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Acetylated polysaccharides refer to polysaccharides containing acetyl groups on sugar units. In the past, the acetylation modification of wall polysaccharides has been a hot research topic for scientists. However, in recent years, many studies have reported that acetylation-modified plant, animal, and microbial polysaccharide show great potential in delivery systems. From the latest perspective, this review systematically presents the different sources of naturally acetylated polysaccharides, the regularity of their modification, the chemical preparation of acetylation modifications, the biological activities and functions of acetylated polysaccharides, and the application in the delivery system. In nature, acetylated polysaccharides are extensively distributed in plants, microorganism, and animals. The level of acetylation modification, the distribution of chains, and the locations of acetylation modification sites differ between species. An increasing number of acetylated polysaccharides were prepared in the aqueous medium, which is safe, environment friendly, and low-cost. In addition to being necessary for plant growth and development, acetylated polysaccharides have immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The above-mentioned multiple sources, multifunctional and multi-active acetylated polysaccharides, make them an increasingly important part of delivery systems. We conclude by discussing the future directions for research and development and the potential uses for acetylated polysaccharides., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a long-term chronic disease, about 20% of IBD patients deteriorate to colorectal cancer. Currently, there is no radical cure for IBD. Natural plant polysaccharides (NPP) have low toxic and side effects, which have immune and prebiotic activities and possesses positive effect on alleviating IBD. In this review, we will focus on the alleviating effect of NPP on IBD in vitro and in vivo from three aspects: regulating intestinal flora imbalance, repairing intestinal barrier injury and improving immunity. The relationship between the chemical structure of natural plant polysaccharides and the therapeutic effect of IBD are highlighted. Finally, the synergistic role of NPP as a carrier of drugs or active molecules to reduce side effects and enhance targeting function are discussed, especially pectic polysaccharides. Broadly, this review provides a valuable reference for NPP to be developed as functional food or health products to alleviate IBD., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-fatigue activity of Chinese Yam polysaccharides (CYPs). The structural characterization of CYPs was conducted using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography-light scattering-refractive index, and ion chromatography. The weight-loaded swimming capability, behavior performance, tumor growth, content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and biochemical markers of CYP in a cancer-related fatigue mouse model were tested. The results showed that CYP is a mixture with an average M w of 75.57 kDa and is mainly composed of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose with a molar ratio of 0.01 : 0.06 : 1.00 : 0.17 : 0.01. CYP increased the exhausting swimming time, which was decreased in the cisplatin (DDP) control group and the model group. CYP also increased the content of ATP in musculus gastrocnemius, which was down-regulated by DDP; the DDP had significantly enhanced the contents of interleukin-1β (IL-lβ), malondialdehyde (MDA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and inhibited the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the muscle. Administration of CYP decreased the levels of IL-lβ, MDA, BUN and LDH, and up-regulated the SOD activity. The DDP + CYP group presented a decreased tumor volume and a lower tumor weight as compared with the model group. Moreover, the mice in the CYP or DDP + CYP groups had heavier body weights than the mice in the model group and DDP group. These results suggest that CYP should improve cancer-related fatigue via the regulation of inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and increase in energy supplementation.

Polysaccharides (ASP) were extracted from Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR) and were subjected to freeze drying (ASP-FD), vacuum drying (ASP-VD), and hot air drying (ASP-HD). Structural characteristics, rheological and emulsifying properties, antioxidant, anticoagulant and alkaline phosphatase inhibitory activities of ASPs were firstly investigated. ASP-FD owned higher thermostability, unique morphological structure, uniform and the lowest molecular weight, which is suitable for using as a raw material for polysaccharide derivatives. Smaller viscosity of ASP-FD supplied a better appearance that consumers preferred and the smallest particle size was benefit to manufacture instant soluble products. ASP-VD behaved the highest neutral sugar content, protein content, intrinsic viscosities, and the best emulsifying activity, being a candidate for cosmetics additive. ASP-HD exhibited the highest apparent viscosities, higher thermostability, loose structure, and