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Pericelis nazahui sp. nov. (Figures 8 A–I, 9 A–B, 10 A–F) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9C3E7659-04BD-40A6-9D1D-69AE80F42F60 Type locality: Yerbabuena Beach, Oaxaca, México (15°44'55.4''N, 96°7'48.2''W). Type material. Seven specimens. Holotype: as sagittal sections: UMAR PLAT-028 (sagittal sections of reproductive structures in five slides; Yerbabuena Beach, Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific; under rocks, 3 m, Oct 24, 2013, Coll.MRS). Paratypes: five as whole mounts; UMAR PLAT-029 - A, 2 specs. (Yerbabuena Beach, same as holotype); UMAR PLAT-030, 1 spec. (Cacaluta, Bay, under rocks, 10 m, Feb 26, 2013, Coll.MRS); UMAR PLAT- 031 - B, 2 specs. (Panteón Beach, under rocks, 2 m, Dec 06, 2013, Coll.ARS). One specimen in histology sections, UMAR PLAT-031C-G, 1 spec. in histological section (sagittal sections of reproductive structures in eight slides, the remaining portion is mounted on Canadian balsam in one slide; Panteón Beach, same as UMAR PLAT-031)., Published as part of Ramos-Sánchez, Mariela, Bahia, Juliana & Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2020, Five new species of cotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) from Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific, pp. 49-83 in Zootaxa 4819 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3955834

Thysanozoon estacahuitensis sp. nov. (Figures 14 A–H, 15 A–G) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D2B05287-4865-4B2F-9975-5EAE1FFF26DB Type locality. Estacahuite Beach, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca (15°40'5.1'N, 96°28'53.3''W). Type material. Two specimens. Holotype : as sagittal sections: UMAR PLAT-036 (sagittal sections of reproductive structures in ten slides; Estacahuite Beach, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific; under rocks, 4 m, Oct 6, 2013, coll. MRS). Paratype : One specimen as whole mount: UMAR PLAT-040, 1 spec. (Estacahuite Beach, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, same as holotype)., Published as part of Ramos-Sánchez, Mariela, Bahia, Juliana & Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2020, Five new species of cotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) from Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific, pp. 49-83 in Zootaxa 4819 (1) on page 75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3955834

Pseudoceros bicuti sp. nov. (Figures 11 A–F, 12, A–B, 13A–D) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9A40111E-34B7-47A6-A2B3-494967B0C58B Type locality. Cacaluta Bay, Oaxaca, México (15°43'12.1''N, 96°9'49.1'' W). Type material. Six specimens. Holotype: as sagittal sections: UMAR PLAT-032 (sagittal sections of reproductive structures seven slides; Cacaluta Bay, Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific; above corals, 1 m, Feb 1, 2013, coll. MRS). Paratypes: Four as whole mounts; UMAR PLAT-033, 1 spec. (Cacaluta Bay, same as holotype); UMAR PLAT-034, 1 spec. (Dos Hermanas Beach, under rocks, 0.5 m, Feb 1, 2013, coll. MRS); UMAR PLAT-035 - A, 2 specs., 1 spec. mature and 1 spec. juvenile (Panteón Beach, above the coral rock, 2 m, Dec 6, 2013, coll. ECL). One specimen in histology sections, UMAR PLAT-035B-C, 1 spec. (sagittal sections of reproductive structures two slides; Panteón Beach, same as UMAR PLAT-035).

