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Jatropha-oil based polyurethane is one of the initiative for replacing conventional petroleum based polyurethane. The vegetable oil-based polyurethane is more cost-effective and synthesize from renewable resources. Polyurethane was synthesized through prepolymerization method between jatropha oil-based polyol and diphenylmethane 4, 4’diisocyanate, (MDI) in inert condition. Then, lithium perchloride ion (LiClO 4 ) was added to the polyurethane system to form electrolyte film via solution casting technique. The polymer electrolytes were prepared by varying the amount of LiClO 4 ion 10 wt.% to 30 wt. %. The highest conductivity is achieved at 25 wt.% of LiClO 4 salt content, which is 1.29 × 10 −4 S/cm at room temperature 30 °C. The FTIR results showed the shifting of carbonyl group (C O) (1750 cm −1 – 1730 cm −1 ), ether and ester group (C-O-C) (1300 cm −1 –1000 cm −1 ) and amine functional groups (N-H) (1650 cm −1 –1500 cm −1 ) in polyurethane electrolytes from the blank polyurethane shows that oxygen and nitrogen atom acts as electron donor in the electrolytes system. It also confirmed that the intermolecular reaction had occurred in the electrolytes system. While, the XRD analysis showed the semi-crystalline properties of polyurethane have been reduced to amorphous phase upon the increasing addition of lithium ion. SEM results revealed the morphology analysis of the polyurethane electrolytes. There is homogenous and smooth surface in polyurethane and the dissociation of salt was observed after the addition of salt indicates there was interaction between salt and the polymer host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid polymer electrolyte has been extensively studied as an alternative to liquid electrolyte that is often affected by the leakage, deformation and limited range of operating temperature issues. The present study was conducted in an attempt to synthesize polyurethane acrylate (PUA) as a host polymer to evaluate polymer performance supplemented with Li salt as polymer electrolytes. PUA was prepared by the reaction of jatropha oil polyol with toluene 2,4-diisocyanate and hydroxylethylmethylacrylate. Lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4) salt with different percentage of weight in the range of 5 wt. % to 25 wt. % was added to PUA to produce the PUA electrolyte. The mixtures were cured under UV radiation to obtain thin polymeric films with good thermal stability and ionic conductivity. PUA with 25 wt. % lithium salt has the highest conductivity of 6.40 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature. The finding was supported by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Electrode polarization occurrence was interpreted by the complex dielectric constant (Ɛ r), dielectric loss (Ɛ i), real electrical modulus (M r), imaginary electrical modulus (M i) and tan σ. The effect of lithium salt addition was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Additionally, the ionic transport properties, transference number measurement and electrochemical stability were presented. • Jatropha-based PUA solid polymer electrolyte with good conductivity. • Jatropha-based had comparable conductivity and good ion transport properties. • The resistance of physical and thermal properties are superior and comparable and significant. • The study leads to conclude that bio-based solid polymer electrolyte for potential electrochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the effort to produce renewable and biodegradable polymers, more studies are being undertaken to explore environmentally friendly sources to replace petroleum-based sources. The oil palm industry is not only the biggest vegetable-oil producer from crops but also one the biggest producers of residual oil that cannot be used for edible purposes due to its low quality. In this paper the development of biopolymers from residual palm oil, residual palm oil with 10% jatropha oil, and residual palm oil with 10% algae oil as additives were explored. Polyols from the different oils were prepared by epoxydation with peroxyacetic acid and alcoholysis under the same conditions and further reacted with poly isocyanate to form polyurethanes. Epoxidized oils, polyols and polyurethanes were analyzed by different techniques such as TGA, DSC, DMA, FTIR and H-NMR. Overall, although the IV of algae oil is slightly higher than that of jatropha oil, the usage of algae oil as additive into the residual palm oil was shown to significantly increase the hard segments and thermal stability of the bio polyurethane compared to the polymer with jatropha oil. Furthermore, when algae oil was mixed with the residual palm oil, it was possible to identify phosphate groups in the polyol which might enhance the fire-retardant properties of the final biopolymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) was prepared from crude Jatropha oil via an epoxidation and hydroxylation reaction. During the isocyanation step, two different types of diisocyanates; 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), were introduced