted of a semi-structured questionnaire, with remote application through social networks. Two questions related to the source and nature of the information received and two related to the experiences and habits during the isolation period were analyzed. It was identified that television, which reaches 49.59% of respondents, stands out as a source of information for the Itaquiense population, and internet sites, with 31.78%. Regarding the emotional state, they were mostly stressed and distressed (61.65%). This demonstrates that, even in a city far from large urban centers, tension on such a worrying issue affects the majority of the population. Regarding what changed in their routine, 40.27% pointed out that it was social / family isolation; 30.14% to hygiene and 8.77% to professional or student routine. It was possible to observe the discomfort caused by the new coronavirus, which interfered in several aspects of the life of the majority of the population of Itaquiense, similarly to the Brazilian and world population. A pandemia de coronavírus (Covid-19) motivou medidas de isolamento social (quarentena), que trouxeram mudanças consideráveis à rotina da população em geral. No que concerne ao ser humano enquanto integrante de uma sociedade, a realização de um isolamento social em massa requer uma ampla compreensão dos reflexos desse distanciamento. Assim, este trabalho objetivou investigar os impactos do isolamento social sobre o comportamento da população de Itaqui – RS, no período inicial do isolamento social recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Itaqui, situada na fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, é a cidade mais distante da capital do Estado. A pesquisa constou de um questionário semiestruturado, com aplicação remota por redes sociais. Foram analisadas duas questões relacionadas à fonte e natureza das informações recebidas e duas relacionadas às vivências e aos hábitos no período do isolamento. Identificou-se que se sobressaem como fonte de informações para a população itaquiense a televisão, que atinge 49,59% dos respondentes, e os sites da internet, com 31,78%. Com relação ao estado emocional, manifestaram-se majoritariamente estressados e angustiados (61,65%). Isso demonstra que, mesmo em uma cidade distante de grandes centros urbanos, a tensão sobre um tema tão preocupante atinge a maioria da população. E com relação ao que mudou na sua rotina, 40,27% apontou que foi o isolamento social/familiar; 30,14% a higiene e 8,77% a rotina profissional ou estudantil. Pôde-se observar a desacomodação gerada pelo novo coronavírus, que interferiu em diversos aspectos da vida da maioria da população itaquiense, à semelhança da população brasileira e mundial.

With the emergence of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and its enormous potential for contamination as well as the lack of efficient drugs, recommendations have been adopted by the world population (eg distance and social isolation, wearing a mask and strict hygiene practices). The pandemic offered numerous challenges with direct and indirect impacts not only on health but also on the environment, and it is necessary to analyze the changes and consequences of new habits in this new reality. In this way, our study aims to assess the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cleaning and hygiene practices of the population of the city of Campina Grande, as well as to discuss the main impacts on the environment. The research was carried out in the city of Campina Grande, a technological center in the state of Paraiba, from June to July 2020, using a digital form from the Google Forms platform (Alphabet Co., Mountain View, CA) seeking to identify the socio-spatial profile and changes in cleaning and hygiene habits. As a result, a total of 217 people distributed in 77% of the neighborhoods participated in the survey, where we identified abrupt changes in cleaning habits such as the excessive and incorrect use of sanitizers and the addition of new hygiene habits such as the increase in the frequency of alcohol use. , increased frequency of hand washing and adoption of face masks and other PPE's. It was also possible to identify that even in the face of social isolation, the population can perceive that there are harmful effects on the environment, especially with regard to the excessive use of cleaning products. In summary, we can affirm that even though there are measures of combat and prevention carried out by specialists, it is possible to observe inconsistencies in the actions of cleaning the environment as well as in personal hygiene, promoting innumerable risks to the physical and psychological health of the population and their impacts on the environment during the outbreak of COVID-19.

