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This study is the first inventory of ascidians from shallow waters (0–25 m) of coastal and reef habitats in the southern Gulf of Mexico where ascidian diversity is poorly known. Sampled environments in 14 locations (38 sites) with 134 samples collected from 2015 to 2017 included coral reefs, coastal lagoons, mangroves, seagrass, ports, and artificial platforms. The 31 identified species comprise 19 genera and 13 families. Ten species are newly reported in the Gulf of Mexico:AscidiapanamensisBonnet & Rocha, 2011;Ecteinascidiastyeloides(Traustedt, 1882);CystodytesroseolusHartmeyer, 1912; Eudistomaaff.amanitum Paiva & Rocha, 2018;EudistomarecifenseMillar, 1977;EuherdmaniafasciculataMonniot, 1983; Euherdmaniaaff.vitrea Millar, 1961;Polycarpacartilaginea(Sluiter, 1885);Botrylloidesmagnicoecum(Hartmeyer, 1912) andDidemnumgranulatumTokioka, 1954. Two new species will be described separately (Clavelinasp. andPyurasp.). This study provides the first records for 26 species ascidians for the region as well as describes increased distributions of ten Atlantic species. Thus, our data provide a starting point for future ecological, experimental and taxonomic studies of ascidians of the Gulf of Mexico.

This paper presents the ascidians from the Family Polyclinidae collected in the Gulf of Mexico during the Hourglass Cruises between August 1965 and November 1967. The analysis of the collected material revealed the presence of eight polyclinid ascidians from three different genera, with two new species and two new records for the Gulf of Mexico.

Aplidium benhami (Brewin, 1946) (Figure 6d) Aplidium (Amaroucium) benhami Brewin, 1946: 95–97, fig. 4, pl. 2, figs 1, 4, pl. 3, fig. 3, pl. 5, fig. 1. Amaroucium benhami Brewin, 1956: 122; 1958a: 439; 1960: 119. Material examined New records. NEW ZEALAND, Bluff Harbour, Tiwai Point (46°35.52 ʹ S, 168°21.14 ʹ E, wharf pile, coll. M. Page, 9 m, 20 August 2007, NIWA68101); Tiwai Point (46°35.51 ʹ S, 168° 21.15 ʹ E), wharf pile, coll. L. Peacock, 6 m, 10 February 2011, NIWA84207. Previously recorded. New Zealand, South Island; Portobello Peninsula (Brewin 1946); Chatham Islands (Brewin 1956); Stewart Island (Brewin 1958a); Cook Strait (Brewin 1960); Fiordland (Page et al. 2014). Description Colonies of Aplidium benhami collected off wharf piles in Bluff Harbour are relatively large, compared to specimens sampled from natural substrata in more exposed environments. They are bright orange (5YR12), cushion-shaped, firm gelatinous colonies measuring up to 100 mm in greatest diameter. The branchial apertures of the zooids are pigmented white, standing out against bright orange thoraces, and a lightly pigmented orange test (Figure 6d). Unlike the small colonies from other regions, the zooids are arranged in parallel rather than stellate systems, and common cloacal apertures are not obvious. The zooids are stout, measuring 7 mm total length, with a thorax and abdomen of approximately equal length and a post-abdomen 3 mm long. The branchial aperture has low indistinct lobes, and the small atrial aperture is surmounted by 3 short atrial lappets. Three embryos are sequentially developed in the atrial brood pouch. The larval characters are as described in Page et al. (2014). Also noted in the present specimen is the orange pigmentation of the branchial sac. Remarks The Tiwai Point A. benhami colonies closely resemble the Otago Harbour holotype in colour and zooid morphology (Brewin 1946). Furthermore, larval characters are the same for this species as described from Fiordland (Page et al. 2014)., Published as part of Page, M. J., 2018, Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand, pp. 1157-1180 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 52 (17 - 20) on pages 1171-1172, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1450903, http://zenodo.org/record/5174607, {"references":["Brewin BI. 1946. Ascidians in the vicinity of the Portobello Marine Biological Station, Otago Harbour. Trans Proc N Z Inst. 76: 87 - 131.","Brewin BI. 1956. Ascidians from the Chatham Islands and the Chatham Rise. Trans Proc Roy Soc N Z. 84: 121 - 137.","Brewin BI. 1958 a. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XI. Ascidians of the Stewart Island region. Trans Roy Soc N Z. 85: 439 - 453.","Brewin BI. 1960. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XIII. Ascidians of the Cook Strait region. Trans Proc Roy Soc N Z. 88: 119 - 120.","Page M, Willis T, Handley S. 2014. The colonial ascidian fauna of Fiordland, New Zealand with a description of two new species. J Nat Hist. 48: 1653 - 1688."]}

Polyclinum novaezelandiae Brewin, 1958a (Figures 6b, 7a–c) Polyclinum novaezelandiae Brewin, 1958a: 442; Millar 1982: 43. Material examined New records. NEW ZEALAND, Bluff Harbour, Tiwai Point (46.591°S, 168.349°E, 10 m, 31 August 2007, NIWA68097, 1 colony; 46.591°S, 168.349°E, 6 m and 7 February 2011, NIWA87159, 2 colonies). Previously recorded. New Zealand, Foveaux Strait (Brewin 1958a). Description Colonies of this species are large hemispherical cushions reaching 100 mm in greatest diameter and 50 mm high, attached to the substratum by most of their base. Numerous relatively tall (3 mm long), cone-shaped common cloacal apertures are irregularly spaced among crowded zooid branchial apertures, showing no apparent arrangement into regular systems (Figure 6b). The outer test is sparsely covered with fine sand and the colonies have a sky-blue test (5BG8/2), which is apparent on the rims on the branchial apertures. Internally, the test is transparent and gelatinous, containing few sand grains. Large zooids are crowded in the test. The thorax is 4 mm long and has a short branchial aperture with 6 low, well-defined lobes. The atrial aperture is small, muscular and separate from the long atrial languet (Figure 7a). Thirteen longitudinal muscles run on each side from the branchial aperture to the dorsal side of the body wall. The branchial sac has 17–19 rows of 16–18 stigmata per half-row. Ten papillae were counted on each transverse vessel (Figure 7b). The abdomen is short (2 mm long),and the gut is twisted to the left forming a horizontal loop posterior to the throax. A bilobate anus opens in the peribranchial cavity adjacent to the sixth row of stigmata. A relatively long pyriform post-abdomen (6 mm long) contains up to 25 testis follicles posterior to several developing ova (Figure 7c). No larvae were present in colonies examined in this study. Remarks The colony and zooid morphology of specimens collected from Bluff agree closely with the type species from Foveaux Strait described by Brewin (1958a). The in-situ image of the colony (Figure 6B) shows large, scattered common cloacal apertures with raised rims, which collapse on removal from water and are not evident in preserved specimens. The zooids of Polyclinum novaezelandiae are distinguished from 3 other species of Polyclinum endemic to New Zealand – P. sluiteri Brewin, 1956, P. michaelseni Brewin, 1956 and P. cerebrale Michaelsen, 1924 – by a greater number of rows of stigmata in the branchial sac. Furthermore, the colonies of the former 2 species are stalked, while those of P. cerebrale are cushion-shaped with a network of conspicuous sinuous ridges (Millar 1982), unlike the morphology of P. novaezelandiae specimens collected from Bluff., Published as part of Page, M. J., 2018, Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand, pp. 1157-1180 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 52 (17 - 20) on page 1170, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1450903, http://zenodo.org/record/5174607, {"references":["Brewin BI. 1958 a. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XI. Ascidians of the Stewart Island region. Trans Roy Soc N Z. 85: 439 - 453.","Millar RH. 1982. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Ascidiacea. New Zealand Oceanographic Memoir. 85: 114.","Brewin BI. 1956. Ascidians from the Chatham Islands and the Chatham Rise. Trans Proc Roy Soc N Z. 84: 121 - 137.","Michaelsen W. 1924. Ascidiae Krikobranchiae von Nueseeland den Chatham- und den Auckland- Inseln. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn. 77: 263 - 434."]}

Synoicum stewartense (Michaelsen, 1924) (Figure 6c) Macroclinum stewartense Michaelsen, 1924: 413–421, figs 26, 27, 28. Synoicum stewartense: Millar, 1982: 15, fig. 3. Material examined New records. NEW ZEALAND, Stewart Island, Bob’ s Point (41° 51.25 ʹ S, 168° 07.57 ʹ E, 15 m, 31 August 2007, NIWA68089). Previously recorded. Stewart Island, 35 fathoms Michaelsen 1924); in dredged material off Stewart Island (Brewin 1958a); Chatham Rise (Millar 1982); Fiordland (Page et al. 2014). Description Closely spaced, flat-topped, sand-encrusted heads 10–15 mm in diameter, each with 15–18 zooids arranged in a circle around a central, raised common cloacal aperture (Figure 6c). Zooids are large and pigmented red, with internal structures as described in Page et al. (2014). Remarks The central, raised common cloacal aperture, depressed branchial apertures of zooids in a circular system and a low raised rim around the anterior of each colony lobe are consistent with characters for this species described by Michaelsen (1924) and Millar (1982). Adherent sand covers the purple zooids., Published as part of Page, M. J., 2018, Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand, pp. 1157-1180 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 52 (17 - 20) on page 1171, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1450903, http://zenodo.org/record/5174607, {"references":["Michaelsen W. 1924. Ascidiae Krikobranchiae von Nueseeland den Chatham- und den Auckland- Inseln. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn. 77: 263 - 434.","Millar RH. 1982. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Ascidiacea. New Zealand Oceanographic Memoir. 85: 114.","Brewin BI. 1958 a. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XI. Ascidians of the Stewart Island region. Trans Roy Soc N Z. 85: 439 - 453.","Page M, Willis T, Handley S. 2014. The colonial ascidian fauna of Fiordland, New Zealand with a description of two new species. J Nat Hist. 48: 1653 - 1688."]}

Page, M. J. (2018): Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 52 (17-20): 1157-1180, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1450903, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1450903