Genus Pericelis Laidlaw, 1902 Emended diagnosis. Pericelidae with elongate oval or circular body; with paired marginal pseudotentacles; cerebral, tentacular and marginal eyes that encircle the body margin; central ruffled pharynx; male reproductive system with prominent seminal vesicle and penis papilla unarmed; female reproductive tract with a pair of uterine vesicles., Published as part of Ramos-Sánchez, Mariela, Bahia, Juliana & Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2020, Five new species of cotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) from Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific, pp. 49-83 in Zootaxa 4819 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3955834, {"references":["Laidlaw, F. F. (1902) The marine Turbellaria, with an account of the anatomy of some of the species. The Fauna and Geography of the Maldives and Laccadive Archipelagoes, 1, 282 - 312."]}

Pericelis sigmeri sp. nov. (Figures 5 A–J, 6A–C, 7A–F) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8195DEB1-1EB1-497C-AED7-02BC20272059 Type locality. Cacaluta Bay, Oaxaca, México (15°43'12.08"N, 96°9'49.08"W). Type material. Seven specimens. Holotype : as sagittal sections: UMAR PLAT-025 (reproductive structures in six slides; Cacaluta Bay, Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific; under rocks, 10 m, May 7, 2013, coll. MRS). Paratypes : Six specimens as whole mounts: UMAR PLAT-026 A-C, 4 specs. (Cacaluta Bay, same as holotype); UMAR PLAT-027, 1 spec. (Panteón Beach, under rocks, 3 m, Dec 6, 2013, coll. MRS). One specimen preserved in 70% ethanol: UMAR PLAT-026 D, 1 spec. (Cacaluta Bay, same as holotype).

Genus Thysanozoon Grube, 1840 Emended diagnosis. Pseudocerotidae with a dorsal surface covered with blunt or oblong pointed papillae which may be contractile. Pseudotentacles, marginal and cerebral eyes present, with separate gonopores, male reproductive system double, with seminal vesicle and armed penis papilla, and single female reproductive system., Published as part of Ramos-Sánchez, Mariela, Bahia, Juliana & Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2020, Five new species of cotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) from Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific, pp. 49-83 in Zootaxa 4819 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3955834, {"references":["Grube, A. E. (1840) Actinien, Echinodermen und Wuermer des adriatischen und Mittelmeers, nach eigenen Sammlungen beschrieben. J. H. Bon, Koenigsberg, 92 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 23025"]}

Genus Paraplanocera Laidlaw, 1903b Diagnosis. Planoceridae with oval or circular body; robust and conspicuous nuchal tentacles; without marginal eyes, with cerebral and tentacular eyes; the pharynx is located in the central region of the body; gonopores separate; male reproductive system lacks a seminal vesicle; with a prostatic vesicle; spermiducal vesicle; cirrus sac with spines and conspicuous teeth and female reproductive system with bursa copulatrix; vagina with scalloped epithelium and Lang��s vesicle (modified from Faubel 1983)., Published as part of Ramos-S��nchez, Mariela, Bahia, Juliana & Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2019, New genus, new species and new records of marine acotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Acotylea) from Oaxaca, southern Mexican Pacific, pp. 30-58 in Zootaxa 4700 (1) on pages 30-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3545266, {"references":["Laidlaw, F. F. (1903 b) On a collection of Turbellaria Polycladida from the Straits of Malacca. (Skeat Expedition 1899 - 1900). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1903, 301 - 318. Available from: https: // archive. org / details / b 2240658 x / page / n 1 (Accessed 15 Nov. 2019)","Faubel, A. (1983) The Polycladida, Turbellaria proposal and establishment of a new system part. I. The Acotylea. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 8, 17 - 121."]}

Pseudobiceros splendidus (Stummer-Traunfels, 1933) Taxonomic remarks. The name Pseudoceros splendidus was created by Stummer-Traunfels (1933) to substitute Pseudoceros suberbus (Lang 1884), because the specific name suberbus was already occupied when he transferred the yellow-background species Eurylepta suberba (Schmarda 1859) to Pseudoceros. The name Pseudobiceros splendidus corresponds to a dark-background yellow-orange margin species with a broad geographic distribution, therefore we recommend its revision with all other dark-background species., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Stummer-Traunfels, R. (1933) Polycladida (continued). In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs IV. (Vermes). (Leipzig). pp. 3485 - 3596.","Lang, A. (1884) Die Polycladen (Seeplanarien) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Eine Monographie. Fauna Flora Golfes v. Neapel, Leipzig, 11, ix + 668 pp","Schmarda, L. K. (1859) Neue Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. In: Neue Wirbellose Thiere I. 1 - 66, 15 pl."]}