better bioactivities. Drying conditions had significant effect on the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of ASPs. ASPs with specific characteristics may meet the requirements for diverse applications., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The rhizoma of Dioscorea hemsleyi (DH) has been used as a treatment of diabetes in China for hundreds of years. Polysaccharides in DH were extracted by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), cold water extraction (CWE), warm water extraction (WWE) and hot water extraction (HWE), separately. Then the different characterizations of four DH polysaccharide (DHP) samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance Gel permeation chromatography (HGPC), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy(UV), fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their activities in vitro of DHP were compared. Experimental results showed that HWE had the highest yield and large molecular weight. CWE had the highest uronic acid yield and little molecular weight, and its DPPH, AGI and AAI activity were the best. The molecular weight of UAE was small, and its RP and FRAP activity were the best. Four DHP samples had differences in the surface topography, while they all had the typical IR spectra characteristic of polysaccharides. According the correlation analysis, it showed that the more uronic acid and the lower molecular weight was, the higher the antioxidant activity was. The high content of monosaccharide composition of Xyl, Ara, GlcA and GalA, and little molecular weight have good effect on antidiabetic activity., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS) with a good antitumor effect in clinical use showed low bioavailability and toxicity. Combination of Rhizoma Curcuma longa with RPS, which called LouHuang preparation (LH), not only overcame the RPS limitations but also improved its anticancer effect. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of LH in mice was 3410.9 mg/kg by oral acute toxicity test. LH relieved the inhibition of RPS on the gastric emptying (70.13 ± 4.80% vs. 49.12 ± 8.06%). As for the antitumor effect, the tumor weight/volume inhibition rate, tumor volume growth rate, and water/food efficiency ratio were calculated. LH had the highest inhibition ratio of 57.07 ± 2.97% for H22 model, 43.22 ± 0.72% for S180 model, and 46.8 ± 0.97% for EAC model, which were higher than RPS. Compared to ZiLongJin (ZLJ), a marked antitumor drug in China, LH also had the higher inhibition rate for tumor weight and tumor volume growth, which weaker than CTX. The water/food efficiency ratio reflected the difference of the quality life of the mice bearing tumor cells or not. CTX attenuated body weight gain and increased food efficiency ratio compared to control group. LH did not affect the body weight or water/food intake. The active part of LH was RPS and turmeric polysaccharides with the inhibition of 58% and 47% on H22 and S180 tumor models. The research provided theoretical and practical basis for LH application., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study compared the physicochemical characteristics and immunomodulatory activities of chrysanthemums' polysaccharides (JPs) from five cultivars. Significant differences were found in the molecular weights, the ratios of monosaccharide compositions, and morphological properties. Polysaccharides of Gongju (GJP) had the lowest molecular weight populations and polysaccharides of Boju (BJP) had the highest. SEM showed that GJP and polysaccharides of Qiju had looser and uniform surface structures, which are beneficial for being developed into instant products. Immunoregulatory assay revealed that JPs enhanced the phagocytosis and proliferation of RAW264.7 cells without obvious cytotoxicity, and upregulated the release level of TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, and NO. Immune‐enhancing activity correlated with their molecular weights, the contents of glucuronic acid and arabinose, and microstructure, which performed differently according to different cultivars. The results suggested that BJP and polysaccharides of Hangbaiju are more suitable to be developed as new functional foods for enhancing immunity, and provided a reference for selection based on the immunization requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explored the effects of protein and polysaccharide in Meyerozyma guilliermondii on active compounds in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch adventitious roots. In this study, a responsive protein LSP1 was purified from the Meyerozyma guilliermondii since the excellent induction. The contents of total flavonoids (3.46 mg · g−1), glycyrrhizic acid (0.41 mg · g−1), glycyrrhetinic acid (0.41 mg · g−1), and polysaccharide (94.49 mg · g−1) in adventitious root peaked at LSP1 group, which were 1.6, 3.4, 2.4, 2.0-fold that of control, respectively. Besides, the responsive protein LSP1 significantly activated the defense signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinases and extremely up-regulated the expression of defense-related genes and functional genes involved in glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, adventitious roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis were cultured in a 5-L balloon-type bubble bioreactor with different medium salt strength and different concentrations of sucrose. The results of the culture showed that the best culture conditions were 4 % sucrose concentration and 1 MS medium for the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Salicylic acid has previously been used as an elicitor in tissue cultures to enhance production of secondary metabolites. Addition of 1 mg L salicylic acid significantly enhanced the contents of glycyrrhizic acid (0.31 mg g), glycyrrhetinic acid (0.14 mg g) and polysaccharide (159.29 mg g) in the G. uralensis adventitious roots and the contents were 2.58-fold, 1.27-fold, and 2.07-fold over the control group. Furthermore, the greatest content of total flavonoid (9.40 mg g) was observed with 2 mg L salicylic acid added in the culture, which was 2.68-fold higher than the control. The ESI-MS analysis was also performed, showing that two new kinds of flavonoids, including (3R)-vestitol and glycyrol, were only identified in the salicylic acid treatment. In addition, we also found that salicylic acid significantly increased superoxide dismutases, catalases, and peroxidase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adventitious roots of Pseudostellaria heterophylla were cultivated in 3-L balloon-type bubble bioreactors (BTBB). The optimum angle of the base of the bioreactor was 90°. The rate of growth (64.96) and electrical conductivity (2.3 μS cm) were highest in the culture with the 90° bioreactor angle, and total saponins (9.61 mg g), polysaccharides (128.29 mg g) and amino acids (0.25 mg g) content were also maximum. We also investigated the effects of a single elicitor (methyl jasmonate; MJ) on accumulation of metabolites in P. heterophylla adventitious root culture in 3-L BTBB. The highest rate of growth (21.4) was achieved in the control group, in which the highest amino acids yield was 1.39 mg L. The highest total saponins (20.98 mg L) and polysaccharides (1.18 mg L) yields were obtained after addition of 10 mg L MJ, and were, respectively, 1.28 and 1.23-fold higher than in the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Highlights advanced formulations of polysaccharide hydrogels and their advantages. • Summarizes advanced techniques for preparing polysaccharide hydrogels and their pros and cons. • Reviews intelligent responsive hydrogels based on physical/chemical cross-linking. • Discusses mechanisms by which polysaccharide hydrogels aid diabetic wound healing. The management of diabetic wounds remains a formidable challenge in the medical community. The protracted inflammatory phase, compromised neovascularization, and impaired functionality of endothelial cells hinder the regenerative process in diabetic wounds. Extensive efforts have been dedicated to developing materials for this issue, with polysaccharide hydrogels emerging as a promising candidate for diabetic wound healing. This article provides a comprehensive exposition of cutting-edge advancements in diabetic wound treatment using polysaccharide-based hydrogels. It delves into diverse material types, scrutinizing their merits and demerits in treating diabetic wounds. This exploration encompasses state-of-the-art preparation techniques and technological advantages. Consideration is given to bestowing responsive properties through physical and chemical cross-linking and enhancing attributes via bonding interactions and coatings. Lastly, regulation mechanism in the clinical translation of polysaccharide-based hydrogels for diabetic wounds are introduced. By critically assessing the current state of the field, this work establishes a foundation for subsequent research on polysaccharide-based hydrogels in diabetic wound treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This review comprehensively reviewed non-starch polysaccharides from yam (Dioscorea) (YPs). • Structural features, extraction, and purification of YPs were summarized. • Biological activities and underlying molecular mechanisms of YPs were outlined. • Relationships between structures and bioactivities of YPs were discussed. • Potential applications and future challenges of YPs were proposed. Yam (Dioscorea) is a tuber crop cultivated for food security, revenue, and medicinal purposes. It has been used to treat diabetes, asthma, diarrhea, and other diseases. The main active ingredients in yam, polysaccharides, are regarded to be the important reason for its widespread applications. Now, a comprehensive review of research developments of yam polysaccharides (YPs) was presented to explore their prospects. We outlined the structural characteristics, biological activities, structure–activity relationships, and potential applications. Around 13 neutral components and 17 acidic components were separated. They exhibited various bioactivities, including immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, gastrointestinal protective, anti-fatigue, and senile disease treatment activities, as well as prebiotic effect. Structure-activity relationships illustrated that unique structural properties, chemical modifications, and carried biopolymers could influence the bioactivities of YPs. The potential applications in