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The aim of this paper was to investigate the extraction, purification and characterization of sulphated polysaccharide (BQPS) from Bellamya quadrata and its stabilization roles on atherosclerotic plaque. Firstly, crude polysaccharide (CBQP) from Bellamya quadrata was extracted by protease enzyme assisted extraction. Moreover, its optimal parameters were obtained by the response surface method as follows: the ratio of water to raw material of 24:1, enzyme dosage of 285 U/g, enzymolysis pH value of 4.7 and temperature of 67 °C. Secondly, CBQP was further purified to obtain the target polysaccharide BQPS by Q Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-400 gel column chromatography. Then, the characterization of BQPS revealed that it possessed a total polysaccharide content of 91.88 ± 1.23%, sulfuric acid group content of 9.12 ± 1.59% and molecular weight of 91.1 kDa. BQPS was only consisted of glucose without any proteins. Finally, BQPS was confirmed to have a significant stabilizing effect on atherosclerotic plaque and its mechanism was related to the selective promotion of autophagy with the precisely right strength., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The further development of fishery resources is a hotspot in the development of the fishery industry. However, how to develop aquatic animal resources deeply is a key point to be solved in the fishery industry. Over the past decades, numerous aquatic animals have gained great attention in the development and utilization of their bioactive molecules which are of therapeutic applications as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Recent research revealed that aquatic animals are composed of many vital moieties, such as polysaccharides and proteins, which provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. In particular, aquatic animal polysaccharides are gaining worldwide popularity owing to their high content, ease of extraction, specific structure, few side effects, prominent therapeutic potential and incorporation in functional foods and dietary supplements. Thus, tremendous research on the isolation, identification and bioactivities of polysaccharides has been carried out. This review presents comprehensive viewpoints on extraction, separation, purification, structural characterization and bioactivity of various polysaccharides from aquatic animals, such as sea cucumber, abalone, oyster and mussels. In addition, this review profiled a brief knowledge on both current challenges and future scope in aquatic animal polysaccharides field. The review will be a direction of deep processing in fishery resources, which is a hotspot, but technical bottleneck. Furthermore, the review could be served as a useful reference material for further investigation, production and application of polysaccharides from aquatic animals in functional foods and therapeutic agents.

Sulfated polysaccharides (CCPS) obtained from Cipangopaludina chinensis have a certain protective effect on cardiovascular diseases, but whether they can slow down the development of atherosclerosis (AS) and how they work are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the preventive effects of CCPS on high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced AS in mice and the underlying mechanism focusing on gut microbiota profile modulation. First, male apolipoprotein E knockout mice were fed HFD or normal diet and simultaneously intervened by a blank solvent, CCPS or atorvastatin to last for 12 weeks. Then, the histopathological characteristics, biochemical parameters and gut microbiota compositions of the experimental groups were compared. The results demonstrated that the CCPS supplementation significantly improved HFD-induced AS of the mice, which was mainly manifested by regulating the plasma lipid balance, decreasing the atherosclerotic index and reducing the atherosclerotic plaque area in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic analysis revealed that CCPS regulated the bacterial composition including reducing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Furthermore, through environmental factor correlation analysis, we found that the preventive effects of CCPS on AS in mice induced by HFD were closely related to reshaping the composition of gut microbiota.