Bahia, Juliana, Schrödl, Michael (2016): Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus. Zootaxa 4097 (1): 101-117, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5

Pseudobiceros rubrocinctus (Schmarda, 1859) Taxonomic remarks. This species was originally described as Eurylepta rubrocincta (Schmarda 1859) and its genus placement became subject of further discussion (Diesing 1962, Lang 1884). The original description stated that the pharynx is cylindrical, but later drawing (Stummer-Traunfels 1933) of the material showed it was lacking from the pharynx pouch. The species was placed in Pseudoceros by Stummer-Traunfels (1933), who also showed it presents two male gonopores. This information was listed by Marcus (1950) and later Faubel (1984) transferred the species to Pseudobiceros. However, it is not present in Newman & Cannon���s (1994, 1997) revisions. Here we support Faubel���s decision and list it as a valid species., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Schmarda, L. K. (1859) Neue Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. In: Neue Wirbellose Thiere I. 1 - 66, 15 pl.","Lang, A. (1884) Die Polycladen (Seeplanarien) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Eine Monographie. Fauna Flora Golfes v. Neapel, Leipzig, 11, ix + 668 pp","Stummer-Traunfels, R. (1933) Polycladida (continued). In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs IV. (Vermes). (Leipzig). pp. 3485 - 3596.","Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburbischen Zoologischen Museum und Institute, 81, 189 - 259."]}

Pseudobiceros periculosus Newman & Cannon, 1994 Taxonomic remarks. The species belongs to a color group showing a dark background and orange to yellow margin that should be thoroughly revised. Prudhoe (1977) reported from Queensland a species with two male gonopores which he misidentified as Pseudoceros flavomarginatus. This species was listed under single male gonopore Pseudoceros species (Laidlaw 1902, p. 297 and 298), but Prudhoe’s specimen belongs to a darkbackground Pseudobiceros. The description by Prudhoe fits the species Pseudobiceros periculosus (Newman & Cannon 1994) in marginal and background color, elongated cerebral eyespots group, and geographical proximity.

Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. Figures 1 and 2 Type material. Holotype: One specimen 21 x 16 mm collected October 2009 at Senegal, near Ngor Island (Voucher ZSM 20160015 HT). Paratypes: Two specimens in 96 % ethanol collected 14.10. 2009 at Santo Ant��o, Cape Verde (Voucher ZSM 20160016 PT) Geographic distribution. Senegal and Cape Verde. Additional photographic records from Madeira (17.03.2009, photo cortesy prof. Dr. Peter Wirtz) and Canarias Islands (Vera et al. 2008). Etymology. The species is named after Prof. Dr. Peter Wirtz, who provided the material and has contributed with numerous marine invertebrate field guides over the years. Diagnosis. Black to very dark brown background color with narrow yellow lines, some of them partly white, mostly on their tips. Thin lines scattered on dorsal surface, without distinctive orientation; most transverse but not straight, curving and some even splitting. Description. Color: Black to very dark brown background color. Narrow yellow lines, some of them partly white, mostly on their tips. Thin lines scattered on dorsal surface, without distinctive orientation; most transverse but not straight, curving and some even splitting. In Senegal specimen lines white when nearer to margin; in Madeira worms, yellow lines and all white lines in middle of body (Fig. 1 A, C). Form: body rounded, delicate constitution, ruffled margin. Pseudotentacles: pointed ear-like, about 2 mm long (Fig. 1 C, Fig. 2 A). Eyes: cerebral eyespots arranged in horseshoe shape cluster of approximately 18 eyespots. Deep dark coloration and contracted pseudotentacular area making eyespots counting difficult. Ventral pseudotentacular eyespots in four groups, two in sinus between folds, and other two on each broad flap of marginal tentacles (Fig. 1 A). Dorsally, two groups with evenly spaced eyespots in broader part of pointed ear-like tentacle, and two groups, one in each pseudotentacular tips (Fig. 1 A). These more densely arranged as in main pseudotentacle structure. Digestive system: mouth opens at 4 mm from anterior margin, pharynx short with 4 to 5 shallow folds, 1.7 mm long (Fig. 1 B). Body wall: sucker 1 mm in diameter, located at 1.2 mm from female gonopore. Ventrally, epidermis almost twice as thick as basement membrane, densely ciliated. Muscular layers thin, outer longitudinal, followed inward by circular and inner diagonal. Gonopores: two male and one female gonopores. Male pores 0.5 mm in diameter at 5.5 mm from anterior margin; female pore 1 mm behind male gonopore, 6 mm in diameter (Fig. 1 B). Male reproductive system: seminal vesicle large and elongated, 0.5 mm long and 0.3 mm broad. Prostatic vesicle rounded and 0.19 mm in diameter (Fig. 2 B, C, D). Ejaculatory duct straight, 0.2 mm long. Male atrium shallow, penis papillae 0.25 long and stylet short. Female reproductive system: specimen seems to be immature, since we have not found in our slides female structures, like cement glands, vagina and uteri. Taxonomic remarks. The presence of two male gonopores, smooth dorsal surface, simple and shallow folded pharynx and complex folded pseudotentacles place the new species in the genus Pseudobiceros. Pseudocerotidae species with black background and yellow and white lines color pattern are not common. Pseudoceros zebra generally resembles the studied species in its color pattern (R��ppell & Leuckart 1828), but, they belong to different genera. Pseudoceros zebra present the complex ruffled pharynx typical for Pseudoceros, while Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. has few simple folds in its pharynx. In addition, the newly described species lacks a marginal band and exhibits a dorsal surface with thin yellow and white transverse and multiple lines in multiple directions, mostly transverse, instead of the lack of pigmentation between black areas showed by Pseudoceros zebra. In Marcus��� (1950), Faubel���s (1984), and Newman & Cannon���s (1994) revisions of accepted Pseudoceros and Pseudobiceros species, no other Pseudobiceros species match the color pattern presented by P. wirtzi. Newman & Cannon pointed out species with transverse lines pattern such as Pseudobiceros bedfordi, P. dendricticus, P. flavolineatus, P. fulgor, but all present a distinctive margin, which is lacking in our specimens. Pseudobiceros bedfordi, (Laidlaw 1903 a) has a much more complex color pattern with wider stripes instead of lines, and with blotches, mottling, and different colored dots that are absent from P. wirtzi. Pseudobiceros dendricticus, has yellow background color and brown longitudinal lines and a yellow median line (Prudhoe 1989), instead of black background color and yellow and white lines as the studied specimens. Pseudobiceros flavolineatus (Prudhoe 1989) is the one that most resembles P. wirtzi, but it presents a double row of dark spots on its margin, has a reddish brown background color and the narrow yellow lines are disposed from the median line to the margin without touching each other, in a concentric design, which is not the case in P. wirtzi. The Australian species P. fulgor (Newman & Cannon 1994) has white stripes instead of yellow and a lighter background color of brownish orange or deep pink, and presents yellow or cream blotches and black margin that are absent in P. wirtzi, in addition to a rounded seminal vesicle instead of elongated. The studied specimens belong to the same species as the ones illustrated in P��rez Sanch��z & Moreno Batet (1990, p: 101), Wirtz & Debelius (2003, p: 84) and Newman & Cannon (2003, p: 84). It was also recently reported, but not described, as Pseudocerotidae sp 4 from Canary Islands by Vera et al. (2008)., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on pages 105-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Vera, A., Moro, L., Bacallado, J. J. & Hernandez, F. (2008) Contribucion al conocimiento de La biodiversidad de policlados (Pltyhelminthes, Turbellaria) em las Islas Canarias. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 20 (4), 45 - 59.","Ruppell, E. & Leuckart, F. S. (1828) Neue wirbellose Thiere des rothen Meers. Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Africa. 11 - 14. Frankfurt am Main.","Laidlaw, F. F. (1903 a) On a collection of Turbellaria Polycladida from the straits of Malacca (Skeat Expedition, 1889 - 1900). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1, 301 - 318, plate 23.","Prudhoe, S. (1989) Polyclad turbellarians recorded from African Waters. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zool), 55 (1), 47 - 96.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1994) Pseudoceros and Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Pseudocertotidae) from eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 37 (1), 205 - 266.","Wirtz, P. & Debelius, H. (2003) Mediterranean and Atlantic Invertebrate Guide. ConchBooks (Ed.), Hackenheim, Germany, 305 pp.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (2003) Marine flatworms: The world of polyclads. Csiro. Collingwood, Australia, 97 pp."]}