medicine, food, and other fields have also been summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Two polysaccharides were isolated from P. odoratum and P. cyrtonema , respectively. • POP-1 and PCP-1 had (2→1)-linked and (2→6)-linked β- d -Fru f with an internal α- d -Glc p. • PCP-1 possessed of an acetyl group attached at O -3 of α - d -Glc p residue. • PCP-1 have more potential to be explored as immunomodulatory agent. Abstract Two neutral polysaccharides named POP-1 and PCP-1 were purified from Polygonatum odoratum and P. cyrtonema , respectively. Results showed that both of them were composed of fructose and glucose, and the average molecular weights of them were about 5 kDa. FT-IR, 1D- and 2D-NMR analyses revealed that both POP-1 and PCP-1 contained a (2→1)-linked β - d -fructofuranose (Fru f) backbone and (2→6)-linked β - d -Fru f side chains with an internal α - d -glucopyranose (Glc p) in neokestose form. The difference between these two purified polysaccharides were that PCP-1 possessed of an acetyl group attached at O -3 of α - d -Glc p residue. In addition, PCP-1 exhibited a little better immune stimulating activity than POP-1 on cell viability and IL-6 production of RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results indicated that the acetyl group might affect the immunoregulatory activity and PCP-1 have more potential to be explored as an immunomodulatory agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive perusal on polysaccharides from Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASPs) processing with Chinese rice wine was performed through investigating the structural characterizations, antioxidant activity, invigorating blood circulation activity, and inhibitory activity on alkaline phosphatase. • Wine processing can enlarge the particle size of polysaccharides. • Bioactivities were correlated with the content of neutral sugar and GalA. • Stir-frying 20 min at 120 °C was suitable for preparation of wine-processed ASR. This study aims at presenting a comprehensive perusal on polysaccharides from Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASPs) processing with Chinese rice wine (18, 20, 22, 24 min at 120 °C) through investigating the structural characterizations, antioxidant activity, invigorating blood circulation activity, and inhibitory activity on alkaline phosphatase. The results of high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated that certain aggregation and disaggregation would happen owing to the wine processing. While they all had the typical fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra characteristic of polysaccharides. Monosaccharide composition analysis combined with 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that all samples are of the same monosaccharide composition, but the ratios and types were varied diversely. The structure differences mainly focused on the chemical compositions, the monosaccharide ratios, types, and apparent structure. Wine processing, especially stir-frying 20 min, caused higher antioxidant abilities, stronger inhibitory activities on thrombin and alkaline phosphatase. In conclusion, stir-frying 20 min was a good choice for the preparation of wine-processed A. Sinensis , for which polysaccharides owned the highest content of neutral sugar and GalA, as well as the best antioxidant and alkaline phosphatase inhibitory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance The genus Polygonatum (Asparagaceae) comprises 71 species distributed throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The medicinal plants of Polygonatum have been traditionally used as tonics in China, India, Pakistan, Iran and Japan, and have been demonstrated to be highly effective in clinical practice for treating age-related diseases, diabetes, lung diseases, fatigue, feebleness and indigestion. Aim of the review This paper aims to provide the links among traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and toxicity to support their therapeutic potential and uncover opportunities for future research. Materials and methods The relevant information on the genus Polygonatum was gathered from scientific databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, ACS Publications, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, CNKI). Information was also obtained from online databases, books, Ph.D. dissertations and M.Sc. theses. The literature cited in this review dates from 1917 to June 2017. Results At least 37 species and 1 variety of Polygonatum plants have been used as traditional medicine and functional food. The major chemical constituents of Polygonatum plants are steroidal saponins, triterpenoid saponins, homoisoflavanones, polysaccharides and lectins. A putative biosynthetic pathway of steroidal saponins and triterpenoid saponins has been established based on the compounds isolated from Polygonatum plants. The crude extracts and certain pure compounds from Polygonatum plants have shown a wide range of pharmacological effects such as anti-aging, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, and anticancer effects. The rhizomes of Polygonatum plants have a low degree of toxicity after processing. Conclusions Based on this review, some traditional uses of