La investigación tiene el objetivo de identificar cuáles son las dimensiones del valor de marca que priorizan los estudiantes de la Facultad de Contaduría Pública y Ciencias Financieras que pertenecen a la Generación Z; Es de tipo exploratoria, aplicada, cuantitativa y descriptiva. La generación Z es una población que poco a poco se está incorporando al mundo laboral, representa un 25% de la población mundial y se convertirá en los próximos años en un mercado potencial de mucha influencia en la economía global. La investigación aporta al conocimiento de las características de esta importante cohorte poblacional, enfocándose en describir cuantitativamente las percepciones en relación al Valor de Marca. El estudio está sustentado en dos modelos de medición del Valor de Marca, propuesto uno por Martín y Brown, y el otro por Lassar, Mittal y Sharma. Se elaboró un cuestionario hibrido en base a los dos modelos, que fue aplicada a una muestra probabilística aleatoria para población finita conocida al 95% de confianza y 5% de error de 184 estudiantes de la Facultad de Contaduría Pública y Ciencias Financieras de la Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca en Bolivia. Los resultados no son concluyentes, sin embargo, responden a las características psico-sociales descritas por diferentes autores, en relación a este grupo poblacional.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown orders adopted to prevent the spread of the disease had a huge impact on a personal, social, and economic level for the world population. In Europe, Italy was one of the frontrunner countries dealing with an emergency that significantly affected people’s lives. Previous research on the psychological impact of the pandemic revealed an increase in anxiety, depression, and feelings of distress; however, these studies were conducted on non-representative samples of the population reached through social media channels, a method that is likely to lead to many forms of statistical and methodological bias. For the first time to our knowledge, we assessed the psychological impact of COVID-19 on 6700 Italian individuals, representative of the Italian population in terms of age, gender, and geographical areas revealing higher scores of depressive symptoms in females, younger adults, people reporting professional uncertainty and lower socio-economic status. A positive correlation was also found for individuals living alone, those who could not leave home for going to work, and people with a case of COVID-19 in the family, whereas the region of residence was not a significant predictor of depressive symptoms. These findings underline the importance of considering the psychological effects of COVID-19 and providing support to individuals seeking mental health care.

The last century witnessed a boom in the world population, reaching an unprecedented level. In particular, in recent decades, the population has concentrated in cities. Migration from rural areas to urban areas brings many problems to urban areas, necessitating the opening of new settlement areas. These new settlement areas that are needed are mostly determined in line with the initiatives of local authorities based on the situation of infrastructure facilities, not scientific evaluations. If the wrong places are selected, various natural events each year may cause the loss of property and lives, in addition to significant amounts of energy consumption. This study uses various parameters and creates a method for place selection based on multiple criteria. The district of Atakum in the city of Samsun, which has been subject to continuous migration and where new settlement areas have been established, is selected as the study area. Within the scope of this study, in addition to landslide and flood risks, which constitute the most important natural disasters in the region, situations of high voltage electricity transmission lines in places where the establishment of a residential area would be objectionable are evaluated. The situation of biocomfort, which is significantly important, especially with respect to energy efficiency as well as human health, peace, and comfort, is also evaluated. This study is conducted based on these criteria, and as a result, it calculates that only 15.11% of the district of Atakum is appropriate for use as a settlement area. In addition to serving as a reference for the short- and long-term area planning studies that will be conducted in the region, this study also holds significance due to the new perspective it offers regarding urban planning studies.

Entomophagy presents the most viable and sustainable meat alternative to feed the ever-increasing world population as insects are highly nutritious. However, the potential of edible insects’ consumption is constrained by consumers’ fear towards novel or unfamiliar foods (food neophobia), which tends to be higher for insects. This paper assessed the influence of food neophobia and socio-cultural factors on the consumption and consumers’ willingness to consume three edible insects in Uganda (the long-horned grasshoppers, the flying African termites and the wingless red termites). Data were collected from 310 edible insects’ consumers from two culturally different regions in Uganda. Results show that culture and familiarity with edible insects are important determinants of edible insects’ consumption. Consumers with high levels of food neophobia were less likely to consume edible insects that were unfamiliar to them. Much as the population exhibited high levels of food neophobia, neophobia was not a significant predictor of future edible insect consumption. In addition, personal characteristics like education and age influenced both the level of food neophobia and consumption of insects. Therefore, consumption of edible insect should be promoted, keeping in mind specific cultural contexts and familiarity of specific edible insects among potential consumers. Improving knowledge of consumers about edible insects and their nutritional benefits could also lower their levels of food neophobia and improve willingness to consume insects.

The aim of this article is to review a number of issues related to uncertain population forecasts, with a focus on world population. Why are these forecasts uncertain? Population forecasters traditionally follow two approaches when dealing with this uncertainty, namely scenarios (forecast variants) and probabilistic forecasts. Early probabilistic population forecast models were based upon a frequentist approach, whereas current ones are of the Bayesian type. I evaluate the scenario approach versus the probabilistic approach and conclude that the latter is preferred. Finally, forecasts of resources need not only population input, but also input on future numbers of households. While methods for computing probabilistic country-specific household forecasts have been known for some time, how to compute such forecasts for the whole world is yet an unexplored issue.

