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Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo as a valuable Chinese medicine has been used in China for more than 2000 years. Its main active components, polysaccharide (DOP), has been reported to have various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and alleviating AD effects. However, the precise mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect in AD remains largely unclear., Aim of the Study: The present study sought to assess the efficacy of DOP and elucidate its intricate mechanisms in ameliorating DNFB-induced AD., Materials and Methods: Mice were sensitized with DNFB and treated with DOP application for 14 days. Treatment effects were assessed using dermatitis scores, ear thickness and scratching frequency. Epidermal thickness, mast cells and CD4 + T cells infiltration were detected by using H&E, toluidine blue staining and immunofluorescence staining respectively. Serum histamine (HIS), immunoglobulin E (IgE), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), skin SOD, MDA, GHS, CAT, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and chemokine (MIP-α, MDC, MCP-1) levels were quantify by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, qPCR and Western blot analyses were performed to assess genes and proteins expression associated with MAPK/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway., Results: The results indicated that DOP effectively mitigated AD-like skin lesions in mice through multiple pathways. It reduced epidermal thickness, ear thickness and scratching frequency in AD mice. Additionally, DOP mitigated inflammatory responses by decreasing the levels of inflammatory factors, as well as reducing serum levels of IgE, HIS, and TSLP. Moreover, DOP inhibited infiltration of mast cells and CD4 + T cells, suppressed the expression of skin chemokines such as MDC, MCP-1, and MIP-α, and enhanced filaggrin content in AD mice. Furthermore, DOP significantly boosted antioxidant capacity, as well as significantly reduced the expression of JAK1, STAT3, NF-κB p65, IκBα, ERK1/2, and p38 proteins and phosphorylated proteins such as p-JAK1, p-STAT3, p-NF-κB p65, p-IκBα, p-ERK1/2, and p-p38., Conclusions: These findings suggested that DOP has significant anti-AD activity, primarily through reducing inflammatory responses, improving antioxidant capacity, repairing the skin barrier, and down-regulating key genes and proteins in MAPK/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway, and that this study may provide valuable insights into the development of innovative therapies for the treatment of AD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This study investigated the structural elucidation, anti-radical and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides from the roots of Glehnia littoralis . A crude polysaccharide was extracted from the roots of G. littoralis through the ultrasonic-assisted extraction and further purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 gel column, a major polysaccharide fraction named GLP80-1 was obtained. The chemical properties and structure of GLP and GLP80-1 were characterized by acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, along with high performance gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. The molecular weight distributions of GLP were determined as 1.89 × 10 6 and 1.26 × 10 4  Da. The monosaccharide composition of GLP was glucose, glucuronic acid, galactose and arabinose with molar ratios of 0.91:0.04:0.03:0.02, respectively. The average molecular weight of GLP80-1 was determined as 1.63 × 10 4  Da. The structure of GLP80-1 was deduced to be a homogenous glucan, comprised a main chain of (1→4)-linked-α-D-Glcp with a single α-D-Glcp branch substituted at C-6. The results of biological activities in vitro showed that GLP and GLP80-1 exhibited free radical scavenging effects, and displayed promotion for the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes and RAW264.7 cells. The data indicated that GLP and GLP80-1 had the potential to be explored as novel natural antioxidant and immunomodulator for application in functional food.

A novel polysaccharide (GLP) with a molecular weight of 1.37 × 10 5 Da was purified from the roots of G. littoralis. Using monosaccharide composition, methylation analysis, GC-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, the structure of GLP was determined to be a 1 → 4)-α-D-Glcp glycoside linkage, while the terminal group of 1→)-α-D-Glcp was bonded to the main chain via O-6. Then, GLP-NPs were prepared by nano-precipitation method, the particle size of GLP-NPs was 288.4 nm and PDI was 0.340. GLP-NPs-AgNPs were prepared using GLP-NPs as reducing agent. GLP-NPs-AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The yield of GLP-NPs-AgNPs was 38.77%, the particle size was 12.5 nm and the chelation rate of silver nanoparticles with polysaccharides was 67.5%. GLP-NPs-AgNPs had better antioxidant and antibacterial activities than GLP and GLP-NPs. In the present work, a simple and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using G. littoralis polysaccharides nanoparticles (GLP-NPs) as reducing agent., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In the present work, Dioscorea opposita Thunb polysaccharide-zinc (DPS-zinc) inclusion complex was synthesized for the first time and its anti-diabetes activities against Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were assayed. The detail structural and morphological analysis of as-prepared DPS-zinc complex was done by using different spectroscopic and microscopic methods. The pharmacological study revealed that DPS-zinc presented a potent hypoglycemic effect on STZ-induced diabetic