Pseudobiceros punctatus (Laidlaw, 1902) nov. comb. Taxonomic remarks. The species ��� Pseudoceros ��� punctatus is also absent from any species lists but Marcus��� (1950). The original description (Laidlaw, 1902) let no doubt of the specimen having two male gonopores, because it was listed under the Pseudoceros species with a pair of penes. It is, thus transferred here to Pseudobiceros as a new combination. The species still lacks a re-description that would contain internal and pharynx details., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Laidlaw, F. F. (1902) The marine Turbellaria, with an account of the anatomy of some of the species. The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, 1 (3), 282 - 312."]}

Pseudobiceros schmardae Faubel, 1984 Taxonomic remarks. The name was created to resolve confusion that resulted from the original description of Prosthecereus latissimus (Schmarda 1859). Drawings of the type material show that two different animals were described under the same name; one clearly refers to Prosthecereus (Stummer-Traunfels 1933, fig. 103 a) as it was illustrated by Schmarda (1859, p. 32); and the other animal with two male gonopores (fig. 103 b) shows characteristics typical for Pseudobiceros. The species was entirely put under Pseudoceros and the variation of number of gonopores was considered a plastic character (Stummer-Traunfels 1933, Marcus 1950). With the creation of the genus Pseudobiceros, Faubel (1984) created the new name to encompass the flatworm described by Schmarda and illustrated with two male gonopores. The species was not considered in Newman & Cannon���s (1994, 1997) revisions. However, we support it is a valid species (Table 1)., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburbischen Zoologischen Museum und Institute, 81, 189 - 259.","Schmarda, L. K. (1859) Neue Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. In: Neue Wirbellose Thiere I. 1 - 66, 15 pl.","Stummer-Traunfels, R. (1933) Polycladida (continued). In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs IV. (Vermes). (Leipzig). pp. 3485 - 3596.","Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190."]}

Pseudobiceros miniatus (Schmarda, 1859) Taxonomic remarks. This species was originally described as Eurylepta miniata (Schmarda 1859). Then its genus was discussed by Diesing (1862), who transferred it to Proceros, and Lang (1884), who transferred it to Yungia. Later, Stummer-Traunfels (1933) placed it into Pseudoceros. The drawings about Schmarda material inside Stummer-Traunfels��� paper (p. 3539, fig. 90), depict the species with two male gonopores, thus Faubel (1984) transferred it to Pseudobiceros. The presence of two male pores was also noted by Marcus (1950). We support that decision, as the species cannot belong to Yungia or Pseudoceros because of its two male gonopores. It is not clear why the species was not included into Newman & Cannon���s (1994, 1997) list of Pseudobiceros valid species., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Schmarda, L. K. (1859) Neue Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. In: Neue Wirbellose Thiere I. 1 - 66, 15 pl.","Diesing, K. M. (1862) Revision der Turbellarien. Abteilung: Dendrocoelen. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 44 (27), 485 - 578.","Lang, A. (1884) Die Polycladen (Seeplanarien) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Eine Monographie. Fauna Flora Golfes v. Neapel, Leipzig, 11, ix + 668 pp","Stummer-Traunfels, R. (1933) Polycladida (continued). In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs IV. (Vermes). (Leipzig). pp. 3485 - 3596.","Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburbischen Zoologischen Museum und Institute, 81, 189 - 259.","Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190."]}