This study investigates the changes in therapy for Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) over the past 16 years in a large German registry. In particular, the high-risk population of female and elderly patients was analyzed.In total, 19.383 patients presenting with NSTEMI were included in this study. Patients were stratified by age groups75 years and ≥75 years and by sex. Four different time periods from 2000-2004, 2005-2008, 2009-2012 and 2013-2016 were compared. Influence on hospital mortality as the primary outcome measure was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Secondary outcome measures included percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the use of drug eluting stents (DES), radial access route and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as all-cause mortality, stroke, re-infarction, percutaneous re-intervention, intervention-related bleeding, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and new onset of cardiogenic shock or need for mechanical ventilation.Mortality decreased in all age groups between the initial time period and the most recent one (8.9% vs. 4.5%, p 0.01), particularly in female patients ≥75 years (18.2% in 2000-2004 vs. 7.9% in 2013-2016, p 0.01). Revascularization rates differed by gender (68.3% in women vs. 78.1% in men, p 0.01) and by age (64.2% for ≥75 years vs. 80.9% for75 years, p 0.01). PCI rates in elderly female patients increased from 28.7% to 69.8% (p 0.01) from the initial to the latest period.The present study demonstrates, that revascularization rates improved in all patient groups over the study period. However, females and elderly patients still remain less likely to be treated according to current guidelines.

A népvándorlások mindig fontos szerepet játszottak a világtörténelemben. A fő kérdés, hogy miként határozza meg a történelem a migrációt és hogyan befolyásolja a migráció a történelmet. A migráció dinamikus folyamatát az emberi alkalmazkodás eszközeként tekintik. Korábban a migrációs döntést leginkább a jobb lehetőségek keresése motiválta, a 21. század első évtizedeiben azonban az emberek már olyan közvetlen veszélyek miatt hagyták el otthonukat, mint az éghajlatváltozás különféle hatásai, természeti katasztrófák, az államok gyengülése, országon belüli polgárháborús helyzet, vagyis a gazdasági és a biztonsági stabilitás hiánya. A föld népességének csupán 3,5%-a, csaknem 272 millió személy érintett a nemzetközi migrációban, azonban ezek a vándorok egyes kontinensekre, régiókra és néhány országra koncentrálódnak. Jelenkori történelmünket a nemzetközi mobilitás jellemzi, a nemzetközi migráció régi-új formái láthatók, mint az ideiglenes vagy a cirkuláris migráció, azonban ezek a jelenségek nem teljesen újak. Párhuzamos mintáik megtalálhatók a fontos történelmi korszakokban.

This article takes up the concepts of disciplinary power and biopower in Michel Foucault to then make a diagnosis of the pandemic context caused by Covid-19. When considering that more than half of the world population was oriented towards social isolation, as well as changing daily habits in order to reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is possible to perceive in Foucault the measures of disciplinary technique and biopolitical technology, both aimed at preserving the life of the population. It is considered that disciplinary power and biopower operate in the current pandemic in an unprecedented context, marked by technological progress.

The COVID-19 outbreak has expanded across the globe. Most of the countries are launching different measures to stop the transmission of this virus. However, the death toll is steadily rising. Strikingly the rate of coronavirus infection among the young-age population is the highest in SAARC countries as more than 80% population of the SAARC countries are young who constitute the working-age group. The disease transmission also occurs at a slower rate presumably due to diverse lifestyles of different ethnicities, immunity and genetic traits; but not because of the hot and humid weather despite previous assumptions. Since SAARC countries comprise 23.75% of the world population and the largest portion of these people is the young working-class, some immediate measures need to be implemented to save these valuable lives from COVID-19. Till now, there is no specific treatment or vaccine available; hence timely-taken preventive measures are the only hope that can save the people of this region. Here we have demonstrated an altered disease transmission pattern in people of SAARC countries, measures initiated by the governments, causes of failure and further actions to be taken to control disease transmission.

La población a nivel mundial todavía no se adapta a esta nueva forma de vivir y a los cambios abismales que ha generado la COVID-19. Una pandemia que ha cambiado nuestro ritmo de vida y está mermando nuestra salud mental al ser tan impredecible, ya que hasta el momento no existe una vacuna o un tratamiento establecido para este virus, lo cual ha hecho vulnerables a todos los seres humanos a nivel global, debido a que son pocos los países en los que no ha incursionado, esta incertidumbre hace que no se tenga la certeza que esto pasará, lo que ha generado una afectación en la salud mental de la población en sus estados de ánimo como son la depresión y la ansiedad, aspectos que se describirá en este estudio. Concluyendo que existe una alta prevalencia desde edades tempranas, con posibles inicios en la niñez y adolescencia y con mayor incidencia en los jóvenes entre 18 y 24 años, siendo las mujeres las que tienen un nivel más alto de depresión.

