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Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides (SFPs), including SFP-3-40, SFP-3-60, SFP-3-80, SFP-7-40, SFP-7-60, SFP-7-80, SFP-10-40, SFP-10-60, and SFP-10-80, were extracted at different pH (3, 7, and 10), and then precipitated with graded precipitation of 40%, 60% and 80% (v /v) ethanol solution, respectively. Their physicochemical properties and α -glucosidase inhibitory activity were determined. Results showed that SFPs significantly differed in the contents of total sugar, protein, uronic acid, sulfate, the zeta potential, and molecular weight distribution. SFPs, including SFP-10-40, SFP-10-60, and SFP-10-80, had bigger absolute zeta potential value and higher respective average molecular weight in the same ethanol concentration precipitate. All samples were mainly composed of fucose, glucuronic acid, and mannose with different molar ratios. The extraction pH and precipitation ethanol solution concentration caused little changes in functional groups, but significantly altered surface morphology of SFPs. Congo red test revealed that all polysaccharides were not helical polysaccharides. Rheological measurements indicated that SFPs were pseudoplastic fluids and showed elastic behavior of the gel. Except SFP-3-40 and SFP-3-60, all other samples had a stronger α -glucosidase inhibitory activity than that of acarbose. The inhibition type of SFPs against α -glucosidase varied owing to different extraction pH and precipitation ethyl concentration. This study shows that extraction pH can significantly affect the structure and hypoglycemic activity of SFPs and provide a data support for the scientific use of Sargassum fusiforme in industrial production. [Display omitted] • Nine polysaccharide fractions were obtained from Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) Setch at different extraction pH. • The physicochemical properties of SFPs were significant different. • SFP-7-40 showed the strongest α -glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC 50 values of 0.304 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three algae polysaccharides (APs) extracted from Ascophyllum nodosum (ANP), Fucus vesiculosus (FVP) and Undaria Pinnatifida (USP) significantly differed in the zeta potential, water and oil holding capacity, monosaccharide composition, organic element composition, molecular weight distribution, microstructure and rheological properties. Antidiabetic effects of APs were compared by oral intervention at the dose of 400 mg/kg·body weight/day in high sugar and fat diets and streptozotocin injection induced type 2 diabetic rats. The analysis of body weight, water intake, fasting blood glucose, insulin, oral glucose tolerance, blood lipid indicators (including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and free fatty acid (FFA)), liver function indexes (involving alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) and renal function profiles (comprising uric acid (UA) and urea nitrogen (BUN)) showed that APs possessed obvious antidiabetic activities, and FVP showed better effects in controlling the levels of FFA, AST, ALT, UA and BUN. Intervention of FVP reduced the total bile acid (TBA) level and elevated high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level of diabetic rats. Histomorphological observation further demonstrated that APs, especially FVP, could attenuate liver and kidney damage caused by diabetes. This study concluded that the antidiabetic effects of ANP, FVP and USP were distinctly different, which might be attributed to their different chemical structures. Therefore, the structure-activity relationship and antidiabetic mechanism of APs will be our future research direction. Unlabelled Image • The compositions, zeta potentials, molecular weights, rheological properties and microstructure of APs are significantly different. • USP has stronger water and oil holding capacity than ANP and FVP. • APs could ameliorate hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and liver and kidney damage of diabetic rats, and FVP shows better effects in controlling the levels of free fatty acid (FFA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bile acid (TBA) and uric acid (UA). • Intervention of APs could decrease the serum insulin level of diabetic rats. • FVP could significantly increase the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level of diabetic rats. • USP could more significantly reverse weight loss of diabetic rats than ANP and FVP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two polysaccharide fractions (SFPs, designated as respectively SFP-1 and SFP-2) were acquired from Sargassum fusiforme by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction, and their physicochemical properties and hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects were investigated. Structural analysis indicated that SFPs were obvious different in the zeta potential, molecular weight distribution, characteristic organic group, microstructure and the contents of total sugar, uronic acid, sulfate and moisture. SFPs consisted of fucose, mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and glucuronic acid with different molar ratios. Congo red test explained that SFPs had no triple-helix structure. SFP-1 exhibited lower viscosity due to its lower molecular weight. Regarding to hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, oral administration of SFPs prominently restrained loss of body weight and increase of water intake, and also significantly controlled the increase of levels of fasting blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), uric acid (UA), urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of diabetic rats, and SFP-2 showed better effects in controlling fasting blood glucose, ALT, UA and BUN levels. Intervention of SFP-2 reduced the levels of insulin, FFA and TBA of diabetic rats. Histomorphological observation further demonstrated that SFPs could attenuate liver and kidney damage caused by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Data indicated that SFPs, especially SFP-2, significantly improved hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and liver and kidney function of diabetic rats. • The physicochemical properties of SFPs are quite different from others investigated Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides. • The compositions, zeta potentials, molecular weights, characteristic organic groups, rheological properties and microstructure of SFPs are obviously different. • SFPs could ameliorate hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and liver and kidney damage of diabetic rats, and SFP-2 shows better effects in controlling the levels fasting blood glucose, free fatty acid (FFA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bile acid (TBA), uric