An efficient decoloration method for polysaccharides from the sprouts of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem (PSTS) by anion exchange macroporous resins (AEMR) was investigated in the present paper. The results suggested that D941 resin offered better decoloration efficiency than other tested resins. Based on single-factor experiments, the optimal decoloration parameters of D941 resin were obtained as follows: temperature of 45°C, sample initial concentration of 30mg/ml, pH value of 8.5, static decoloration time of 90min, dynamic decoloration processing volume of 5.5BV with the flow rate of 2BV/h. Decoloration ratio, PSTS recovery ratio and selectivity coefficient were 91.94±1.23%, 90.05±2.35% and 10.92±0.63, respectively. Most of pigment impurities were successfully removed from PSTS solutions after treated by D941 resin, and there was no significant difference in carbohydrate concentration, characteristic groups and molecular weight. Compared with H2O2 oxidation and activated carbon adsorption, this developed method is superior., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the protective effects of polysaccharides from (PGL) Ganoderma lucidum on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Our study demonstrated that treatment with PGL of 100-300mg/kg for 28 days led to significant reduction in the pulmonary index, inflammatory cell infiltration and collagen deposition in rats with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which was associated with increased levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase and decreased contents of malondialdehyde and hydroxyproline in the lung. These results indicated that PGL played a positive protective role in the pulmonary fibrosis and its possible mechanism was to improve lung antioxidant ability., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the characterization of a novel polysaccharide from the flesh of Cipangopaludina chinensis, named CCPSn. The results found CCPSn was a white powder, readily soluble in hot water and slightly soluble in water. CCPSn was a homopolysaccharide composed of D-glucose (D-Glc) with molecular weight of 91.1 kDa. Based on analysis of UV-visible, FT-IR, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation, GM-MS and NMR, the structure of CCPSn was elucidated as follows: the backbone was composed of (1 → 3) linked α-D-Glc. The branches, consisting of a single (1 → 3) linked α-D-Glc units and terminal α-D-Glc-4-O-SO3(-), were attached to the main chain at C-4 positions. The degree of branching was calculated to be about 16.73%. The C-1 of terminal α-D-Glc-4-O-SO3(-) was linked to O-3 of (1 → 3) linked α-D-Glc in the branches. In addition, the results indicated CCPSn was a sulfated polysaccharide with the sulfate radical content of 9.12%., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, characterization and cardioprotective activities in vivo of a novel purified polysaccharide (PECGp) from Endothelium corneum gigeriae Galli were investigated. The results found that PECGp had a 96 kDa molecular weight. The backbone chains were composed of α-D-Glc and α-L-Rha linked by (1→4) glycosidic bonds. (1→4, 6) linked α-D-Glc and (1→2, 4) linked α-L-Rha in backbone chains with branches consisting of (1→4) linked α-D-Glc and terminal α-D-Glc-6-COOH. The assay of cardioprotective activities demonstrated that PECGp could significantly reduce the ST-segment elevation, prevented abnormal changes of heart muscle morphology, reverse abnormal hemodynamic and hemorheological parameters, rectify disorganized superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, creatine kinase, creatine kinase MB fraction and lactate dehydrogenase levels. The results suggested that PECGp could be considered as a potential candidate for developing novel cardioprotective agents., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Endothelium corneum gigeriae galli (PEGG) were investigated. It was found that the optimum extraction conditions were determined as follows: extraction temperature 87.0°C, extraction time 177.0 min, enzyme concentration 1.65%, enzymatic hydrolysis time 141.0 min, liquid-to-solid ratio 20, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 55°C and enzymatic hydrolysis pH 3.6. Under these conditions, the experimental yield of polysaccharides was 5.08%. In addition, PEGG had a relatively high sulfate radical content. PEGG was composed of rhamnose, fucose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with molar percentages of 13.1, 4.5, 72.8 and 9.6%, respectively. The average molecular weight was 83 kDa. And there were infrared characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides in the FT-IR spectroscopy of PEGG. For antioxidant activities in vitro, PEGG showed possessed strong hydroxyl radical scavenging, Fe(2+) chelating and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOP) has been reported to possess remarkable effects on improving renal function, oxidative stress damage and fibrotic diseases. However, the role and mechanism of DOP in preventing and treating renal fibrosis remain unclear. The purpose of this paper was to explore the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of DOP on renal fibrosis. Firstly, renal fibrosis model was induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction operation (UUO) in male BALB/c mice. Subsequently, the anti-renal fibrosis effect of DOP was evaluated. It turned out that DOP significantly attenuated UUO induced renal fibrosis. The beneficial effects of DOP on renal fibrosis were concretely manifested in the relief of clinical symptoms, improvement of renal function, reduction of extracellular matrix collagen aggregation, attenuation of structural damage and inflammation, and decrement of profibrotic factors secretion. Meanwhile, DOP could also alleviate oxidative stress injury and inhibit the AhR/NOX4 pathway proteins expression. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analysis, AhR interference and overexpression experiments showed that the effect of DOP on alleviating renal fibrosis was closely related to the improvement of oxidative stress injury mediated by the AhR/NOX4 pathway. Overall, the data in the present paper indicated that DOP could alleviate renal fibrosis through improving AhR/NOX4 mediated oxidative stress injury. [Display omitted] • The Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOP) could improve renal fibrosis (RF). • DOP could relieve the state of oxidative stress injury induced by RF. • DOP could regulate AhR/NOX4 pathway abnormal activation induced by RF. • Anti-RF role of DOP was related to AhR/NOX4 pathway mediated oxidative stress injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]