Polygonatum species have been confirmed by pharmacological studies, such as its anti-osteoporosis, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic and anti-fatigue effects. Most of the pharmacological effects of this genus can be attributed to its polysaccharides, saponins and lectins. However, to clarify the chemical differences that lead to the different traditional uses between “Huangjing” (derived from P. sibiricum , P. kingianum , P. cyrtonema ) and “Yuzhu” (derived from P. odoratum ), a systematic comparison of the small molecule compositions and polysaccharides of these four species is needed. In addition to these four species, other locally used medicinal Polygonatum species should be the subject of research, and the chemical and pharmacological relationships of these species should be investigated to expand the medicinal resources and standardize the use of Polygonatum species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panax ginseng is a rare and traditional herbal medicine with many pharmacological activities. After ginseng was approved as a new resource food by the Ministry of Health, ginseng food was vigorously researched and developed. As an alternative resource for cultivated ginseng, ginseng tissue cultures has good development potential, but there are few studies on its component and pharmacological activity. In this study, we analyzed the compositional characteristics of polysaccharides in ginseng root cultures. Compared with cultivated ginseng, the relative molecular weight of ginseng polysaccharides in ginseng root cultures was smaller, and the proportion of acidic polysaccharides such as galacturonic acid was higher. Correspondingly, compared with cultivated ginseng, polysaccharide of ginseng root cultures has higher intestinal microbial diversity and abundance of Lactobacillus. On this basis, we constructed a genetic transformation system for ginseng root cultures through gene editing of galacturonic acid which significantly increased the content of uronic acid. This research laid the foundation for the development of ginseng polysaccharide medicines and health products. • The proportion of acidic polysaccharides in ginseng root cultures was higher. • Polysaccharide of ginseng root cultures has higher intestinal microbial diversity. • The genetic transformation system can increase the content of uronic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polysaccharides from nine species of Polygonatum were firstly compared. • Enzymatic digestion followed by HPGPC saccharide mapping were used. • Polysaccharides from most Polygonatum spp. consisted of pectins and fructans. • Polysaccharides from P. macropodium were mainly composed of fructans. • Both pectins and fructans were related to antiglycation activity. Multiple species of Polygonatum are used as "Huangjing" in China and polysaccharides are the main effective constituents of "Huangjing". However, there is a lack of systematic comparison of polysaccharides from Polygonatum spp., and little work concerning on the polysaccharides from unofficial species. This paper conducted a comparison study on the characterization, high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) saccharide mapping and antiglycation assay of polysaccharides and their enzymatic hydrolysates from nine species of Polygonatum. The results showed that polysaccharides from P. macropodium were mainly composed of fructans (3.3 × 103 Da); while polysaccharides from other eight Polygonatum spp. contained both fructans (2.5 × 103-4.1 × 103 Da) and pectins (more than 4.1 × 105 Da). Antiglycation assay showed that polysaccharides from Polygonatum spp. could significantly inhibit the formation of AGEs, and degradation of pectins and fructans could result in loss of activity. The results are helpful to the rational usage and quality control of Polygonatum spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polysaccharides from PS, PC and PK were composed of pectins and fructans. • Polysaccharides from PO mainly consisted of fructans. • Polysaccharides from cultivated-type of Polygonatum spp. had less pectins. • Esterification were found in pectins from Polygonatum spp. Polysaccharides from 14 batches of Polygonatum sibiricum (PS), P. cyrtonema (PC), P. kingianum (PK) and P. odoratum (PO) were compared based on high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) saccharide mapping, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight distribution and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Results showed that polysaccharides from PS, PC and PK exhibited two different molecular weight fractions and that one was more than 4.1 × 105 Da (P1) and the other was 2.8–5.4 × 103 Da (P2); while the polysaccharides from PO displayed only one main peak (P2). The analysis of monosaccharide composition and HPGPC saccharide mapping proved that P1 and P2 were composed of pectins and fructans, respectively. The FTIR spectra indicated that these polysaccharides had different degrees of esterification. This study provided a systematic profiling of polysaccharides of Polygonatum spp. and was helpful in understanding the varied functions of different Polygonatum spp., based on chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]