Aplidium knoxi (Brewin, 1956) (Figures 6e, 8a–c) Amaroucium knoxi Brewin, 1956: 125–127, fig. 2D 1, D 2. Material examined New records. NEW ZEALAND, Bluff Harbour, Tiwai Point, wharf piles (46.591°S, 168.349°E, 9 m, 21 August 2007, NIWA68091; 46.591°S, 168.349°E, 5 m, 8 November 2012, NIWA68167). Previously recorded. New Zealand, Chatham Islands (Brewin 1956). Description The pink (5R6/10) colony of Aplidium knoxi is approximately 150 mm long, 50 mm wide and 30 mm thick. Common cloacal apertures with thin transparent rims raised 2 mm above the surface occur randomly throughout the colony (Figure 6e). Zooids are evenly distributed throughout the colony with no apparent arrangement in systems. The test is soft, gelatinous and invested with numerous test and granular cells, with some incorporated sediment. The zooids are relatively large and robust, the thorax measures 1.3 mm and abdomen 2.2 mm. The thorax has approximately 12 longitudinal muscles, a branchial aperture with 6 low rounded lobes, and a narrow atrial aperture surmounted by a tripartite lappet (Figure 8a). There are 14 rows of approximately 10 stigmata per half-row in the branchial sac. The barrel-shaped stomach has 24 folds, some of which are discontinuous. There is a wide intestinal tract ending in a bilobate anus. The post-abdomen is long (6.4 mm) with fine muscles evenly spaced along the entire length. Numerous testis follicles are in 2 irregular rows occupying the posterior half of the post-abdomen with developing ova anterior to the testis follicles (Figure 8b). A large convoluted vas deferens runs ¾ of the length of the post-abdomen. Larvae were present in zooids from a colony collected in late spring 2012 (NIWA68167). They have a robust 1.5 mm long trunk with 3 adhesive organs and 3 stout median ampullae. The anterior end of the trunk is covered by an arc of epidermal vesicles each side of the midline (Figure 8c). Remarks The colony size and colour, and arrangement of zooids, are different from the holotype collected off coastal rocks in the Chatham Islands by Brewin (1956). The morphology of the zooids is, however, the same as in our specimen. The number of folds of the stomach and rows of stigmata are similar, and both have a tripartite atrial languet, bilobate anus and numerous testis follicles in the lower part of the posterior abdomen, posterior to the ovary. Larvae of this species are newly described here. The variation in colony size and arrangement of zooids is most likely to be a function of exposure to high currents. A similar environmental response is common for Pseudodistoma cereum in Fiordland, where encrusting colonies are found in exposed habitats and massive forms are in deep water (Page et al. 2014)., Published as part of Page, M. J., 2018, Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand, pp. 1157-1180 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 52 (17 - 20) on pages 1172-1173, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1450903, http://zenodo.org/record/5174607, {"references":["Brewin BI. 1956. Ascidians from the Chatham Islands and the Chatham Rise. Trans Proc Roy Soc N Z. 84: 121 - 137.","Page M, Willis T, Handley S. 2014. The colonial ascidian fauna of Fiordland, New Zealand with a description of two new species. J Nat Hist. 48: 1653 - 1688."]}

A colonial ascidian, Synoicum clavatum has previously been reported from Japan. Here, we provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of S. clavatum as the first record in Korea. Synoicum clavatum is characterized by club­ shaped colonies with oval head and elongate stalk, circular cloacal systems, a branchial sac with 14-16 stigmata rows of 10-17 stigmata per row and a stomach with smooth surface. The specimens of S. clavatum were collected in the subtidal zone (15-25 m depth) at Beomseom and Mumseom in Jeju­do while SCUBA diving from 2000 to 2014.

The specimens of Enterocola sydnii Chatton & Harant, 1924, as studied for this paper, were found in the following compound ascidians (Aplousobranchia: Polyclinidae) collected by the author at Roscoff in 1992: females and males in Aplidium argus (Milne Edwards 1841); females and males in A. nordmanni (Milne Edwards 1841); and females in A. turbinatum (Savigny 1816). The female E. sydnii is fully redescribed, based mainly on specimens in A. argus. The male E. sydnii is described for the first time, primarily from specimens in A. nordmanni. In living females, the color of the ovarian eggs in the metasome is a pale rose.

During the Spanish expedition CIEMAR 99/00, on board the BIO‐Hesperides, 30 species of ascidians (distributed in 13 genera and eight families) were collected using a rock dredge in the Bransfield and Gerlache straits. Most of them were already known, but one species, Tetrazona ciemari sp. nov., is new for science. Additional morphological data are provided for six species. Five are reported for only the second time and the known distributions of five species are extended.

Fifty-one species are discussed of which five are new. Of the remaining 46 species, 20 previously known from one to three records and 11 more frequently recorded have their known geographic range and/or range of morphological variation extended and the synonymy of a further 15 species is revised. Taxonomic problems, including phylogeny, are addressed in Rhopalaea crassa, Pycnoclavella detorta, Ecteinascidia spp. and Plurella (see Phallusia polytrema). New species are Sigillina pulvinus, Polyclinum corbis, Perophora longicaulis, Stolonica brevigastra and Botrylloides saccus.

Thirty-four species of benthic Tunicata are recorded in the deep-water material collected from 255 to 8116m from the south-western Atlantic, Scotia and Weddell seas. Maximum species diversity occurs at between 4000 and 6000 m. Unlike the north Atlantic, large forms predominate. However, that there are only a few species less than 5 mm is probably the result of the collecting method. Some species appear to form crowded populations of numerous specimens, as evidenced in the records of approximately 400 specimens of Agnezia at 7694–7934m and 150 large specimens of Dimeatus at 5680–6145 m. Six new species are described, of which one is recorded from more than 8000 m. This is one of the greatest depths yet recorded for ascidians, the only other species recorded below 8000 m is Situla pelliculosa Vinogradova, 1969.

Aplidium benhami (Brewin, 1946) (Figures 9, 7C) Aplidium (Amaroucium) benhami Brewin, 1946: p. 95 –97, fig. 4, pl. 2, figs 1, 4, pl. 3, fig. 3, pl. 5, fig. 1. Amaroucium benhami Brewin, 1956a: p. 122; 1958a: p. 439; 1960: p119. Material examined New records: Thompson Sound, Crayfish heights (45° 13.182’S, 166° 58.656’E, 3–10 m, 30 January.2006, NIWA 49993). Previously recorded: New Zealand, South Island; Portobello Peninsula (Brewin 1946), Chatham Islands (Brewin 1956a), Stewart Island (Brewin 1958a) and Cook Strait (Brewin 1960). Description Aplidium benhami has characteristic small orange vase-shaped colonies arising from a short narrow stalk. The colony heads, approximately 30 mm high, can be joined at their base to form diffuse aggregations in a larger colony (Figure 7C). The hemispherical tops of the colony heads contain up to 60 zooids in a soft, sand-free gelatinous test. The orange zooids form stellate systems around indistinct common cloacal apertures. The rim of zooid branchial apertures is pigmented white and the atrial aperture surmounted by three lappets, the central one being the longest of the three. Zooids measure approximately 9 mm long, and the post-abdomen encompasses half of the total length (Figure 9A). The branchial sac has 11 rows of 12–13 stigmata per half row. The stomach is barrel-shaped with 23–29 discontinuous folds. Testis follicles occur in paired rows in the posterior threequarters of the post-abdomen and the ovary lies above at the anterior end. Bright orange embryos are crowded in the atrial cavity, which is bulged into a brood pouch to accommodate the large larvae, 0.85 mm in trunk length (Figure 9B). The larvae have three slender median ampullae alternating between three adhesive papillae arranged along the median line and four short lateral ampullae each side (Figure 9C). Remarks Fiordland species closely resemble the type specimen from Otago (Brewin 1946) in colour, colony and zooid morphology. However, Brewin did not note the presence of a brood pouch, or show detail of the arrangement of ampullae on lateral and median sides of the tadpole. The 3.4 mm long tadpole measured by Brewin is significantly greater than the trunk length of larvae from our material (0.85 mm). Brewin’ s measurement probably referred to the total larval length. Aplidium larvae are generally less than 1.0 mm trunk length with few exceptions; e.g. Kott (1992) named Aplidium magnilarvum Kott, 1992 after the large 2 mm long larva (trunk length)., Published as part of Page, M. J., Willis, T. J. & Handley, S. J., 2014, The colonial ascidian fauna of Fiordland, New Zealand, with a description of two new species, pp. 1653-1688 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (27 - 28) on pages 1668-1669, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.896487, http://zenodo.org/record/5193878, {"references":["Brewin, BI. 1946. Ascidians in the vicinity of the Portobello Marine Biological Station, Otago Harbour. Trans Proc Royal Soc New Zealand. 76: 87 - 131.","Brewin, BI. 1956 a. Ascidians from the Chatham Islands and the Chatham Rise. Trans Proc Royal Soc New Zealand. 84: 121 - 137.","Brewin, BI. 1958 a. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XI. Ascidians of the Stewart Island region. Trans Royal Soc NZ. 85: 439 - 453.","Brewin, BI. 1960. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XIII. Ascidians of the Cook Strait region. Trans Proc Royal Soc New Zealand. 88: 119 - 120.","Kott, P. 1992. The Australian ascidiacea III. Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 32: 375 - 620."]}

Page, M.J., Willis, T.J., Handley, S.J. (2014): The colonial ascidian fauna of Fiordland, New Zealand, with a description of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (27-28): 1653-1688, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.896487, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2014.896487

Aplidium multiplicatum Sluiter, 1909 Aplidium multiplicatum Sluiter, 1909: 101; Kott, 1992a: 567 and synonymy. Aplidium controversum Monniot and Monniot, 1996: 135; 2001: 207. Distribution. New records: Queensland (Swain Reefs, QM G308426, G308422, G308425). This commonly encountered species has a wide range in the western Pacific from Hong Kong, the Philippines, Kiribati, Majura Atoll, Truk, Ponape and the Palau Is to Darwin and around the Australian coast. Although Kott (1992a: 567) states that it does not occur across the southern coast of the continent the species has been reported in St Vincent Gulf and off the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. Description. The colonies have the characteristic colourless translucent test with soft vermilion zooids with a yellow thorax along each side of branching common cloacal canals with common cloacal apertures at junctions of the canals and opaque white granular material in the soft test that surrounds each zooid. Some Prochloron is on the surface. Larvae, in the newly recorded colonies, have a circle of lateral vesicles around the anterior half of the trunk. The three antero-median adhesive organs are very shallow (see Kott, 1992a). Remarks. Monniot, F. (1987), following Tokioka (1953, 1967) and Kott (1963) thought specimens from New Caledonia were synonymous with the eastern Pacific A. californicum (Ritter and Forsyth, 1917). Kott (1992a) assigned western Pacific and Australian specimens to A. multiplicatum Sluiter, 1900a, and included A. californicum: Monniot, F., 1987 from French Polynesia (but not the eastern Pacific species) as a synonym. Monniot and Monniot (1996) rejected that synonymy because the specimens require re-examination and erected a new species, A. controversum Monniot and Monniot, 1996, a wide-ranging western Pacific species (from New Caledonia, Palau Is and Australia) distinguished from A. multiplicatum by the presence of two rows of testis follicles in the posterior abdomen. However, testis follicles of the more than 60 specimens that Kott (1992a) examined, often are bunched, but are spread out in two rows in relaxed zooids and the degree of contraction affects the extent to which they are bunched (see Millar, 1975; Kott, 1992a). Valid grounds to separate these species are not available. Characteristic of the species, to which all authors refer, is the soft, translucent test and the rows of zooids. Of the synonyms of A. multiplicatum set out in Kott (1992a), the material described by Tokioka (1967), Van Name (1918), Nishikawa (1984) and A. californicum: Monniot, F., 1987 is consistent both in geographic range and morphology with the present species (see Kott, 1992a). In the detailed discussion of the synonymy of A. multiplicatum, Kott (1992a) specifies its difference from A. californicum, a distinct eastern Pacific species. The redescription of specimens of A. californicum from British Columbia (Monniot and Monniot, 1996) establishes that these specimens are an Aplidium species, but does not establish a distinction between A. californicum and A. multiplicatum (except for fewer stomach folds). This redescription is irrelevant to the establishment of A. controversum as a species distinct from A. multiplicatum., Published as part of KOTT, PATRICIA, 2003, New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea, pp. 1611-1653 in Journal of Natural History 37 (13) on pages 1629-1630, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110104258, http://zenodo.org/record/5260089

