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Abstract: A water-soluble polysaccharide, designated as EFP-AW1, was isolated from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana and purified to homogeneity by gel-filtration chromatography. Its carbohydrate content was up to 92.34%, which was composed of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man) and rhamnose (Rha) in a molar ratio of 14.1:1.9:2.0:1.9. The molecular weight was evaluated to be 10,830Da as determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). On the basis of sugar analysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) studies (1H and 13C), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: Display Omitted [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A water-soluble protein-bound polysaccharide (EFP-W1) was fractioned from roots of Euphorbia fischeriana and purified by gel-filtration chromatography. Its primary structural features were characterized by partial acid hydrolysis, Smith degradation-periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The data obtained indicated that EFP-W1 contains about 91% of carbohydrate content, which was mainly composed of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man), arabinose (Ara) in a molar ratio of 6:1:1:1. Its average molecular weight was about 11,230Da. The structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was elucidated as follows: Display Omitted [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: One water-soluble glucan (PCP-W1) was purified from the crude polysaccharide of Pleurotus citrinopileatus by chromatography on DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephadex G-200 column, and PCP-W1 (Mw =45kDa), was predominantly composed of Glc. Partial acid hydrolysis, Smith degradation–periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) experiments were conducted to elucidate its structure. The results indicated that PCP-W1 had a glucan backbone consisting of (1→6)-linked-β-d-glucopyranosyl residues, which were branched at O-3 position of the backbone with (1→3)-linked-β-d-glucopyranosyl and non-reducing end 1-β-d-glucopyranosyl residues. The repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: Display Omitted [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: One water-soluble polysaccharide (ABP-W1) was purified from the fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei by DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sepharose 6 Fast Flow column chromatography. Its molecular weight was about 3.9×102 kDa as determined by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The structural feature of ABP-W1 was investigated by a combination of chemical and instrumental analysis, including partial hydrolysis with acid, periodate oxidation–Smith degradation, acetylation, methylation analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR 1H, 13C). The results revealed that ABP-W1 had a backbone consisting of (1→6)-linked-α-d-galactopyranosyl and (1→2,6)-linked-α-d-glucopyranosyl, which was branched with one single terminal (1→)-α-d-glucopyranosyl at the O-2 position of (1→2,6)-linked-α-d-glucopyranosyl along the main chain in the ratio of 1:1:1. The observation of the complex-formation between ABP-W1 and Congo Red indicated that ABP-W1 probably existed in a triple-strand helical conformation in water. Based on the data obtained, ABP-W1 was composed of a repeating unit with a structure as below: Display Omitted [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An alkali-extractable and water-soluble polysaccharide (ABP-AW1) was isolated by 5% sodium hydroxide solution from the fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei. ABP-AW1 (M w =50kDa), was composed of Gal, Glc, Fuc, Ara and Man with the molar ratio of 29: 20: 6: 2: 2. According to the combination of chemical and instrumental analysis, the results indicated that ABP-AW1 had a backbone consisting of (1→6)-linked-β-d-galactopyranosyl, (1→6)-linked-β-d-glucopyranosyl and (1→3, 6)-linked-β-d-glucopyranosyl, which was terminated with (1→)–linked Fuc, Ara and Man residues at the O-3 position of (1→3, 6)-linked-β-d-glucopyranosyl in the proportion of 29: 10: 10: 6: 2:2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this research, one low molecular weight polysaccharide (LMW-ABP) was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei Murill. We reported that the effect of LMW-ABP on inhibiting the interaction between E-selectin and sialyl Lewis X (sLex) by flow cytometry and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology. Different concentrations of LMW-ABP (5, 10, and 20mg/L) could effectively dose-dependently inhibit adhesion of HT-29 cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in static conditions, as well as down-regulating the expression of both α-1,3-fucosyltransferase-VII (FucT-VII) and sLex in transcription or translation level, respectively. These results suggest that LMW-ABP could suppress the metastasizing capacity of cancer cells through interfering with the interaction between E-selectin and sLex. Thus based on these findings, LMW-ABP is expected to be having enormous potential for use in treatment for neoplasm metastasis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The water-soluble polysaccharide (POP), with a molecular mass of 2.4×104 Da, was obtained from the fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus. Structure features of the purified polysaccharide were investigated by a combination of chemical and instrumental analysis, such as methylation analysis, Smith degradation, GC-MS, 13C and 1H NMR and FTIR. The results indicated that the backbone of POP was composed of (1→6)-linked-α-d-galactopyranosyl and (1→2,6)-linked-α-d-galactopyranosyl residues, which were terminated with a single terminal (1→)-β-d-glucose residue at the O-2 position of galactosyl along the main chain in the ratio of 1:1:1. Preliminary tests in vitro showed POP is capable of enhancing concanavalin A (ConA)- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lymphocyte proliferation, which suggested that POP could be a potential immunostimulating agent for use in functional foods or medicine against both pathogens and cancer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In our previous work, a new water-soluble polysaccharide (PAP) from the mycelium of Polyporus albicans was identified for the first time. Preliminary tests in vitro showed PAP have potent stimulating effects on murine lymphocyte proliferation induced by mitogen. So in this study, the immunomodulatory effect and the adjuvant potential of PAP on the cellular and humoral immune response of ICR mice against ovalbumin were investigated. In vivo toxicity assays of PAP showed not to be lethal for mice in doses ranging from 0.5 to 4mg. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with OVA 0.1mg alone or with OVA 0.1mg dissolved in saline containing alum (0.2mg) or PAP (0.5, 1 and 2mg) on days 1 and 15. Two weeks later (day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and OVA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and OVA-specific serum antibodies were measured. PAP (0.5, 1 and 2mg) other than alum significantly enhanced the Con A-, LPS- or OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in the OVA-immunized mice (P <0.05 or <0.01). The OVA-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibody levels in serum were also significantly enhanced by PAP (0.5, 1 and 2mg) compared with OVA control group (P <0.05 or <0.01). Moreover, alum (0.2mg) only induces IgG and IgG1 antibody responses to OVA in mice. In conclusion, the results suggest that PAP could be a safe efficacious adjuvant capable of boosting cellular and humoral immunity without unacceptable toxicity. Thus adjuvants based on PAP have enormous potential for use in vaccines against both pathogens and cancer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: One low molecular-weight polysaccharide (APP) of 2.8×104 Da was isolated from the fruiting body of Auricularia polytricha. Partial hydrolysis with acid, periodate oxidation–Smith degradation, acetylation, methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C) were conducted to elucidate its structure and the repeating unit of APP was established as: the backbone was composed of (1→3)-linked-β-d-mannopyranosyl, (1→3)-linked-β-d-galactopyranosyl and (1→3,6)-linked-β-d-mannopyranosyl residues in the ratio of 3:2:1, and terminated with one single terminal (1→)-β-d-glucopyranosyl at the O-6 position of (1→3,6)-linked-β-d-mannopyranosyl along the main chain. ▪Preliminary antioxidant activity test in vitro showed APP could potentialize scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals in a dose dependent manner. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Agaricus blazei Murill is an edible and medicinal mushroom of Brazilian origin, the components from which have been shown to possess anti-tumor potentials. Meanwhile, E-selectin-mediated cell–cell adhesion plays an important role in extravasation of tumor cells. In this study, the effect of a low molecular weight polysaccharide isolated from A. blazei (LMW-ABP) on the TNF-α-stimulated E-selectin protein and mRNA expression was evaluated in vitro. LMW-ABP could depress the E-selectin protein expression, and similar results were observed for E-selectin gene expression in a dose-dependent manner, which lead to a significant reduction in TNF-α stimulated adhesion of HT-29 cells to HUVEC. These results indicated that the effect of LMW-ABP against tumor cell adhesion was based on the inhibition of E-selectin protein and gene expression. In addition, LMW-ABP also suppressed nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) protein expression and nuclear translocation. The data supported the view that LMW-ABP might be developed to a promising therapeutic agent against E-selectin-mediated neoplasm metastasis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: One water-soluble polysaccharide (CRP) was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Chroogomphis rutilus with a molecular weight (M w) of 3.2×104 Da. According to partial acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation and Smith degradation, methylation, FT–IR, GC–MS, and NMR analysis, the results indicated CRP had a backbone consisting of (1→6)-linked-α-d-galactopyranosyl and (1→2, 6)-linked-α-d-galactopyranosyl residues that terminated in a single terminal (1→)-β-d-glucopyranosyl residue at the O-2 position of (1→2, 6)-linked-α-d-galactopyranosyl residue along the main chain in the ratio of 1:1:1. Furthermore, the in vitro anti-oxidant activity evaluated by hydroxyl radicals scavenging method showed that CRP could remarkably enhance the scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent manner. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The water-soluble polysaccharide (AMP), with a molecular mass of 7.8×103 Da as determined by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), was obtained from the fruiting body of Armillaria mellea. Methylation, Smith degradation, acetolysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and acid hydrolysis studies were conducted to elucidate its structure. The results indicated that AMP consisted of a backbone composed of (1→6)-linked-α-d-glucopyranosyl, (1→2,6)-linked-α-d-glucopyranosyl and (1→6)-linked-α-d-galactopyranosyl residues in the ratio of 3:1:1, and terminated with one single terminal (1→)-β-d-glucopyranosyl at the O-2 position of (1→2,6)-linked-α-d-glucopyranosyl, on average, along the main chain. Preliminary tests in vitro showed that AMP has stimulating effects on murine lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide in a dose-dependent manner. It is a possible potential immunopotentiating agent for use in health-care food or medicine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to get high quality bioactive polysaccharides (ARP) from Anemone raddeana, an orthogonal experiment (L9(3)4) was applied to optimize the best extraction conditions. Extraction time, extraction temperature, number of extraction and water to raw material ratio were the main factors to influence the yield and purity of the extracted crude polysaccharides. The four factors chosen for the present investigation were based on the results of a single-factor test. The optimum extraction conditions were determined as follows: extraction time 1.5h, temperature 80°C, number 4 and water to raw material at 6. Under optimized conditions, the experimental yield 7.97±0.27% agreed closely with the predicted yield. In vivo ARP at suitable dose is effective on Th1 cells, as associated with an enhancement of IgG2a and IgG2b levels. In vitro ARP significantly inhibited the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma HEP-G2 and human intestinal cancer HCT-22 cells, indicating ARP could be a potential anti-cancer therapeutic agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, three chemically sulfated polysaccharides (SPAPs) were derived from one water-soluble polysaccharide (PAP) of Polyporus albicans mycelia by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method. The effects of polysaccharides on the immune function were examined after the mice were intragastrical administrated with polysaccharides at three doses of 100, 200, and 300mg/kg body weight for 7 days. The results showed that both the lymphocytes proliferation and macrophage function were significantly enhanced by SPAP in all groups along with the increase of the substitution degree and dose (P <0.01). It indicated that SPAP could be a potential immunostimulants used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]