to produce Jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylates (JPUA). The products were named JPUA-TDI and JPUA-IPDI, respectively. The success of the stepwise reactions of the resins was confirmed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to support the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis that was reported in the previous study. For JPUA-TDI, the presence of a signal at 7.94 ppm evidenced the possible side reactions between urethane linkages with secondary amine that resulted in an aryl-urea group (Ar-NH-COO-). Meanwhile, the peak of 2.89 ppm was assigned to the α-position of methylene to the carbamate (-CH2NHCOO) group in the JPUA-IPDI. From the rheological study, JO and JPUA-IPDI in pure form were classified as Newtonian fluids, while JPUA-TDI showed non-Newtonian behaviour with pseudoplastic or shear thinning behaviour at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, the JO, JPUA-IPDI mixture and JPUA-TDI mixture exhibited reductions in viscosity and shear stress as the shear rate increased. The JO and JPUA-IPDI mixture maintained Newtonian fluid behaviour at all temperature ranges. Meanwhile, the JPUA-TDI mixture showed shear thickening at 25 °C and shear thinning at 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C. The master curve graph based on the shear rate for the JO, JPUA-TDI mixture and JPUA-IPDI mixture at 25 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C was developed as a fluid behaviour reference for future storage and processing conditions during the encapsulation process. The encapsulation process can be conducted to fabricate a self-healing coating based on a microcapsule triggered either by air or ultra-violet (UV) radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is a significant trend away from solvent-based polyurethane systems towards waterborne polyurethane dispersions due to government regulations requiring manufacturers to lower total volatile organic compounds, as well as consumer preference for more environmentally friendly products. In this work, a renewable vegetable oil-based polyol derived from jatropha oil was polymerized with isophorone diisocyanate and dimethylol propionic acid to produce anionic waterborne polyurethane dispersion. Free standing films with up to 62 wt.% bio-based content were successfully produced after evaporation of water from the jatropha oil-based waterborne polyurethane (JPU) dispersion, which indicated good film formation. The chemical and thermo-mechanical properties of the JPU films were characterized. By increasing the OH numbers of polyol from 161 mgKOH/g to 217 mgKOH/g, the crosslinking density of the JPU was significantly increased, which lead to a better storage modulus and improved hydrophobicity. Overall, JPU produced from polyol having OH number of 217 mgKOH/g appears to be a promising product for application as a binder for wood and decorative coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report the preparation of bio-based polyurethane (PU) from renewable vegetable oil. The PU was synthesized through the reaction between jatropha oil-based polyol and isocyanate in a one-shot method. Then, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) salt was added to the polyurethane system to form an electrolyte film via a solution casting technique. The solid polymer electrolyte was characterized through several techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), electrochemical studies, thermal studies by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The NMR analysis confirmed that the polyurethane was successfully synthesized and the intermolecular reaction had occurred in the electrolytes system. The FTIR results show the shifting of the carbonyl group (C=O), ether and ester group (C–O–C), and amine functional groups (N–H) in PU–LiClO4 electrolytes compared to the blank polyurethane, which suggests that interaction occurred between the oxygen and nitrogen atom and the Li+ ion as they acted as electron donors in the electrolytes system. DSC analysis shows a decreasing trend in glass transition temperature, Tg and melting point, Tm of the polymer electrolyte as the salt content increases. Further, DMA analysis shows similar behavior in terms of Tg. The ionic conductivity increased with increasing salt content until the optimum value. The dielectric analysis reveals that the highest conducting electrolyte has the lowest relaxation time. The electrochemical behavior of the PU electrolytes is in line with the Tg result from the thermal analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude jatropha oil (JO) was modified to form jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) via two steps in a chemical reaction known as epoxidation and hydroxylation. JOL was then reacted with isocyanates to produce JO-based polyurethane resin. In this study, two types of isocyanates, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were introduced to produce JPUA-TDI and JPUA-IPDI respectively. 