Aplidium macrolobatum Kott, 1992 (plate 1D) Aplidium macrolobatum Kott, 1992a: 561. Distribution. New records: Queensland (Swain Reefs, QM G305732, G308413, G308424). The species is known from the Capricorn Group to Lizard I. in the Great Barrier Reef and on the mainland at Sarina. Description. The newly recorded colonies have vermilion or apricot-coloured zooids showing through the cream-coloured soft test that has sparse sand scattered throughout. The surface of one of the colonies (QM G305732) is raised into conical prominences. Zooids are arranged in double rows up the sides of these prominences, converging to the large terminal common cloacal apertures. They resemble colonies of some Holozoidae (namely Sycozoa or Distaplia). In preservative the zooids are orange, the pigment being present in the parietal thoracic wall. Zooids are as previously described, with a long trifid atrial lip from the upper rim of the opening, eight to nine rows of stigmata (about 10 per row), five deep longitudinal stomach folds, strong muscle bands on the thorax joining into a ventral band on the abdomen and posterior abdomen which, when contracted, bunches the gonads up behind the thorax. One of the newly recorded colonies (QM G308424) was on the back of a crab (see also Kott, 1992a: QM GH5663). The photographed colony (QM G305732) is 6 cm long., Published as part of KOTT, PATRICIA, 2003, New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea, pp. 1611-1653 in Journal of Natural History 37 (13) on page 1629, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110104258, http://zenodo.org/record/5260089

Aplidium lunacratum Kott, 1992 Aplidium lunacratum Kott, 1992a: 558 and synonymy. Distribution. New record: New South Wales (Bass Point, QM G308509) Discontinuous records for the species are from Cervantes (WA) and from the Great Australian Bight to the Manning River (NSW) but are patchy., Published as part of KOTT, PATRICIA, 2003, New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea, pp. 1611-1653 in Journal of Natural History 37 (13) on page 1629, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110104258, http://zenodo.org/record/5260089

Aplidium tabascum Kott, 1992 Aplidium tabascum Kott, 1992a: 589; Monniot and Monniot, 1996: 589. Distribution. New records: Queensland (Swain Reefs, QM G305367, G305408). Originally the species was known from a restricted range in the Capricorn Group and Swain Reefs but probably has a wider range in the western Pacific, being recorded from Madang, Papua New Guinea (Monniot and Monniot, 1996)., Published as part of KOTT, PATRICIA, 2003, New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea, pp. 1611-1653 in Journal of Natural History 37 (13) on page 1630, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110104258

Aplidium longithorax Monniot, 1987 Aplidium longithorax Monniot, F., 1987: 525; Monniot and Monniot, 1996: 139. Aplidium protectans: Kott, 1992a: 579. Not Amaroucium protectans Herdman, 1899: 73 < Polycitor protectans. Distribution. New records: Queensland (Swain Reefs, QM G305411, G305678). P 1. (A) Sigillina pulvinus sp. nov. (SAM E2845); (B) Eucoelium orientalis (SAM E2641); (C) Aplidium lenticulum (QM G305407); (D) Aplidium macrolobatum (QM G305732); (E) Botrylloides saccus sp. nov. (SAM E2868). (F) Botrylloides violaceus (QM G308550). Acknowledgements: (A, B, E) K. Gowlett Holmes; (C, D) S. List; (F) N. Coleman. The species is known from the Capricorn Group, the central and far northern Great Barrier Reef including Lizard I. and the Palau Is. Remarks. Both Herdman (1899) and Kott (1963, 1992a) misidentified a Polycitor species as an Aplidium (Amaroucium protectans Herdman, 1899). Fortunately, Monniot and Monniot (1996) examined the type specimen of Polycitor protectans (Herdman, 1899) and corrected this mistake. The species is large and conspicuous., Published as part of KOTT, PATRICIA, 2003, New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea, pp. 1611-1653 in Journal of Natural History 37 (13) on pages 1627-1629, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110104258, http://zenodo.org/record/5260089

Seventy‐eight species of Ascidiacea, including 21 new species from deeper waters (about 100 m and occasionally to about 500 m) off Western Australia appear to represent a diverse fauna not previously sampled. The relatively few solitary species taken include two possibly introduced (Styela plicata and S. clava). Large aplousobranch colonies dominate the collections. Aplousobranch species with numerous, small, deeply embedded zooids in massive three‐dimensional, vertical and often branched or stalked inflexible colonies supported by embedded sand (Polyclinindae) or calcareous spicules (Didemnidae) are common. Species with flexible stalks (enabling them to respond to prevailing currents) such as Clavelina meridionalis, Sigillina australis and S. cyanea were not taken often. Some known species (e.g. Synoicum chrysanthemum, and Atriolum tubiporum) previously considered rare were taken at these depths in significant numbers. Other unusual taxa (Pseudodiazona longigona and Condominium spp.) are recorded from ne...

Genre Sidneioides Kesteven, 1909 Sidneioides japonense Redikorzev, 1913 (Fig. 8) Sidneioides japonense Redikorzev, 1913: 212, 213, fig. 38 (Japon). — Tokioka 1953: 176, pl. VIII, figs 1-4. — Millar 1975: 253 (Indonésie). — Nishikawa 1990: 81, fig. 1D (Japon). MATÉRIEL EXAMINÉ. — Madagascar. Nosy-Be, Nosy Iranja, 17.IX.1966, coll. R. Plante, 1 colonie (MNHN A1 SID A2). Indonésie. Berau, Maratua marine lake, 2°12.63’N, 118°35.68’E, 0,5 m, 24.IX.2003, coll. CRRF, 1 colonie (MNHN A1 SID A 3). Japon. Ise Bay, intertidal, 4 colonies (Nagoya University Museum Az 0102, 0104, 0108, 0109). DESCRIPTION L’unique colonie de Madagascar de 6 cm de diamètre et 4 cm d’épaisseur se présente en deux lobes de contours irréguliers, de consistance très molle. Un sable fin encroûte partiellement et irrégulièrement la surface, mais il est totalement absent de la partie interne. On distingue difficilement par places des orifices cloacaux communs espacés, en courtes cheminées. La disposition des orifices buccaux n’a pas pu être précisée. La colonie et les zoïdes sont incolores dans le formol. Les zoïdes sont disposés perpendiculairement à la surface de la colonie dans une tunique très molle mais fibreuse. L’abdomen et le post-abdomen sont difficiles à extraire. Le thorax est particulièrement long (6 mm) (Fig. 8A), l’abdomen situé dans son prolongement ne mesure en moyenne que 1,5 mm. Le post-abdomen a une forme en fuseau porté par un pédoncule fin plus ou moins long. Le siphon buccal a six lobes triangulaires audessus d’un sphincter court et étroit. Les tentacules buccaux sont fins, environ une vingtaine, mais n’ont pas pu être comptés. Le siphon cloacal est très étroit, en tube très court situé au niveau du deuxième ou troisième rang de stigmates (Fig. 8A). La languette cloacale est insérée à mi-distance entre les deux siphons. Elle est mince. Sa longueur varie avec l’emplacement du zoïde par rapport à l’ouverture cloacale commune. Elle peut être nettement plus longue que le thorax. Un petit éperon en bouton fait saillie en arrière du siphon cloacal. Le bourrelet péripharyngien n’est pas indenté dorsalement. Le tubercule vibratile forme un bouton arrondi. La branchie à 14 à 15 rangs de stigmates allongés et 20 à 22 stigmates par demi-rang au milieu de la branchie. Il n’y a pas de papilles sur les sinus transverses. La musculature thoracique est très faible (Fig. 8A), avec quatre à cinq-six filaments longitudinaux, qui se prolongent jusque sur l’abdomen. La cavité cloacale est vaste et contient un grand nombre de larves. L’abdomen est séparé du thorax par une constriction nette (Fig. 8A). Le tube digestif décrit une boucle tordue. L’oesophage est très court. L’estomac sphérique a une paroi lisse. Il est suivi d’un postabdomen bien délimité, séparé de l’intestin par un étranglement. L’intestin est constitué d’une portion élargie formant le fond de la boucle intestinale, puis après un étranglement d’une courte partie marquée d’un pli oblique, sans qu’il soit possible de dire s’il est dû à une contraction, puis le rectum large rejoint le thorax. L’anus bilobé s’ouvre en face du sixième rang de stigmates comptés à partir de l’abdomen. Le post-abdomen, plus ou moins longuement pédiculé (Fig. 8A), a une forme en fuseau et contient jusqu’à 50 vésicules testiculaires. Le coeur est terminal. Le spermiducte longe le rectum et s’ouvre contre l’anus. L’ovaire est logé contre le rectum dans le thorax au niveau du deuxième ou troisième rang de stigmates comptés à partir de l’abdomen. Il contient de nombreux ovocytes en une masse arrondie. Les larves (Fig. 8B) très nombreuses ont presque toutes un stade de développement très avancé. Les trois papilles adhésives sont portées par des pédoncules longs et fins. Elles sont bordées de quatre paires de vésicules digitiformes. Un champ de vésicules rondes s’étend de chaque côté, ventralement et dorsalement. Chacune des larves contient un ou deux cristaux d’oxalate de calcium près de la vésicule sensorielle. Ces cristaux sont exactement semblables à ceux qui caractérisent les larves des espèces du genre Polyclinum. REMARQUES Trois espèces seulement de Sidneioides sont connues dans le monde et uniquement dans l’océan Pacifique. Sidneioides tamaramae Kesteven, 1909, espèce type du genre, vit sur la côte est australienne (Kott 1992). Cette espèce diffère surtout par la forme des colonies à plusieurs lobes séparés et pédonculés ayant chacun une ouverture cloacale commune terminale, par la position de l’ovaire dans le thorax, plus antérieur que dans les deux autres espèces et par un plus petit nombre de rangs de stigmates. Sidneioides snamoti (Oka, 1927), signalée au Japon et à l’est de la Corée (Rho 1971, 1975), n’est peut-être qu’une variation individuelle de S. japonense, ce que suggéraient déjà Millar (1975) et Nishikawa (1990). Cette opinion est aussi celle de Taniguchi (2002). Il est étonnant de retrouver au nord-ouest de Madagascar une espèce de grande taille qu’il n’est pas possible de différencier de S. japonense par les caractères anatomiques des zoïdes ou des larves. Des exemplaires du Muséum de Nagoya ont été examinés. L’hypothèse d’un transport par bateau est peu vraisemblable. Sidneioides japonense n’était connu qu’au Japon et en Indonésie. Une étude du bourgeonnement et du développement réalisée par Nakauchi (1974) sur l’espèce S. snamoti conclut à la grande proximité systématique des genres Polyclinum et Sidneioides. La présence dans les larves des deux genres de gros cristaux d’oxalate de calcium ajoute un argument supplémentaire à cette opinion., Published as part of Monniot, Françoise & Monniot, Claude, 2006, Ascidies (Polyclinidae, Pseudodistomidae et Polycitoridae) de l'ouest de l'océan Indien, pp. 113-156 in Zoosystema 28 (1) on pages 125-128, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5399797, {"references":["REDIKORZEV W. 1913. - Neue Ascidien. Zoologischen Anzeiger 43: 204 - 213.","TOKIOKA T. 1953. - Ascidians of Sagami Bay. Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, 313 p.","MILLAR R. H. 1975. - Ascidians from the Indo-west- Pacific region in the zoological Museum, Copenhagen (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Steenstrupia 3: 205 - 336.","NISHIKAWA T. 1990. - The ascidians of the Japan Sea. II. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 34 (4 - 6): 73 - 146.","KOTT P. 1992. - The Australian Ascidiacea. Part 3: Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32 (2): 375 - 620.","RHO B. J. 1971. - A study on the classification and the distribution of the Korean ascidians. The Journal of Korean Research Institute for Better Living 6: 103 - 166.","RHO B. J. 1975. - On the classification and the distribution of the marine benthic animals in Korea. 3. Ascidians. The Journal of Korean Research Institute for Better Living 15: 121 - 169.","TANIGUCHI S. 2002. - Taxonomy of ascidians in the Ise and Mikawa Bays. Master thesis, Nagoya University, Japan, 67 p.","NAKAUCHI M. 1974. - Development and budding in the oozooids of polyclinid ascidians. 1. Sidneioides snamoti. Reports of the USA Marine Biological Station 21 (1 - 2): 1 - 18."]}