Introduction: People are at the core of sustainable development. Individual wellbeing is essential to sustaining the inter-generational gains in health, productivity and social engagement that underpin the sustainable development agenda. Recently, India stands with a population of 1.37 billion population in which Gujarat has population of 6.27 crores. (World Population Review 2019)11. Globally, one in three children under the age of 5 is stunted, wasted or overweight and, in some cases suffers from a combination of two of these forms of malnutrition. India comprises almost 13.1 per cent of child population aged 0-6 years. Manifestations of malnutrition emerge not only from food insecurity but also from poor child care and awareness towards it. The present paper is an attempt to review the status of IYCN practices and child’s malnutrition status in Gujarat. Materials and Methods: Using available NFHS data sheets and other comparable data sets, an attempt is made to understand the magnitude of undernutrition in children below 5 years. The paper is based on the secondary data from various published reports of the government of India. Main findings: Recently conducted NFHS - 4 provides data on children feeding practice and their Nutritional status. India accounted almost 43 per cent of children underweight against 47 percent in Gujarat. Over the years, feeding Practice like early initiation of breastfeeding within one hr of birth, exclusive breastfeeding and introducing complementary feeding with adequate diet was found to be better in Gujarat State as compared to India. Malnutrition among the children reduced significantly over the time, but still the number of undernourished children is very high in the state. Conclusion: There is a declining trend in nutritional status of undernutrition in children and improvement in IYCN practices in Gujarat, the concerns still remain for its pace as we need to achieve new targets of Rashtriya Poshan Abhiyan by 2022. The paper rei

The present attempt fulfills the urgent need of researchers in the valuable field of sociology, economics and statistics. The author has gathered the material from various sources of population data. As data on fertility, mortality and migration are ever changing, sociologists and demographers need to compare and analyze population change and structure every now and then, to introduce and build up new strategies leading to favorable population status. In this way, remedies and reforms could be reached wherever possible. In order to enable the readers to have a comparative image of growth of population in Asia, an abridged table has been provided. Such a comparative study is necessary to understand population problems in Asia with about 60% of world population. Factors affecting population distribution are know as geographic, social, economic and demographic. One of the most important aspects of population study in modern time is the tempo of urbanization which is the result of population growth.

Introduction. Notwithstanding the general increase in world population, there is a steady decline in birth rate. Studies have shown a tendency towards worsening of qualitative and quantitative indices of the ejaculate. From the foregoing we may also presume a decline in size of male gonads. Nevertheless, information about the tendency of change in testicular size in the population is currently unavailable.Purpose of the study. Assessment of global secular trend as regards changes in the size of testes in men.Materials and methods. A search was conducted on published scientific research in the English language and Russian language in Pubmed and eLibrary. Additional searches in citations of identifiable investigations. A selection of data from publications with metric characteristics of gonads in relatively healthy men aged 18‒60 years. The mean of values obtained were determined and homogenized with the aid of formulae for volume calculations. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out with the aid of the program STATISTICA for Windows v.10.Results. The search yielded 126 identified publications, published between 1902 and 2018. Analysis of the various works led to a selection of 33, which contained information that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Analysis of the obtained data did not reveal any trends in change of testicular size over the past century. Mean arithmetic weighted value was 17,43±5,64; 95% CI (17,32; 17,54).Conclusion. In the light of global trends towards a reduction in fertility, it is necessary to conduct a wide range of varied investigations in order to understand the nature of this process. Standardization of methods of assessment results obtained will help in reducing errors whilst assisting in the analysis of existing tendencies.

Providing connectivity to around half of the world population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but, at the same time, a unique opportunity. Access to the Internet would provide the population living in these areas a possibility to progress on the educational, health, environment, and business levels. In this article, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, which can help address this challenge, is provided. Although access/fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed in this article, it is noted that the major limitation for providing connectivity to rural and underprivileged areas is the cost of backhaul deployment. In addition, energy requirements and cost-efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. In fact, the challenges faced for deploying an electricity network, as a prerequisite for deploying communication networks, are huge in these areas, and they are granted an important share of the discussions in this article. Furthermore, typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. The main initiatives by key international players aiming to provide rural connectivity are also described. Moreover, directions for the future evolution of rural connectivity are outlined in this article. Although there is no single solution that can solve all rural connectivity problems, building gradually on the current achievements in order to reach ubiquitous connectivity, while taking into account the particularities of each region and tailoring the solution accordingly, seems to be the most suitable path to follow.