2,4-TDI is categorised as an aromatic isocyanate whilst IPDI is known as a cycloaliphatic isocyanate. Both JPUA-TDI and JPUA-IPDI were then end-capped by the acrylate functional group of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The effects of that isocyanate structure were investigated for their physico, chemical and thermal properties. The changes of the functional groups during each synthesis step were monitored by FTIR analysis. The appearance of urethane peaks was observed at 1532 cm−1, 1718 cm−1 and 3369 cm−1 while acrylate peaks were detected at 815 cm−1 and 1663 cm−1 indicating that JPUA was successfully synthesised. It was found that the molar mass of JPUA-TDI was doubled compared to JPUA-IPDI. Each resin showed a similar degradation pattern analysed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). For the mechanical properties, the JPUA-IPDI-based coating formulation exhibited a higher hardness value but poor adhesion compared to the JPUA-TDI-based coating formulation. Both types of jatropha-based polyurethane acrylate may potentially be used in an ultraviolet (UV) curing system specifically for clear coat surface applications to replace dependency on petroleum-based chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane acrylate (PUA) from vegetable oil has been synthesized and prepared for solid polymer electrolyte. Polyol has been end-capped with Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate (TDI) followed by hydroxylethylmethylacrylate (HEMA) in a urethanation process to produce PUA. The mixtures were cured to make thin polymeric films under UV radiation to produce excellent cured films which exhibit good thermal stability and obtain high ionic conductivity value. 3 to 15 wt. % of ethylene carbonate (EC) mixed with 25 wt. % LiClO4 was added to PUA to obtain PUA electrolyte systems. PUA modified with plasticizer EC 9 wt. % achieved the highest conductivity of 7.86 × 10−4 S/cm, and relatively improved the linear sweep voltammetry, transference number and dielectric properties. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and dielectric analysis were presented. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), followed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and morphology have been studied. The addition of plasticizer to the polyurethane acrylate shows significant improvement in terms of the conductivity and performance of the polymer electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Colloidal stability of the Jatropha oil-based waterborne polyurethane (JPU) dispersions has been investigated. • The JPU dispersion showed Newtonian to shear thinning fluid behaviour. • The rheological behaviour of the JPU dispersions can be described by Cross model. • The JPU dispersions were stable after 18 months of storage under room conditions. Abstract Jatropha oil-based waterborne polyurethane (JPU) dispersions were produced by polymerising the jatropha oil-based polyols (JOLs) with isophrene diisocyanate (IPDI) and dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA). The colloidal stability of the resulting JPU dispersions were studied by particle size analysis and rheology measurements. Inclusion of up to 5.4 wt.% of DMPA as an internal emulsifier produced a wide range of particle sizes from 84 nm to 825 nm. The dispersions have a solid content of 24.2–26.9 wt.% with a relatively low viscosity in the range 6.2–60.2 mPa s. The JPU dispersions exhibited the typical flow behaviour of the commercial polyurethane dispersions, ranging from almost Newtonian to a shear thinning fluid, and the experimental data correlated well with the Cross model. The samples were stable after 18 months of storage under room conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of waterborne polyurethane dispersions derived from jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) with different OH numbers ranging from 138 to 217 mgKOH/g, were successfully prepared. Jatropha oil-based polyols were synthesized by epoxidation and oxirane ring opening using methanol. The JOLs produced were then used to prepare jatropha oil based waterborne polyurethane (JPU) dispersions by reaction with isophrene diisocyanate (IPDI). Dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) was used as an internal emulsifier to enable the dispersion of polyurethane in water. The influence of the OH number, DMPA content and hard segment content on the stability of the wet JPU dispersions, as well as the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the dry JPU films were investigated. The results reveal that with increasing OH number, the DMPA content and hard segment content significantly decrease the particle size from 1.1 μm to 53 nm, indicating increasing stability of the dispersions. JPU films exhibit the stress–strain behavior of an elastomeric polymer with a Young's modulus ranging from 1 to 28 MPa, a tensile strength of 1.8 to 4.0 MPa and elongation at break ranging from 85 to 325%. The polyurethane dispersions synthesized in this work possess good pendulum hardness, water repellence and thermal stability with promising application as a binder for wood and decorative coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]