Polyclinum sacceum n. sp. (Fig. 7) HOLOTYPE. — Mozambique. Ibo, marée basse, 20.XI.1995, coll. C. Monniot, 1 colonie (MNHN A1 POL B 85). ÉTYMOLOGIE. — Du latin sacceus: en forme de sac. DESCRIPTION Une seule colonie de 3 cm de diamètre, très molle, de couleur brune et sans incrustation de sable a été récoltée à marée basse. Les zoïdes sont disposés en systèmes circulaires. Après fixation au formol, un pigment brun subsiste quelque temps au niveau du siphon buccal et en deux taches sur les larves. Les zoïdes sont perpendiculaires à la surface de la colonie. Ils ont six lobes buccaux, une languette cloacale longue insérée au bord supérieur d’une ouverture cloacale étroite, très antérieure (Fig. 7A). La partie apicale de la languette porte de nombreux denticules. La musculature longitudinale se compose essentiellement de huit à 10 fibres longitudinales espacées qui s’étendent sur la moitié dorsale et antérieure du thorax (Fig. 7A). Quelques fibres plus fines, issues du siphon cloacal, sont plus courtes. Il existe un éperon post-cloacal. La branchie (Fig. 7A) comprend 11 à 12 rangs de 20 stigmates environ de chaque côté. Les sinus transverses portent 10 papilles arrondies de chaque côté au milieu de la branchie. L’abdomen est court et le tube digestif a la forme habituelle du genre (Fig. 7A). Le rectum est particulièrement long et l’anus bilobé s’ouvre au niveau du quatrième rang de stigmates, très antérieurement (Fig. 7A). Le post-abdomen, en boule, est porté par un pédoncule étroit et court (Fig. 7A). Les lobules testiculaires forment une masse arrondie au milieu de laquelle se situe l’ovaire. Le spermiducte est long, longe l’intestin et la papille mâle est située contre l’anus. Les embryons se développent dans une poche incubatrice (Fig. 7A) formée d’une excroissance du manteau un peu au-dessous de l’anus. Cette poche contient jusqu’à cinq embryons. Les larves (Fig. 7B) sont de petite taille, le tronc mesure 450 µm. Les trois papilles adhésives sont bordées de chaque côté de quatre vésicules épidermiques arrondies. Un petit nombre d’ampoules épidermiques se trouvent près de l’insertion de la queue, ventralement. Les larves possèdent de chaque côté une tache pigmentaire brune dans la région postérieure du tronc. Les cristaux d’oxalate de calcium habituels du genre n’ont pas été trouvés dans la masse viscérale des larves. Cependant une forte luminescence en lumière polarisée pourrait indiquer une forte teneur en calcium des tissus. REMARQUES Parmi les espèces de Polyclinum, celles qui ont une poche incubatrice sont rares. Polyclinum sacceum n. sp. ajoute à cette particularité un rectum particulièrement long avec un anus très antérieur. Polyclinum macrophyllum Michaelsen, 1919 et Polyclinum marsupiale Kott, 1963 montrent de fortes ressemblances superficielles avec notre espèce mais ont une languette cloacale éloignée de l’ouverture du siphon et une larve nettement plus grosse. Polyclinum corbis Kott, 2003 a du sable incrusté dans la colonie. Le tube digestif a une forme différente. Les larves ont quatre vésicules épidermiques impaires entre les papilles adhésives en plus des vésicules latérales.

Aplidium litum n. sp. (Figs 4; 24C, D) HOLOTYPE. — Madagascar. Nosy-Be, 50 m, 13.VI.1967, coll. R. Plante, 1 colonie (MNHN A1 APL B 457). ÉTYMOLOGIE. — Du latin litus: enduit. DESCRIPTION La colonie chalutée à 50 m de profondeur au large de Nosy-Be est entièrement incrustée de sable grossier (d’où le nom d’espèce). Elle est composée d’une base dure formant un réseau d’où émergent de nombreux lobes dressés, élargis à leur extrémité distale qui donnent une image de chou-fleur (Fig. 24C, D). La colonie, qui n’est probablement pas entière, mesure 10 × 7 cm d’envergure pour une épaisseur moyenne de 3 cm. La face supérieure de chaque lobe présente des îlots un peu saillants par rapport aux sillons qui les délimitent. Les ouvertures cloacales communes n’ont pas pu être détectées. La consistance de la colonie est très dure, due à l’abondance du sable en surface et à l’intérieur. Les zoïdes (Fig. 4A, B), de 5 mm de long, sont particulièrement fins, perpendiculaires à la surface de la colonie pour la partie thoracique et plus ou moins obliques et entrecroisés pour la partie abdominale. Le siphon buccal est étroit, à six lobes triangulaires. Le siphon cloacal est étroit, en simple trou, bordé d’un sphincter, placé très postérieurement au niveau du cinquième rang de stigmates, il porte une fine et courte languette à son bord antérieur (Fig. 4A). La musculature thoracique est faible avec cinq à six fibres longitudinales de chaque côté. La branchie n’est perforée que dans la partie dorsale du thorax (Fig. 4A). On compte 13 à 14 rangs et seulement cinq stigmates par demi-rang. L’abdomen est plus court que le thorax. L’estomac a cinq plis en ailettes. Le post-estomac est mince, suivi d’une portion cylindrique large séparée par un étranglement d’un segment mince au fond de la boucle intestinale. Le rectum ne s’étend que très peu à la base du thorax terminé par un anus bilobé au niveau de l’avant-dernier rang de stigmates. Le post-abdomen est mince de longueur à peu près égale à celle du thorax. Il se termine en deux pointes très marquées (Fig. 4B). Le coeur est volumineux (Fig. 4B). L’ovaire est proche de l’abdomen, suivi d’une douzaine de vésicules testiculaires à peu près alignées (Fig. 4B). Une à deux larves sont incubées dans la cavité cloacale entre le siphon cloacal et l’anus. Les larves (Fig. 4C) mesurent 550 µm et la queue décrit trois quarts de tour. Il y a trois papilles adhésives séparées par deux gros massifs épidermiques en forme d’enclume. De très nombreuses petites vésicules encerclent la partie antérieure du tronc et se prolongent ventralement et dorsalement. Ocelle et otolithe sont présents. REMARQUES Cette espèce se distingue des espèces filiformes à peu de stigmates par la forme de la colonie, le siphon cloacal très bas, portant une courte et fine languette et une branchie perforée seulement dorsalement. La larve a une forme particulière. Aucune espèce de l’océan Indien tropical ne se rapproche de cette nouvelle espèce, sauf Aplidium sp. décrit ci-dessous., Published as part of Monniot, Françoise & Monniot, Claude, 2006, Ascidies (Polyclinidae, Pseudodistomidae et Polycitoridae) de l'ouest de l'océan Indien, pp. 113-156 in Zoosystema 28 (1) on pages 119-120, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5399797

Aplidium bilingula n. sp. (Fig. 2) HOLOTYPE. — Madagascar. Îles Barren, 15-18 m, 6.VI.2001, coll. M. Aknin, 1 colonie (MNHN A1 APL B 463). ÉTYMOLOGIE. — Du latin bilingula: deux languettes. DESCRIPTION Les colonies sphériques mesurent jusqu’à 10 cm de diamètre, selon le collecteur. Elles sont fixées par une zone étroite. Blanches et translucides, leur consistance est extrêmement molle, sans aucune incrustation. Les zoïdes sont profondément rétractés dans le centre des colonies. La trace des ouvertures des siphons en surface laisse supposer un arrangement en systèmes circulaires. Les zoïdes les plus longs, mais rétractés, mesurent 7 mm. Le siphon buccal a huit lobes (Fig. 2C). Le siphon cloacal s’ouvre au niveau du premier rang de stigmates en un tube court dont le bord antérieur porte une languette toujours bifide (Fig. 2A, C). La musculature longitudinale est constituée de nombreuses fibres parallèles. La branchie compte 12 rangs de stigmates. L’abdomen est court. L’estomac a cinq plis dont certains sont incomplets dans quelques zoïdes (Fig. 2A). Le long post-abdomen (Fig. 2B) contient un ovaire antérieur suivi d’un rang de nombreux lobes testiculaires. Un à deux embryons sont incubés dans une dilatation de la base du thorax sans former une véritable poche incubatrice (Fig. 2A). Une seule larve a été trouvée, dont le tronc mesure 550 µm. Les trois papilles adhésives alternent avec quatre longs prolongements épidermiques; quelques vésicules rondes sont alignées dorsalement et ventralement (Fig. 2D). REMARQUES Cette espèce se distingue de tous les Aplidium à peu de plis stomacaux par ses zoïdes à huit lobes buccaux associés à une languette cloacale profondément bifide, et ses colonies en boules gélatineuses. L’espèce antarctique A. bilinguae Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1983 a une languette semblable, mais implantée au-dessus du siphon et elle a seulement six lobes buccaux., Published as part of Monniot, Françoise & Monniot, Claude, 2006, Ascidies (Polyclinidae, Pseudodistomidae et Polycitoridae) de l'ouest de l'océan Indien, pp. 113-156 in Zoosystema 28 (1) on page 117, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5399797

Synoicum floriferum n. sp. (Figs 9; 25B) HOLOTYPE. — Madagascar. Îles Barren, 15 m, 4.V.2001, coll. M. Aknin, 1 colonie (MNHN A1 SYN 75). AUTRE MATÉRIEL EXAMINÉ. — Mozambique. Juan de Nova, 12 m, 21.VII.1994, coll. P. Laboute, 1 colonie (MNHN A1 SYN 74). ÉTYMOLOGIE. — Du latin floriferum: qui porte des fleurs. DESCRIPTION Les colonies forment des coussins, les plus gros de 5 cm de diamètre, très mous, extrêmement muqueux. La tunique est transparente dans le formol et les zoïdes rouges sont très visibles à la surface. In vivo, les colonies sont rouges, les zoïdes apparaissent en surface en taches plus claires disposées en rosettes (Fig. 25B) au centre desquelles se dresse un orifice cloacal commun en courte cheminée jaune (d’où le nom d’espèce). La surface de la colonie est plane. Les zoïdes sont difficiles à extraire de la tunique car entourés d’une couche muqueuse importante. Les thorax sont colorés en rouge orangé opaque, les post-abdomens en rose pâle. Les zoïdes (Fig. 9A, B) mesurent, au plus, 8 mm de long. Ils sont perpendiculaires à la surface de la colonie en une couche superficielle, la couche profonde de la tunique est dépourvue de zoïdes. Il n’y a pas du tout de sédiment ni de pelotes fécales incrustées. Le siphon buccal est court a six lobes. Le siphon cloacal forme un long tube prolongé par une languette épaisse, courte, bidentée à l’extrémité (Fig. 9A). Il n’y a pas d’éperon sous le siphon cloacal. Il y a huit rubans musculaires longitudinaux thoraciques de chaque côté. On compte 15 rangs de stigmates. Le raphé est nettement décalé à gauche. L’estomac est arrondi, tout à fait lisse (Fig. 9A). La boucle intestinale est droite. Il n’y a pas de post-estomac élargi. Le post-abdomen est au moins aussi long que thorax + abdomen (Fig. 9B, C). L’ovaire est situé assez loin du tube digestif suivi d’un double rang de testicules qui n’atteint pas l’extrémité cardiaque (Fig. 9C). Il n’y a pas de larves dans les colonies. REMARQUES La combinaison des caractères: colonie en coussin à surface lisse, systèmes en rosettes espacées, siphon cloacal long prolongé par une languette, 15 rangs de stigmates et estomac rond et lisse montre qu’il s’agit d’une espèce nouvelle. L’espèce de la mer Rouge Synoicum suesanum Michaelsen, 1920 diffère surtout de S. floriferum n. sp. par son estomac areolé. Synoicum laboutei n. sp. présent à Nosy-Be diffère par ses colonies à court pédoncule, des systèmes de zoïdes en doubles rangées convergentes vers les cloaques communs et des zoïdes à languette cloacale insérée loin au-dessus d’un étroit siphon.