rats, decreased the glucose and insulin levels, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and increased SOD and T-AOC activities significantly in liver. The levels of T-CHO, TG and LDL-C in serum were dramatically decreased while HDL-C level was increased with the treatment of proposed inclusion complex. In brief, DPS-zinc could be considered as a potential candidate for developing an ingredient of functional foods for zinc supplements with the hypoglycemic action., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Safflower polysaccharide (SPS) is one of the most important active components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), which has been confirmed to have the immune-regulatory function and antitumor effect. This study aimed to explore the effects of safflower polysaccharide (SPS) on tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC)., Methods: HN-6 cells were treated with 5 μg/mL cisplatin and various concentrations of SPS (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64, and 1.28 mg/mL), and cell proliferation was measured. After treatment with 5 μg/mL cisplatin and 0.64 mg/mL SPS, the induction of apoptosis and the protein and mRNA expression of Bax, Bcl-2, COX-2, and cleaved caspase-3 in HN-6 cells were quantified. In addition, HN-6 cells were implanted into mice to establish an in vivo tumor xenograft model. Animals were randomly assigned to three groups: SPS treatment, cisplatin treatment, and the model group (no treatment). The body weight, tumor volume, and tumor weight were measured, and the expression of the above molecules was determined., Results: SPS treatment (0.02-0.64 mg/mL) for 24-72 h inhibited HN-6 cell proliferation. In addition, 0.64 mg/mL SFP markedly induced apoptosis in HN-6 cells and arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Compared with the control group, the expression of Bcl-2 and COX-2 was markedly reduced by SPS treatment, whereas the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 was increased. Moreover, SPS significantly inhibited the growth of the tumor xenograft, with similar changes in the expression of Bcl-2, COX-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 in the tumor xenograft to the in vitro analysis., Conclusions: Our results indicated that SPS may inhibit TSCC development through regulation of Bcl-2, COX-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 expression.

Polysaccharide was one of the considered major active ingredient in Polygonatum odoratum which was crucial for its quality evaluation. In this study, High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with chemometrics methods were performed to assess the quality of P. odoratum polysaccharide (POP) harvested from different locations. The methodology validation and similarity evaluation results showed that the analysis method was able to meet the requirement of fingerprint analysis, and 10 batches of POPs had a high degree of similarity based on the similarity values were greater than 0.960. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that different regions POPs could be classified by clustering analysis based on their nuances. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the mannose (58.13%∼78.18%) and glucuronic acid (2.36%∼11.72%) could be selected as herb markers for the quality control of P. odoratum. In conclusion, a more quantitative quality control method was established, and could be applied to the identification and quality control of different P. odoratum and their products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, D-mannose was used to synthesize poly-D-mannose using a one-pot method. The molecular weight, degree of branching, monosaccharide composition, total sugar content, and infrared spectrum were determined. In addition, we evaluated the safety and bioactivity of poly-D-mannose including anti-pathogen biofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. The results showed that poly-D-mannose was a mixture of four components with different molecular weights. The molecular weight of the first three components was larger than 410,000 Da, and that of the fourth was 3884 Da. The branching degree of poly-D-mannose was 0.53. The total sugar content was 97.70%, and the monosaccharide was composed only of mannose. The infrared spectra showed that poly-D-mannose possessed characteristic groups of polysaccharides. Poly-D-mannose showed no cytotoxicity or hemolytic activity at the concentration range from 0.125 mg/mL to 8 mg/mL. In addition, poly-D-mannose had the best inhibition effect on Salmonella typhimurium at the concentration of 2 mg/mL (68.0% ± 3.9%). The inhibition effect on Escherichia coli O157:H7 was not obvious, and the biofilm was reduced by 37.6% ± 2.9% at 2 mg/mL. For Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, poly-D-mannose had no effect on biofilms at low concentration; however, 2 mg/mL of poly-D-mannose showed inhibition rates of 33.7% ± 6.4% and 47.5% ± 4%, respectively. Poly-D-mannose showed different scavenging ability on free radicals. It showed the best scavenging effect on DPPH, with the highest scavenging rate of 74.0% ± 2.8%, followed by hydroxyl radicals, with the scavenging rate of 36.5% ± 1.6%; the scavenging rates of superoxide anion radicals and ABTS radicals were the lowest, at only 10.1% ± 2.1% and 16.3% ± 0.9%, respectively. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, poly-D-mannose decreased the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and down-regulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Therefore, it can be concluded that poly-D-mannose prepared in this research is safe and has certain biological activity. Meanwhile, it provides a new idea for the development of novel prebiotics for food and feed industries or active ingredients used for pharmaceutical production in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides have received extensive attention due to their multiple physiological functions, especially their remarkable antioxidant capacity. In this study, a novel acidic polysaccharide (PSMP-2) with a molecular weight (Mw) of 1.28 × 106 Da from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge was extracted and purified via DEAE-52 cellulose column and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The structure of PSMP-2 was characterised by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and methylation analysis. The results showed that PSMP-2 was an acidic heteropolysaccharide composed of rhamnose (Rha) (6.15%), galacturonic acid (GalA) (55.98%), and galactose (Gal) (21.27%) and arabinose (Ara) (16.69%). PSMP-2 contained five major glycosidic linkages, (1→)-linked-Ara, (1→2, 4)-linked-Rha, (1→4)-linked-Gal, (1→6)-linked-Gal, (1→3, 6)-linked-Gal, in a molar ratio of 5.98: 1.45: 72.23: 16.40: 3.94. The IC50 of PSMP-2 on 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radical scavenging ability were 0.991 mg/mL and 4.007 mg/mL, respectively. It could regulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes in vivo and had good antioxidant activity. To sum up, a novel acidic polysaccharide (Mw of 1.28 × 106 Da) with antioxidant activity was isolated from S. miltiorrhiza, and its application prospect in the field of medicine and food was preliminarily revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Polysaccharides filtration resistance declined and then rose within a specific molecular weight (MW) range. • Medium MW polysaccharides (40 kDa) exhibited the most minimal fouling propensity. • The minimal fouling was due to intermolecular repulsion and molecular configuration alteration. • High MW polysaccharides promoted dense filter cake layer formation. Polysaccharides, recognized as critical organic pollutants, exhibit fouling tendencies intricately tied to molecular weight (MW). While extensive discussions have focused on the MW of polysaccharides, a comprehensive understanding of its direct impact on membrane fouling remains elusive. In this study, dextran with different MWs acted as model pollutants, revealing the intricate relationship between polysaccharide MW and fouling behavior. Data on specific flux and filtration resistance indicated an initial decline and subsequent increase in fouling with increased MW. Noteworthily, polysaccharides with an intermediate MW of 40 kDa exhibited the least fouling. Advanced analytical methods indicated the source of the reduced fouling to pronounced intermolecular repulsions and crucial molecular configuration shifts. While the lower MW variants resisted membrane adhesion, their higher MW counterparts fostered dense filter cake layer development, causing serious membrane fouling. By describing the nuanced roles of MW on ultrafiltration membrane fouling, this investigation not only deepens insights into the nexus between organic foulant MW and fouling, but also illuminates pathways for innovative strategies in mitigating polysaccharide-induced fouling in ultrafiltration water treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the efficacy of polysaccharides from bergamot (BP) in alleviating DSS-induced colitis. Results showed that BP was primarily composed of two components, BP-1 and BP-2, with similar monosaccharide compositions to BP (mainly glucose and xylose) and molecular weights (Mw) of 4.50 × 105 and 2.35 × 105 Da. This study found BP relieved disease symptoms such as weight loss and colon shortening in mice with colitis. Gut microbiota and metabolomics analysis revealed that the BP could also promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria , Butyrivibrio , and Blautia , resulting in increased levels of SCFAs and L -phenylalanine, which were associated with phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan metabolism pathways. Further analysis validated the inflammatory activity of L -phenylalanine. Hence, BP may relieve colitis symptoms by regulating the gut microbiota and metabolism, which reduced inflammation and enhanced the expression of tight junctional proteins (TJ proteins) and mucin in the intestine. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TKL60 coating has excellent barrier, film forming and antifungal activity. • TKL60 preserves wax structure and improve shelf life of blueberries. • TKL60 effectively improves the quality of blueberry during storage. This study developed an edible antimicrobial coating using a blend of konjac glucomannan (KGM) and low acyl gellan gum (LAG) hydrogel to incorporate thymol nanoparticles (TKL). The optimized TKL formulation (TKL60) comprised 0.22% thymol microcapsules (TMs), 0.075% total polysaccharide content (KGM:LAG = 1:2), and 99.63% distilled water. When applied to blueberries, TKL60 significantly extended their shelf life to 42 d at 2 ± 0.5 °C, tripling that of control fruit. TKL60 reduced decay rate, weight loss, and respiration rate, delayed softening and senescence during cold storage. It preserved the outer epidermis by retaining cuticular waxes, curbing lipid oxidation, and sustaining defense-related enzyme activities. Flavor analysis revealed altered volatile compound concentrations in TKL60-treated berries, including decreased terpenes and benzaldehyde, and increased esters and aldehydes like 2-methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanol, and linalool. Discriminant Analysis highlighted TKL60′s efficacy in delaying aroma deterioration by over 21 d. TKL60 exhibits potential as a substitute for synthetic coatings and chemical insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]