acid (UA) and urea nitrogen (BUN). • Intervention of SFP-2 could reduce the serum insulin level of diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • EA/UPP SDs significantly increased the EA solubility and dispersity. • Crystalline transformation was one of the reasons for EA solubility enhancement. • EA/UPP SDs were mostly maintained by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. • EA/UPP SDs significantly enhanced the EA biotransformation process. The current study was aimed to enhance the solubility, dispersibility and biotransformation efficacy of ellagic acid (EA) by preparing food-derived ellagic acid- Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharides solid dispersion (EA/UPP SD). The results demonstrated that the solubility of EA/UPP SD was improved from 0.014 mg/mL to 0.383 mg/mL, and the enhancement was related to converting to a more amorphous state and restraining its self-aggregation during the mechanochemical process. The structure of EA/UPP SDs was mostly maintained by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between EA and UPP. Moreover, the result of in vitro anaerobic incubations showed the biotransformation process was improved with EA/UPP SD addition to substrate due to the advance of microbial accessibility in EA dispersion. Altogether, these results indicated that the EA/UPP SDs expanded the application of EA by increasing the solubility and dispersity, and provided a theoretical basis for bioconversion efficiency enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, five Fucus vesiculosus polysaccharides (FVPs; FVP-2, FVP-4, FVP-7, FVP-10, and FVP-13) were extracted by different pH, and their physicochemical characteristics and α -glucosidase inhibitory activity were investigated. Results showed that extraction pH significantly affected the chemical composition, molecular weight, zeta potential, structure characterization, and rheological property of FVPs. The viscosity consistency index of Fucus vesiculosus polysaccharides at high concentration (40 mg/mL) were ranked in decreasing order as FVP-10 > FVP-4 > FVP-7 > FVP-2 > FVP-13, which was strictly in accordance with the order of Mw. Among the five polysaccharides, FVP-13 showed the strongest α -glucosidase inhibitory activity, which might be related to its the lowest Mw and relatively higher xylose content. Fluorescence quenching analysis indicated that the interaction of FVPs and α -glucosidase was predominated by a dynamic mechanism. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the main driving forces for the interaction was hydrophobic interaction. Circular dichroism spectrum analysis found that FVPs could induce the secondary structure of α -glucosidase changes like the decrease of β -sheet content and the increase of β -turn and random coil content to inhibit α -glucosidase activity. These results suggested that extraction with high pH was an efficient method to obtain FVPs with strong α -glucosidase inhibition activity. • Five Fucus vesiculosus polysaccharides were obtained at different extraction pH. • FVP-13 showed the stronger α -glucosidase inhibitory activity. • The α -glucosidase inhibitory mechanism of polysaccharide was studied. • Hydrophobic interaction played a key role in the bonding of FVPs to α -glucosidase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antidiabetic activity and underlying mechanisms of Fucus vesiculosus polysaccharide (FVP) were studied in type 2 diabetic rats. Our results exhibited that FVP intervention reversed body weight loss, alleviated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in diabetic rats. FVP also had the potential to ameliorate dyslipidemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, decrease oxidative stress, promote glycogen synthesis, and boost short-chain fatty acid production and total bile acid excretion. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis suggested that FVP interfered with the gut microbiota in a beneficial manner. Moreover, RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the antidiabetic activity of FVP in connection with the acceleration of blood glucose absorption and glycogen synthesis, the inhibition of gluconeogenesis, and the regulation of lipid metabolism in the liver. These findings suggested that FVP had antidiabetic effects on high-fat diet and STZ-induced diabetic rats and could be a potential resource for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Display omitted] • FVP promoted glycogen storage in diabetic rats. • FVP enhanced bile acid excretion in diabetic rats. • FVP regulated gut microbiota in diabetic rats. • FVP regulated gene expression related to glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Spirulina platensis polysaccharides (SPLP) had significant hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects in HFD-fed rats. • SPLP intervention modulate the hepatic steatosis and mRNA expressions involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. • SPLP altered the relative abundance of cecal short-chain fatty acids. • SPLP significantly modulated the intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility that Spirulina platensis crude polysaccharides may ameliorate the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism disorder, including obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hepatic steatosis, and gut dysbiosis. The results showed Spirulina platensis crude polysaccharides could improve body weight, serum/liver lipid and carbohydrate indexes, and liver antioxidant parameters in high-sucrose and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats, which were accompanied by regulated liver mRNA expressions involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism disorder. In addition, SPLP intervention significantly decreased cecal level of propionic acid in HFD-fed rats. Notably, the SPLP could alter the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria at phylum levels. Based on Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, serum/liver lipid and carbohydrate profiles were found significantly positively correlated with genera Romboutsia , Allobaculum , Blautia , Phascolarctobacterium , Bifidobacterium , Coprococcus , Turicibacter , Erysipelotrichaceae_unclassified , Olsenella , Escherichia/Shigella , Coprobacillus , Lachnospiracea incertae , and Lactobacillus , but strongly negatively correlated with genera Atopostipes , Flavonifractor , Porphyromonadaceae_unclassified , Barnesiella , Oscillibacter , Paraprevotella , Jeotgalicoccus , Corynebacterium , Alloprevotella and Bacteroides. It was concluded that oral administration of SPLP could remarkably ameliorate the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism disorder and significantly modulate the intestinal microbiota in HFD-fed rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]