Aplidium robustum Kott, 1992 Aplidium robustum Kott 1992a, p 582. Distribution Previously recorded (Kott 1992a): Western Australia (King George Sound); South Australia (Great Australian Bight); Tasmania (Dunalley). New records: Tasmania (Bass Strait, 70 m, QM G308806–7). Remarks The newly recorded colonies are identical with those previously assigned to the species, being soft, irregular, fleshy masses with sand embedded only in the base. The crowded zooids, their long, narrow thoraces, orange in preservative and with about 20 longitudinal folds in the small stomach, are arranged in circular systems. The soft test contains white, opaque corpuscles in the layer that closely surrounds the zooids. The newly recorded zooids have the atrial tongue separate from the aperture, although this has not previously been reported for this species. The species resembles A. multiplicatum Sluiter, 1909 although the larvae and the cloacal systems are different (see Kott 1992a)., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 208, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620.","Sluiter CP. 1909. Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition Pt. 2. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expeditie 56 B: 1 - 112."]}

Synoicum citrum Kott, 1992 (Figures 4A–C, 9H) Synoicum citrum Kott 1992a, p 486. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): South Australia (Port MacDonnell); Victoria (Wilson’s Promontory); Tasmania (D’Entrecasteaux Channel, Bruny I.). New records: South Australia (Kangaroo I., 10–12 m, SAM E3277; 10–14 m, E3287); Tasmanian Canyons (Big Horseshoe, 159 m). Description Colonies are soft, rounded translucent cushions with whitish zooids in small circular systems showing through the translucent test and a slightly lobed surface. Zooids are crowded and although the circular systems that Kott (1992a) thought would be present can be seen in the in situ photographs, they were not always detected in the preserved specimens. Zooids have atrial apertures produced on short siphons, each with a large forked lip from the anterior rim of the opening. Fine longitudinal muscles are in the pallial wall of the thorax and continue in an inconspicuous band along each side of the abdomen and the posterior abdomen. The branchial sac has four pairs of rows of about 18 stigmata per half row, apparently formed by the transverse subdivision of four primary rows, the stigmata at the ventral end of each pair of rows being reduced in length to leave a triangular imperforate area of pharyngeal wall between successive pairs of rows. The large smoothwalled barrel-shaped stomach is halfway down the relatively short abdomen which contains the vertical gut loop. The anal opening, between the third and fourth secondary rows of stigmata, is bilabiate. Gonads were not detected in this specimen. However, there is a stout, contracted posterior abdomen containing a conspicuous tightly undulating (presumably epicardial) tube. A V-shaped tubular heart is at the posterior end of the posterior abdominal extension. Remarks The colony resembles Distaplia pallida and the zooids (especially the paired rows of stigmata and the presence of the epicardial tube in the posterior abdomen) are not unlike those of Distaplia spp. However, in other characters, the present species appears to belong to the genus Synoicum in the family Poyclinidae (see Kott 1992a). In the latter family and related families, as in the present species (but not in the Holozoidae), muscles continue on to the posterior abdomen which has the heart at its posterior extremity, the gut loop is vertical, the atrial aperture is small and usually does not expose the branchial sac directly to the common cloacal cavity. Sigillina also has an epicardial tube in the posterior abdomen and has body muscles on it, but it has only three rows of stigmata and its apertures open separately to the exterior. Further, although the larva of the present species is not known, Synoicum is distinguished from both Holozoidae and Sigillina by its larva which has small adhesive organs in the antero-median line and characteristic polyclinid epidermal vesicles. Synoicum bowerbanki Millar, 1963 has only four rows of stigmata, but these are not divided as they are in the present species., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on pages 197-199, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620.","Millar RH. 1963. Australian ascidians in the British Museum (Natural History). Proceedings of the Zoology Society of London 141: 689 - 746."]}

Aplidium crateriferum (Sluiter, 1909) (see Kott 1992a): 18.845 ° S, 146.795 ° E, depth 26 m., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 177, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Sluiter CP. 1909. Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition Pt. 2. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expeditie 56 B: 1 - 112.","Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Polyclinum psammiferum Hartmeyer, 1911 (see Kott 2004): 16.475 ° S, 146.015 ° E, depth 53 m, Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 177, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Hartmeyer R. 1911. Die Ascidien der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition (1905 - 31) 12: 407 - 606.","Kott P. 2004. Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 20: 37 - 81."]}

Aplidium multiplicatum (Sluiter, 1909) (see Kott 2003): 18.025 ° S, 146.135 ° E, depth 11 m., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 177, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Sluiter CP. 1909. Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition Pt. 2. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expeditie 56 B: 1 - 112.","Kott P. 2003. New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. Journal of Natural History 37: 1611 - 1653."]}

Aplidium formosum sp. nov. (Figure 6A–E) Distribution Type locality. South Australia (Port Adelaide, pylon 3, 3 m, holotype SAM E2899). Description The holotype is a wedge-shaped gelatinous colony to 2 cm high, with the upper surface partially divided into lobes. It is pinkish in preservative although the colour (which is caused by pigment in the body wall of the zooids) fades to colourless and translucent towards the base of the colony. The Aplidium colony mingles with, and possibly is being overgrown by, a colony of Botrylloides leachii. Small, crowded, thread-like zooids open on to the flat surface of the Aplidium colony. Their arrangement is obscure. They have a short six-lobed branchial aperture and an antero-dorsal atrial aperture with a pointed tongue from the anterior rim of the opening. Eight rows of relatively long rectangular stigmata are in the branchial sac. The gut loop is about the same length as the thorax. The stomach has 16 parallel folds. A large ovary with up to seven eggs is at the top of the long posterior abdomen anterior to the double row of testis follicles. Up to eight embryos are in a developmental sequence in the narrow atrial cavity, the most advanced at the top near the atrial aperture. The larval trunk (to 0.4 mm long) is almost cylindrical and the tail is wound around it about two-thirds of the way. The larval pharynx has two rows, each of about eight stigmata per side and the gut forms a horizontal loop behind the pharynx. About six epidermal vesicles project from small conical median ampullae that alternate with the adhesive organs but regress and disappear as the vesicles separate from them. Patches of about six vesicles are also suspended in the larval test in the median line behind the upper and the lower adhesive organs, respectively. Remarks The zooids of the present species are shorter than the thread-like zooids of many Aplidium spp. but the stigmata are relatively long. The zooids of the present species resemble those of Aplidium rosarium Kott, 1992a, having similar numbers of stigmata in a similar number of rows, its larvae lined up in the atrial cavity and clumps of antero-median vesicles in the larval test alternating with the adhesive organs. However, A. rosarium also has lateral larval vesicles, which are not in the larvae of the present species., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on pages 205-207, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Polyclinum incrustatum Michaelsen, 1930 (Figures 3D, 9D) Polyclinum neptunium f. incrustatum Michaelsen 1930, p 542. Polyclinum incrustatum: Kott 1992a, p 450 and synonymy. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (Bunbury, Albany); South Australia (Great Australian Bight, Spencer Gulf); Victoria (Portland). New record: Tasmania (Port Davey, 4–6 m, SAM E3274). Description The colonies are as previously described, soft, grey oval pillows, with sand in the surface, although it is only sparse internally. Common cloacal apertures, slightly orange in the newly recorded specimens, are evenly distributed and protrude slightly from the otherwise smooth surface of the colony. Each cloacal aperture contains the very long, narrow atrial lips of the circle of zooids that surround it. These atrial lips project from the body wall just anterior to the small, round atrial opening of each zooid and they appear to close down over the forward-projecting atrial opening. A small post-atrial papillum also projects from the middorsal line. Zooids have 18 rows of about 14 stigmata per half row, and about the same number of flat, rounded branchial papillae on each of the transverse interstigmatal vessels. Gonads were not detected in the newly recorded colonies, and a long, narrow posterior abdominal vegetative stolon is present. Remarks The specimens are consistent with those described previously for this species. It is distinguished from Poyclinum marsupiale by its more numerous rows of stigmata, the less protuberant common cloacal apertures and the crowded zooids in complex systems rather than the circular systems of zooids that surround each common cloacal aperture in P. marsupiale, and when embryos are present, by the lack of a brood pouch projecting from the thorax., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 194, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Michaelsen W. 1930. Ascidae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Sudwest-Australien 5: 463 - 558.","Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Synoicum obscurum Kott, 1992 Synoicum obscurum Kott 1992a, p 496. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Victoria (Lakes Entrance); New South Wales (Arrawarra). New record: Tasmanian Canyons (MPA2 area—40.79269 ° E, 144.210916 ° S, 94.6 m). Description The newly recorded colony is a large clump of inverted cones, fixed at their apices to one another. Three or four circles of zooids around common cloacal apertures open on the flat base of the cone, which is at the top of the colony. The internal test is soft and translucent and a thin layer of sand adheres to the outer surface of the cone. The atrial tongue arises from the body wall just anterior to the atrial opening. The stomach is smooth. Remarks The present temperate species is distinguished from S. sacculum, which has a lobed colony, by the shape of its conical (rather than cushion-like) lobes and irregular creases in the stomach wall (rather than the mulberry-like stomach wall of S. sacculum). Only three specimens of this species previously were known. The newly recorded colony has multiple colony lobes rather than the single one previously known. Kott (1992a) found the irregular creases in the stomach wall that are present also in the newly recorded specimen. These probably are artefacts., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 199, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Aplidium opacum Kott, 1963 Aplidium opacum Kott 1963, p 108 and synonymy. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (Rockingham); South Australia (Great Australian Bight to Spencer and St Vincent Gulfs, Yorke Peninsula); Tasmania (Fluted Cape); Victoria (Balnarring Beach, Westernport); New South Wales (Port Hacking). New record: Victoria (Western Port). Remarks The newly recorded specimen has the characteristic zooids (with short abdomina and about 20 stomach folds) in crowded double rows along branching common cloacal canals. The species appears to be an Australian indigenous species known only from the temperate half of the continent., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on pages 207-208, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1963. The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 14: 70 - 118.","Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Aplidium clivosum Kott, 1992 (Figure 10F) Aplidium clivosum Kott 1992a, p 530 and synonymy. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (from Port Hedland to Hamelin Bay on the south-western coast); South Australia (Great Australian Bight to Nuyts and Eyre Peninsulas, Kangaroo I., Gulf St Vincent); New South Wales (Jervis Bay); Queensland (Capricorn Group). New record: Tasmania (Forestier Peninsula, 8–15 m, SAM E3390). Description The newly recorded specimen has the characteristic appearance of these large, conspicuous cushion- to tabular-shaped colonies, with a more or less horizontal upper surface where rows of zooids are along each side of common cloacal canals converging to large protuberant common cloacal apertures. Rounded marginal elevations on the upper surface surround each large cloacal system as well as the outside margin of the colony. The sides of the colonies are encrusted with sand, which also is present throughout the test, absent only from around the thoraces along each side of the shallow radial common cloacal canals. The sand can be seen in radial lines intruding in toward the common cloacal apertures between the double rows of zooids. Zooids are distinctive with conspicuous sphincter muscles, a large atrial lip well removed from the apertures and five gastric folds. Colonies are invariably some shade of pink to red. Remarks Other species with similar systems depressed into the upper surface of the colony and similar zooids with conspicuous siphonal muscles and separate atrial tongues are A. cratiferum (Sluiter, 1909) and A. grisiatum Kott, 1998. The former can only be distinguished by its cloacal systems with the zooids opening around a central cavity rather than along each side of converging canals. The latter can be distinguished only by its more numerous gastric folds. Many of the Aplidium spp. (see Kott 1992a) have similar zooids to the present species, with conspicuous sphincters, separate atrial apertures and five stomach folds, but they have long, branched or circular common cloacal canals rather than central chambers or cavities or radial canals. Species in other genera, namely the temperate Aplidiopsis mammillata Kott, 1992a, and the tropical Synoicum castellatum Kott, 1992a, also have similar colonies, although the latter has cloacal systems more like A. cratiferum and both are readily distinguished by their generic characters. The present species, unlike A. caelestis, appears to be an indigenous Australian species. It has been recorded from temperate locations more often than from the tropics, although it does extend up both the western and eastern coast of Australia., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on pages 204-205, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620.","Sluiter CP. 1909. Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition Pt. 2. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expeditie 56 B: 1 - 112.","Kott P. 1998. Tunicata. In: Wells A, Houston WWK, editors. Zoological catalogue of Australia. Volume 34, Hemichordata, Tunicata, Cephalochordata. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. p 51 - 252, 259 - 261 (Appendices I - III), 265 - 292 (Index)."]}