In this book, Sarah Harper explores the relevant topic of the shift in the age structure of the world’s population. She addresses this issue by considering the entire world population. In particular, she deeply analyses causes and consequences of the age-structural change highlighting convergences and differences between populations of various geographical areas and focusing on the connections with economic and social factors. Addressed also to a wider audience, this book sheds light about the important changes of the population age structure and about the future of the world population. The author highlights differences and interconnections existing between various populations of the world, without forgetting to stress the importance to consider changes at the individual level within the society. Sarah Harper, through this book, contributes to provide instruments and knowledge to understand the populations and societies of the world.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects approximately 50% of the world population. The multiple gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal diseases caused by H. pylori infection pose a major healthcare threat to families and societies; it is also a heavy economic and healthcare burden for countries that having high infection rates. Eradication of H. pylori is recommended for all infected individuals. Traditionally, "test and treat" and "screen and treat" strategies are available for various infected populations. However, clinical practice has noticed that these strategies have some shortfalls and may need refinement, mostly due to the fact that they are not easily manageable, and are affected by patient compliance, selection of treatment population and cost-benefit estimations. Furthermore, it is difficult to control infections from the source, therefore, development of additional, compensative strategies are encouraged to solve the above problems and facilitate bacteria eradication. H. pylori infection is a family-based disease, but few studies have been performed in a whole family-based approach to curb its intra-familial transmission and the development of related diseases. In this work, a third, novel whole family-based H. pylori eradication strategy is introduced. This approach screens, identifies, treats and follows up on all H. pylori-infected individuals in entire families to control H. pylori infection among family members, and reduce its long-term complications. This strategy is high-risk population-oriented, and able to reduce H. pylori spread among family members. It also has good patient-family compliance and, importantly, is practical for both high and low H. pylori-infected communities. Future efforts in these areas will be critical to initiate and establish healthcare policies and management strategies to reduce H. pylori-induced disease burden for society.

The incidence of multiple myeloma (MM) has increased in the last 20 years, particularly in middle and low-middle income countries. Access to diagnostic and prognostic tests and the availability of effective care is highly variable globally. Latin America represents 10% of the world population, distributed in countries of varied size, population, and socio-economic development. In the last decade, great improvements have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of MM. Applying these advances in real life is a challenge in our region. Local data regarding MM standards of care and outcomes are limited. A survey was carried out among hematologists from 15 Latin American countries to describe access to MM diagnostic and prognostic tests and the availability of effective care options. This study provides real-world data for MM in our region, highlighting striking differences between public and private access to essential analyses and therapeutic options.

International audience; Using the gross world product (GWP) as the only exogenous input variable, we design a model able to accurately reproduce the global population dynamics over the period 1950-2015. For any future increasing GWP scenarios, our model yields very similar population trajectories. The major implication of this result is that both the United Nations and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assume future decoupling possibilities between economic development and fertility that have never been witnessed during the last sixty-five years. In case of an abrupt collapse of the economic production, our model responds with higher death rates that are more than offset by increasing birth rates, leading to a relatively larger and younger population. Finally, we add to our model an excess mortality function associated with climate change. Estimates of additional climate-related deaths for 2095-2100 range from 1 million in a +2 • C scenario to 6 million in a +4 • C scenario.

The world population is ageing because of falling fertility and improved life expectancy. Knowing this has not helped governments develop sustainable health and care policies because the underlying causes and impacts of population ageing remain poorly understood. Planning using only population age structure does not account for uneven geographical distribution of older people, their health characteristics, functional needs or lived experiences. English National Health Service (NHS) policy has previously focused on arbitrary age segmentation, failing to capture the origins of cumulative disease and functional burden and missing the opportunity to incorporate wider determinants of health into prevention of poor-quality ageing. This is despite growing international evidence that adults living in places with low per capita income and educational attainment experience a higher burden of age-related disease. Lack of a credible ageing narrative and good quality population health data have contributed to a focus on single disease prevention, rather than life course disease aggregation and its personal impacts. However, a fully explicated health and care narrative incorporating frailty does now give some cause for optimism. In 2017, England became the first country to characterise and systematically identify frailty as a long-term treatable health condition. This was coincident with a UK Government’s Industrial Strategy targeting societal ageing. In 2019, the English NHS published a funded long-term plan including a major programme focused on ageing well. Policy makers, health leaders and clinicians must not squander these opportunities but instead pursue frailty prevention and intervention to improve the quality of population ageing.