Aplidium laticum sp. nov. (Figure 6F, G) Distribution Type locality. Tasmanian Canyons (38.11482 ° S, 149.3565 ° E, Banks Strait, 168 m, 25 April 2004, Sherman sled, species 10, syntypes two QM G308832; King I. Canyon, 294 m; Pieman Canyon, 176 m; Big Horseshoe, 159 m). Description Colonies are sessile globes or cones or stumpy upright lobes, fixed to the substratum by a sandy hold-fast in the centre of the lower surface. The test in all the recorded specimens is soft and almost liquid and the arrangement of the zooids was not determined. In most of the specimens, the zooids are in vegetative phase, with small, juvenile regenerating thorax and abdomen on a long posterior abdomina. Details of the zooid structure could be determined in only a few zooids in the syntype colonies. The zooids are long and thin as in many species in this genus. The atrial tongue arises from the anterior rim of the aperture and the thorax is long and narrow with 18 rows of about 20 stigmata. The abdomen is relatively short with five gastric folds and the posterior abdomen is long and narrow. Remarks The almost liquid test of this species is reminiscent of the test of Pseudodistoma fragilis Tokioka, 1958 (from Japan) and P. gracile Kott, 1992a from the tropical Western Pacific (see Kott 1992a). However, the zooids in the syntype material are characteristic of the genus Aplidium. Although known species often have zooids and even colonies that generally resemble those of the present species, an Aplidium species with its very soft test has not been encountered and the species is not readily assigned to any known Australasian or sub-Antarctic species., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 207, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Tokioka T. 1958. Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna XII. Sporadic memoranda (3). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 6: 313 - 325.","Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Aplidium brevilarvacium Kott, 1963 (Figure 10E) Aplidium brevilarvaceum Kott 1963, p 113; 1992a, p 527 and synonymy. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (Point Peron, Cape Naturaliste); South Australia (northern Great Australian Bight). New record: South Australia (Kangaroo I., 14–17 m, SAM E3284). Kott (1992a) reports a specimen from Heron I., but this may be incorrect as all other records are from temperate waters. Description Sandy cylindrical stalks, branching once or twice along their length, have terminal translucent heads that slightly overlap the stalks. Sand is crowded in and around the stalks but is sparse in and on the heads. Zooids open all around the head and they appear to be arranged in double rows, a row along each side of a longitudinal common cloacal canal. Common cloacal canals converge to a terminal common cloacal aperture. Thoraces and abdomina are about the same, relatively short, length. Stomachs have about 10 vertical parallel stomach folds. Remarks The long, branched stalks are characteristic of colonies of this species, and these stalks, short terminal heads and long vertical double rows of zooids resemble colonies of Distaplia turboensis Kott, 2004 or Distaplia australiensis Brewin, 1953, both of which can be readily distinguished by generic characters. The species has been reported on only four previous occasions. The newly recorded specimen conforms to previous descriptions of this species., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 203, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1963. The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 14: 70 - 118.","Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620.","Kott P. 2004. Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 20: 37 - 81.","Brewin BI. 1953. Australian ascidians of the sub-family Holozoinae and a review of the sub-family. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 81: 53 - 64."]}

Kott, Patricia (2006): Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1). Journal of Natural History 40 (3-4): 169-234, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930600621601

Synoicum bowerbanki Millar, 1963 Synoicum bowerbanki Millar 1963, p 697; Kott 1992a, p 480. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (Fremantle); Victoria (Portland Canyons). New record: Tasmanian Canyons (Banks Strait, 168 m). Remarks The newly recorded specimen has been assigned to this temperate species on the basis of the upright club-shaped colony, narrowing to the base, identical with one previously reported from Portland, Victoria (see Kott 1992a, Figure 42a). The test is soft and translucent. The species is characterised principally by the presence of only four rows of stigmata and identification of the newly recorded specimen cannot be firm because zooids are in vegetative state, with minute regenerating thoraces and long vegetative posterior abdomina., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on pages 196-197, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Millar RH. 1963. Australian ascidians in the British Museum (Natural History). Proceedings of the Zoology Society of London 141: 689 - 746.","Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Synoicum sacculum Kott, 1992 (Figure 10A, B) Synoicum sacculum Kott 1992a, p 499 and synonymy. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): South Australia (Great Australian Bight, Gulf St Vincent, West I., Thorny Passage); Victoria (Flinders); Tasmania (W. Granville Harbour). New records: South Australia (Kangaroo I., Vivonne Bay, 2–3 m, SAM E2864; ‘‘The Arches’’, 10–12 m, E3288). Description The colonies consist of irregular sandy cushions to 3 cm diameter or lobes up to 1 cm high and 0.5 cm diameter. The lobes are concave on the upper surface. Basally they are attached to a common basal mat. Sand is present on and in the test and is absent only from around the thoraces at the top of each lobe. The especially small (4 mm long) zooids, obscured by sand, are arranged in two or three circular systems (each of up to 10 zooids) per lobe. The common cloacal openings can be seen only when the sand is removed from the delicate test. Zooids have the usual short synoicid atrial siphon with an atrial lip from the upper rim of the opening and a small median papillum from the mid-line just behind the atrial aperture. Stomach walls are mulberry-like with rounded pouches in the internal lining. In preservative the test and zooids are a yellowish colour and the preservative is also stained yellow. Remarks The specimens, including their colour and the colour of the preservative, are consistent with previous descriptions of this species. A projecting brood pouch containing a single embryo from the postero-dorsal corner of the thorax has been reported in previously described specimens although these pouches were not found in the present material. The mulberry-like stomach, small colony lobes together with the numerous larval lateral ampullae help to distinguish this temperate species., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on pages 199-200, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Aplidium abditum sp. nov. (Figures 5E, F, 10D) Distribution Type locality. Tasmania (Port Davey, 6–8 m, coll. K Gowlett Holmes, 12 March 2003, holotype SAM E3268). Description A whitish, flattened, sandy colony with numerous zooids and common cloacal systems. Zooids are along each side of the narrow common cloacal canals that appear to converge to the numerous common cloacal apertures, which sometimes are conspicuous, sessile openings, or they are on the top of slight surface elevations. The translucent zooids sometimes look black owing to the black faecal pellets in their gut. However, there also are some black spherical bodies in the test over the zooids. Zooids have a long pointed atrial lip arising from the upper rim of the atrial aperture. Muscles are relatively delicate. The thorax is long with 11 rows of about eight stigmata per side, a short stomach with five longitudinal folds is in the abdomen. The posterior abdomen is short with bunched testis follicles. Two to four cigar-shaped larvae are being incubated in the atrial cavity. The larval trunk is 0.44 mm long and the long tail is wound about three-quarters of the way around the trunk. Single median ampullae alternate with the three antero-median adhesive organs and epidermal vesicles were not detected. Remarks The Gulf of Suez/Red Sea tropical species, Aplidium lobatum Savigny, 1816 has similar cloacal systems, the same number of rows of stigmata, and a short posterior abdomen with bunched testis follicles like the present species, although it has more stigmata and the present species appears to be a temperate one. Aplidium ritteri (Sluiter, 1895) is a tropical species with a similar branchial sac, small zooids, five stomach folds, and testis follicles bunched in the posterior abdomen, but its larva is more decorated than the present species, having crowded epidermal vesicles. The present species is distinguished by its relatively small branchial sac, short posterior abdomen with bunched male follicles, and small larvae with median ampullae but without lateral ampullae or epidermal vesicles., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on pages 201-203, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Savigny JC. 1816. Memoires sur les animaux sans vertebres. Part 2. Paris: G. Dufour. p 1 - 239.","Sluiter CP. 1895. Tunicaten. In: Semon R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malagischen Archipel. Denkschriften der Medizinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 8: 163 - 186; Nachtrag zu den Tunicaten 325 - 326."]}

Polyclinum vasculosum Pizon, 1908 Polyclinum vasculosum Pizon 1908, p 223; Kott 1992a, p 464 and synonymy. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (Broome, Shark Bay); New South Wales (Arrawarra); Queensland (Moreton Bay to Lizard I.); Indonesia?, Philippines, Hawaii, West Indian Ocean. New record: 17.605 ° S, 146.355 ° E, Great Barrier Reef lagoon south of Cairns. Description The colony is a naked, robust encrusting sheet growing over mud and calcareous debris including worm tubes. Zooids have black squamous epithelium anteriorly, and it is particularly conspicuous over the large rectangular atrial tongue, with a straight fringed outer margin, which is separated from the body wall just anterior to the atrial aperture by a narrow constriction. The large atrial tongues are inserted into the test over the common cloacal canals that converge to the common cloacal apertures. The systems are conspicuous. Gonads are in a sac posterior to the abdomen. Two or three larvae, each with a trunk 0.75 mm long and the tail wound three-quarters of the way around it are in the atrial cavity. They each have four median and four pairs of lateral ampullae and the usual antero-dorsal and postero-ventral clumps of vesicles. Remarks The robust colonies with black zooids and yellowish pigment in life and conspicuous common cloacal canals converging to the common cloacal apertures are common components of tropical rubble fauna. The species is an Indo-West Pacific tropical species., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on pages 195-196, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Pizon A. 1908. Ascidies d'Amboine. Revue Suisse de Zoology et Annales du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve 16: 95 - 248.","Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Synoicum syrtis sp. nov. (Figure 5A–D) Distribution Type locality. Queensland (site no. 144, 17.905 ° S, 146.815 ° E, 63 m, 25 September 2003, CSIRO Biodiversity Survey, holotype QM G308757). Description The mushroom-like colony (about 5 cm diameter across the flat upper surface) narrows abruptly to a short basal stalk from the centre of the lower surface.Sand is thick in the outer layer of test but is only moderately crowded in the central test. Long, thin zooids criss-cross in the central transparent test. Zooids of the holotype are darkly pigmented. They have relatively long abdomina and long and thread-like posterior abdomina. The atrial tongue arises from the body wall just anterior to the opening. Both zooids and their arrangement are obscured by sand. Remarks The species differs from many others in this genus by the origin of the atrial lip from the body wall anterior to the atrial opening. The atrial opening itself often is on a small siphon with a distinct sphincter muscle. The only other species of the genus which have a similar arrangement of the atrial lip and siphon are Synoicum macroglossum (Hartmeyer, 1919) which also is a tropical species, and S. papilliferum (Michaelsen, 1930), a temperate Australian species. Both these species have large, tough, irregular colonies unlike the mushroom-like colonies of the present species. They all have an external layer of sand, although in the present species and S. papilliferum some sand is present throughout the colony and the external layer is thicker than it is in S. macroglossum, which also lacks sand on the upper surface. Zooids of S. macroglossum and S. papilliferum are similarly long and thread-like, although the former may be larger and have slightly more stigmata. Zooids of the present species are obscured by contraction., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 201, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Hartmeyer R. 1919. Ascidien. In: Results of Dr E. Mjoberg's Swedish scientific expedtions to Australia 1910 - 13. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 60: 1 - 150.","Michaelsen W. 1930. Ascidae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Sudwest-Australien 5: 463 - 558."]}

Polyclinum marsupiale Kott, 1963 (Figure 9E) Polyclinum marsupiale Kott 1963, p 83; 1992a, p 452 and synonymy. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (Rottnest I., Albany); South Australia (Kingston, Victor Harbour); Victoria (Portland, Deal I.); Tasmania (Hunter I.). New record: South Australia (Kangaroo I., SAM E2866–7, E3298). Description Sandy, more or less circular cushions with rounded margins are fixed to the substratum by most of the under surface, although one specimen (SAM E2867) has an extension of part of the under surface attached to a bryozoan skeleton that holds the circular plate-like colony aloft, like a mushroom. Elevations, each containing a circle of zooids around a terminal cylindrical common cloacal aperture, project from the upper surface. The test is colourless and brown zooids are visible through it. Sand is only sparse in the internal test. A long narrow atrial lip from the body wall anterior to the small circular atrial aperture of each zooid is inserted into the test around each common cloacal aperture. The atrial lip has a straight or a pointed tip, or it is produced into a fringe of four or five pointed lobes or up to 10 minute denticulations. A small post-atrial papillum projects from the body wall just behind the atrial aperture. About 16 rows of stigmata have about 15 stigmata per half row and about the same number of flat branchial papillae on each transverse vessel. The stomach is small and smooth-walled; the gonads are in a sac constricted off from the abdomen. The proximal part of the vas deferens runs a convoluted course over the surface of the gonads and it may straighten out as the gonads mature. Embryos are crowded in a brood pouch protruding from the thorax behind the atrial cavity in the newly recorded specimens (SAM E3298 collected in November). Remarks The specimens are consistent with those described previously for this temperate species. It is distinguished from Polyclinum incrustatum by its brown zooids, presence of a brood pouch constricted off from the thorax, fewer rows of stigmata and cloacal systems that consist of a simple circle of zooids around a protruberant common cloacal aperture., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on pages 194-195, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1963. The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 14: 70 - 118.","Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Lambert, Gretchen (2003): New records of ascidians from the NE Pacific: a new species of Trididemnum, range extension and redescription of Aplidiopsis pannosum (Ritter, 1899) including its larva, and several non-indigenous species. Zoosystema 25 (4): 665-679, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4525061, {"references":["ABBOTT D. P. & JOHNSON J. V. 1972. - The ascidians Styela barnharti, S. plicata, S. clava, and S. montereyensis in Californian waters. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 71: 95-105.","BERRILL N. J. 1975. - Chordata: Tunicata, in GIESE A. C. & PEARSE J. S. (eds), Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates. Vol. II. Academic Press, New York: 241-282.","BYRD J. & LAMBERT C. C. 2000. - Mechanism of the block to hybridization and selfing between the sympatric ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi. Molecular Reproduction and Development 55: 109-116.","COHEN A., MILLS C., BERRY H., WONHAM M., BINGHAM B., BOOKHEIM B., CARLTON J., CHAPMAN J., CORDELL J., HARRIS L., KLINGER T., KOHN A., LAMBERT C., LAMBERT G., LI K., SECORD D. & TOFT J. 1998. - Report of the Puget Sound Expedition Sept. 8-16, 1998: A Rapid Assessment Survey of Non-Indigenous Species in the Shallow Waters of Puget Sound. Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources Nearshore Habitat Program, Olympia, 37 p.","COHEN A. N., BERRY H. D., MILLS C. E., MILNE D., BRITTON- SIMMONS K., WONHAM M. J., SECORD D. L., BARKAS J. A., BINGHAM B., BOOKHEIM B. E., BYERS J. E., CHAPMAN J. W., CORDELL J. R., DUMBAULD B., FUKUYAMA A., HARRIS L. H., KOHN A. J., LI K., MUMFORD T. F. J., RADASHEVSKY V., SEWELL A. T. & WELCH K. 2001. - Washington State Exotics Expedition 2000: A Rapid Survey of Exotic Species in the Shallow Waters of Elliott Bay, Totten and Eld Inlets, and Willapa Bay. Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources Nearshore Habitat Program, Olympia, 47 p.","COHEN C. S., SAITO Y. & WEISSMAN I. L. 1998. - Evolution of allorecognition in botryllid ascidians","DE KAY J. E. 1843. - Zoology of New York, or the New York Fauna. Part 5, Mollusca. Carroll & Cook, Albany, New York, 271 p.","FAY R. C. & VALLEE J. A. 1979. - A survey of the littoral and sublittoral ascidians of southern California, including the Channel Islands. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 78: 122-135.","HARTMEYER R. 1924. - Ascidiacea. Danish Ingolf Expedition 2 (7): 1-278.","HERDMAN W. A. 1881. - Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Part 3, Cynthiadae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 11: 52-88.","HERDMAN W. A. 1882. - Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Part I: Ascidiae simplices. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger 6: 1-285.","HOSHINO Z.-I. & NISHIKAWA T. 1985. - Taxonomic studies of Ciona intestinalis (L.) and its allies. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 30: 61-79.","HUNTSMAN A. G. 1912a. - Ascidians from the coasts of Canada. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute 9: 111-148 (dated 1911, published 1912).","HUNTSMAN A. G. 1912b. - Holosomatous ascidians from the coast of western Canada. Contributions to Canadian Biology 1906-1910: 103-185.","KNIPRATH E. & LAFARGUE F. 1980. - Spicule formation in the Didemnidae (compound ascidians), in OMORI M. & WATABE N. (eds), The Mechanisms of Biomineralization in Animals and Plants. Proceedings of the 3rd international biomineralization symposium Tokyo, Tokai University Press: 31-36.","KOTT P. 1985. - The Australian Ascidiacea part 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 23: 1-440.","KOTT P. 1992. - The Australian Ascidiacea part 3, Aplousobranchia (2) and Supplement 2. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 375-655.","LAMBERT C. C. & LAMBERT G. 1998. - Non-indigenous ascidians in southern California harbors and marinas. Marine Biology 130: 675-688.","LAMBERT C. C., LAMBERT G. & KOZLOFF E. N. 1987. - Chapter 23: Phylum Urochordata, in KOZLOFF E. N. (ed.), Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle: 467-479.","LAMBERT G. 1989. - A new species of the compound ascidian Eudistoma (Ascidiacea, Polycitoridae) from the northeastern Pacific. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 2700-2703.","LAMBERT G. & SANAMYAN K. 2001. - Distaplia alaskensis sp. nov. (Ascidiacea, Aplousobranchia) and other new ascidian records from south-central Alaska, with a redescription of Ascidia columbiana (Huntsman, 1912). Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 1766-1781.","MILLS C., COHEN A. N., BERRY H. K., WONHAM M. J., BINGHAM B., BOOKHEIM B., CARLTON J. T., CHAPMAN J. W., CORDELL J., HARRIS L. H., KLINGER T., KOHN A. J., LAMBERT C., LAMBERT G., LI K., SECORD D. L. & TOFT J. 2000. - The 1998 Puget Sound Expedition: a shallow-water rapid assessment survey for nonindigenous species, with comparisons to San Francisco Bay, in PEDERSON J. (ed.), Marine Bioinvasions. Proceedings of a Conference January 24-27, 1999. MIT Sea Grant College Program, Cambridge, MA: 130-138.","MONNIOT C. 1969. - Les Molgulidae des mers europeennes. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, zoologie 60 (4): 171-272.","NISHIKAWA T. 1990. - The ascidians of the Japan Sea. I. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 34: 73-148.","NISHIKAWA T. 1991. - The ascidians of the Japan Sea. II. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 35: 25-170.","OKA A. 1927. - Zur Kenntnis der japanischen Botryllidae (Vorlaufige Mitteilung). Proceedings of the Imperial Academy Tokyo 2: 67-68.","REDIKORZEV V. 1927. - Zehn neue Ascidien aus dem fernen Osten. Zoologische Jahrbucher 53: 373-404.","RITTER W. E. 1899. - A contribution to the knowledge of the tunicates of the Pribilof Islands, in JORDAN D. S. (ed.), The Fur Seals and Fur-Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean. Part III. Government Printing Office, Washington DC: 511-537.","RITTER W. E. 1900. - Some ascidians from Puget Sound, collections of 1896. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 12: 589-616.","RITTER W. E. 1901. - Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. XX. The ascidians. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 3: 225-266.","RITTER W. E. 1907. - The ascidians collected by the United States Fisheries Bureau steamer Albatross on the coast of California during the summer of 1904. University of California Publications in Zoology 4: 1- 52.","RITTER W. E. 1913. - The simple ascidians from the northeastern Pacific in the collection of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the US National Museum 45: 427-505.","RITTER W. E. & FORSYTH R. A. 1917. - Ascidians of the littoral zone of southern California. University of California Publications in Zoology 16: 439-512.","SAITO Y., MUKAI H. & WATANABE H. 1981. - Studies on Japanese compound styelid ascidians II. A new species of the genus Botrylloides and redescription of B. violaceus Oka. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 26: 357-368.","SAITO Y., SHIRAE M., OKUYAMA M. & COHEN S. 2001. - Phylogeny of botryllid ascidians, in SAWADA H., YOKOSAWA H. & LAMBERT C. C. (eds), The Biology of Ascidians. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo: 315-320.","SANAMYAN K. 1998. - Ascidians from the Northwestern Pacific region. 4. Polyclinidae and Placentelidae. Ophelia 48: 103-135.","SANAMYAN K. 1999. - Ascidians from the Northwestern Pacific region. 6. Didemnidae. Ophelia 51: 143-161.","SANAMYAN K. 2000. - Ascidians from the northwestern Pacific region. 7. Styelidae. Ophelia 53: 67- 78.","TOKIOKA T. 1953. - Ascidians of Sagami Bay. Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, 315 p.","TOKIOKA T. 1960. - Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna. XVI. On some ascidians from the northern waters of Japan and the neighbouring subarctic waters. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 8: 191-204.","VAN NAME W. G. 1945. - The North and South American ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 84: 1-476.","VERRILL A. E. 1871. - Descriptions of some imperfectly known and new ascidians from New England. American Journal of Science series 3, 1: 445.","ZANIOLO G., MANNI L. & BURIGHEL P. 1993. - Ovulation and embryo-parent relationship in Botrylloides aff. violaceus (Tunicata). Animal Biology 2: 139."]}

Synoicum georgianum Sluiter, 1932 (®gure 1A) Synoicum georgianum Sluiter, 1932: 11; Millar, 1960: 47; 1968: 9; Monniot, 1970: 333; Vasseur, 1974: 615; Monniot and Gaill, 1978: 155; Monniot and Monniot, 1983: 32. Aplidiopsis georgianum: Kott, 1969: 73; 1971: 32., Published as part of Sanamyan, K. E. & Sanamyan, N. P., 2002, Deep-water ascidians from the south-western Atlantic (RV Dmitry Mendeleev, cruise 43 and Academic Kurchatov, cruise 11), pp. 305-359 in Journal of Natural History 36 (3) on page 307, DOI: 10.1080/00222930010004232, http://zenodo.org/record/5299679, {"references":["SLUITER, C. P., 1932, Die von Dr. L. Kohl-Larsen gesammelten Ascidien von SuEd-Georgien und der Stewart Insel, Senckenbergiana, 14, 1 ± 19.","MILLAR, R. H., 1960, Ascidiacea, Discovery Report, 30, 159.","MILLAR, R. H., 1968, Ascidians collected during 1928 ± 1930 by the Norwegian Antarctic expeditions, Avhandlinger utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. 1. Mat- Naturv Klasse, 10, 3 ± 25.","MONNIOT, C. and MONNIOT, F., 1970, Les ascidies des grandes profondeurs reAcolteAes par les navires Atlantis, Atlantis 2 et Chain (2 eAme note), Deep-Sea Research, 17, 317 ± 336.","VASSEUR, P., 1974, InverteAbreAs marins des 12 et 15 expeAditions antarctiques francEaises en Terre Adele. 16. Ascidies, Tethys, 5 (4), 611 ± 628.","MONNIOT, F. and GAILL, F., 1978, Polyclinidae (Ascidiacea) du sud-ouest de l'OceAan Indien, Annales de l' Institut oceAanographique, Paris, 54 (2), 139 ± 162.","MONNIOT, C. and MONNIOT, F., 1983, Ascidies antarctiques et subantarctiques: morphologie et biogeAographie, MeAmoires du MuseAum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, (A), 125, 1 ± 168.","KOTT, P., 1969, Antarctic Ascidiacea. A monographic account of the known species based on specimens collected under U. S. Government auspices 1947 to 1963, Antarctic Research Ser ies, 13, 1 ± 239.","KOTT, P., 1971, Antarctic Ascidiacea 2, Antarctic Research Series, 17, 11 ± 82."]}

Aplidium radiatum (Sluiter, 1906) (®gures 1B, 2) Psammaplidium radiatum Sluiter, 1906: 25. Sidnyum radiatum: Monniot, 1978: 10 (synonymy and type revision); Monniot and Monniot, 1983: 30. Macroclinum pererratum Sluiter, 1912: 458. Sidnyum pererratum: Monniot, 1978: 14 (synonymy and type revision); Monniot and Monniot, 1983: 31. Not Synoicum pererratum: Millar, 1982: 15. Material examined. St. 4096, 255± 285 m, 40 colonies. Description. The smaller colonies, 1±1.5 cm in diameter, are nearly spherical or hemispherical, the larger, up to 3 cm in greatest diameter, are oval in outline and relatively ¯at, no more than 1 cm in height (®gure 1B). The brittle test is densely impregnated with sand. Vertical zooids open on the upper surface of the colony. They are not visible through the test but their position sometimes is marked by a low elevation of the test. Rather irregular radial rows of zooids are distinguishable on some colonies. The zooids are usually 4±5 mm long, but are smaller in the contracted state. Thorax, abdomen and postabdomen are of about equal length in most zooids (1.2 ±1.5 mm), but relaxed thorax may be much larger (up to 3 mm long). The branchial siphon has eight triangular pointed lobes. A large and wide atrial languet extends out from the small atrial aperture and divides into three long lobes. Thin longitudinal muscles are widely spaced on the thorax, and form two bands continuing along ventral side of abdomen and postabdomen. The branchial sac has 12 rows, with 16±18 stigmata per half row, but stigmata were counted only in one wellexpanded zooid. The stomach is in the middle of the abdomen and has ®ve or six rather regular but sometimes indistinct ¯attened folds. A group of large male follicles is in the anterior half of the postabdomen. An unusual elongated horizontal body sometimes curves around the ventral surface at the top of the oesophageal neck (®gure 2B). It has its own thin membraneous wall and is ®lled by granules of unknown nature. We have examined similar bodies only once previously, in poorly preserved undescribed Aplidium from the north-west Paci®c, but in those specimens the bodies were present in all zooids. Remarks. All zooids examined have eight lobes of the branchial siphon and are identical to those redescribed by Monniot (1978) from the type material of A. radiatum. Zooids from type colonies of A. pererratum have fewer stigmata per row (14) but otherwise they are identical with those of A. radiatum. Colonies of these two species were treated as very similar by Monniot and Monniot (1983), although they described hemispherical cushions in A. radiatum and ¯attened oval masses in A. pererratum. This is not a valid diOEerence, both types and intermediate forms are present in our material from st. 4096. These species are obviously conspeci®c and we do not support the opinion of Monniot and Monniot (1982) that they should be treated as distinct because the larva of A. pererratum is not known. We examined many colonies collected on the New Zealand Plateau, from close to the location of? Synoicum pererratum: Millar, 1982 and conforming exactly to his description and ®gure (Millar, 1982, ®gure 4a, b). The zooids have six branchial lobes and therefore belong to another species. The species with eight-lobed branchial siphon were usually included in Sidnyum Savigny, 1816, but it was synonymized with Aplidium by Monniot and Monniot (1987) (see also Kott, 1992a). Nakauchi (1986) discussed the problem of the genus Sidnyum. It was pointed out that the type species of this genus, S. turbinatum Savigny, 1816, according to the original description of the branchial siphon has six lobes, so the only character that diOEerentiates both genera is invalid. Most probably, however, the six-lobed instead of eight-lobed siphon was indicated in the original description of S. turbinatum by mistake, and several species with the eight-lobed branchial siphon were synonymized with the S. turbinatum (Circinalium concrescens Giard, 1872; Parascidium crispum Huitfeldt-Kaas, 1896)., Published as part of Sanamyan, K. E. & Sanamyan, N. P., 2002, Deep-water ascidians from the south-western Atlantic (RV Dmitry Mendeleev, cruise 43 and Academic Kurchatov, cruise 11), pp. 305-359 in Journal of Natural History 36 (3) on pages 308-310, DOI: 10.1080/00222930010004232, http://zenodo.org/record/5299679, {"references":["SLUITER, C. P., 1906, Tuniciers, in: ExpeAdition Antarctique FrancEaise (1903 ± 1905), Masson edition, Paris, 1 ± 50.","MONNIOT, C. and MONNIOT, F., 1983, Ascidies antarctiques et subantarctiques: morphologie et biogeAographie, MeAmoires du MuseAum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, (A), 125, 1 ± 168.","SLUITER, C. P., 1912, Les ascidies de l'ExpeAdition Antarctique FrancEaise du`Pourquoi-pas? ' commande par le Dr. Charcot 1908 ± 1909, Bulletin du MuseAum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 18 (7), 452 ± 460.","MILLAR, R. H., 1982, The marine fauna of New Zealand: Ascidiacea, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 85, 1 ± 117.","MONNIOT, C. and MONNIOT, F., 1982, Some antarctic deep-sea tunicates in the Smithsonian collections, Antarctic Research Series, 32, 95 ± 130.","MONNIOT, C. and MONNIOT, F., 1987, Discussion sur la valeur de deux genres d'ascidies a propos d'espeAces nouvelles en Mediterranee, Annales de l'Institut oceAanographique, Paris, 63 (2), 19 ± 130.","KOTT, P., 1992 a, The Australian Ascidiacea, part 3, Aplousobranchia (2), Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 32 (2), 375 ± 620.","NAKAUCHI, M., 1986, Oozooid development and budding in the polyclinid ascidian, Parascidia X emingii (Urochordata), Journal of Zoology, London, (A), 208, 255 ± 267."]}

Aplidium intextum n. sp. (Figs 5; 112C) TYPE MATERIAL. — Philippines. Mindanao, Davao, Pakiputan Strait, rubble, 7°06.81’N, 125°39.99’E, 33 m, 30.IV.1996 (MNHN A1 APL.B 383). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin intextus: embroided. DESCRIPTION The colonies are white and firm, encrusting, up to 3 cm thick, in flat cushions superficially ornamented with swellings separated by transparent and colourless furrows on which the oral apertures open. This suggests a work of embroidery (Fig. 112C) (thus the species name). The common cloacal apertures are not located at the groove crossings. The tunic is rubbery hard and translucent interiorly. The oral siphon has six short lobes above a strong sphincter. The cloacal aperture, which also has circular muscle fibres, faces the second row of stigmata. Even in one colony, its rim may be prolonged by a simple lip-like languet (Fig. 5B) in some zooids, while in others the languet lies immediately anterior to the cloacal aperture (Fig. 5A). The long thorax has 11 to 12 rows of about 20 stigmata apiece. There are about 15 longitudinal thoracic muscles on each side. The abdomen is as long as the thorax (Fig. 5A). The oesophagus is long. The cylindrical stomach has 15 to 16 deep longitudinal folds that are never interrupted. The ovary lies at some distance from the gut loop and is followed at some distance by two densely packed lines of testis follicles occupying the posterior half of the abdomen, down to the heart (Fig. 5A). The larvae (Fig. 5C) are incubated in a distended cloacal cavity (Fig. 5B), protruding into the posterior part. We usually found four of them at different stages. The trunk measures 0.5 mm. The three adhesive papillae are not equidistant. They are not separated by ampullar protrusions but are rather lined on each side by an irregular row of clear round vesicles (Fig. 5C). REMARKS This species closely resembles Aplidium lineatum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1996 in its colony structure, the branchial sac, and the arrangement of the testis into densely packed rows in the posterior post-abdomen. It differs in its narrow cloacal siphon with an undivided languet, and in having fewer and more regular stomach folds. This species also differs from A. controversum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1996 in having fewer stomach folds, in the testis follicles densely gathered in two compact lines very far down the postabdomen, and in the different design of its colony surface.