Pseudobiceros undulatus (Kelaart, 1858) Taxonomic remarks. The species was originally described as Planaria undulata (Kelaart 1858) and synonymized with Schmarda���s (1859) Eurylepta suberba and later mentions in different genera (Diesing 1962, Stummer- Traunfels 1933), by Marcus (1950). Stummer-Traunfels (1933) illustrated the species having two male gonopores, thus it was transferred to Pseudobiceros by Faubel (1984). There is, however, a disparity in the drawings presented by Schmarda (1859), without a clear purplish median line, and Collingwood (1876), with the median line. This species should be further studied with the examination of fresh specimens as to solve if there is such color plasticity. It is unclear why this species was left out by Newman & Cannon (1994, 1997)., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Kelaart, E. F. (1858) Description of new and little known species of Ceylon Nudibranchiate Molluscs, and Zoophytes. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 9, 84 - 139.","Stummer-Traunfels, R. (1933) Polycladida (continued). In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs IV. (Vermes). (Leipzig). pp. 3485 - 3596.","Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburbischen Zoologischen Museum und Institute, 81, 189 - 259.","Schmarda, L. K. (1859) Neue Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. In: Neue Wirbellose Thiere I. 1 - 66, 15 pl.","Collingwood, C. (1876) On thirty-one species of marine planarians, collected partly by the late Dr. Kelaart, F. L. S., at Trincomalee, and partly by Dr. Collingwood, F. L. S., in the Eastern Seas. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Second Series (Zoology), 1 (3), 83 - 98, plates 17 - 19.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1994) Pseudoceros and Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Pseudocertotidae) from eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 37 (1), 205 - 266.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1997) Nine new species of Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Indo- Pacific. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 45 (2), 341 - 368."]}

Genus Pseudobiceros Faubel, 1984 Type species: Pseudobiceros strigosus (Marcus, 1950) junior synonym of Pseudobiceros gratus (Kato, 1937) Taxonomic remarks. The confusion about the genus Pseudobiceros begins with its type species. Pseudoceros strigosus was a name created by Marcus (1950) to solve confusion resulted from the misuse of the specific name striata (in the originally Eurylepta description (Schmarda 1859)) or striatus (after it was relocated in Pseudoceros (Stummer-Traunfels 1933, p. 3487 and fig. 95) He stated a distinction between P. striatus sensu Schmarda (1859, p. 27 and fig. 62) and sensu Keelart (1858, p. 137; Keelart in Collingwood 1876, p. 97 and fig. 25), since one is described as white with dark stripes and the other as dark with bright stripes. Hyman (1959 a) solved the confusion stating P. gratus (Kato 1937) is synonymous to the original Schmarda species and thus there was no need for the new name given by Marcus. Faubel (1984) followed Marcus��� opinion, while Newman & Cannon (1994) followed Hyman. We find that Hyman (1959) is right and Pseudobiceros gratus has priority over P. strigosus. However, Pseudobiceros strigosus is still the name of the genus type. There is only observation that must be done to Newman & Cannon (1994), Pseudoceros habroptilus (Hyman 1959) should not be included in Pseudobiceros gratus synonym list, as it was described without information about reproductive structures, and it was draw with two median lines instead of one, as present in Pseudobiceros gratus., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburbischen Zoologischen Museum und Institute, 81, 189 - 259.","Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Kato, K. (1937) Polylcadida collected in Idu, Japan. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 7, 211 - 235.","Schmarda, L. K. (1859) Neue Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. In: Neue Wirbellose Thiere I. 1 - 66, 15 pl.","Stummer-Traunfels, R. (1933) Polycladida (continued). In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs IV. (Vermes). (Leipzig). pp. 3485 - 3596.","Collingwood, C. (1876) On thirty-one species of marine planarians, collected partly by the late Dr. Kelaart, F. L. S., at Trincomalee, and partly by Dr. Collingwood, F. L. S., in the Eastern Seas. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Second Series (Zoology), 1 (3), 83 - 98, plates 17 - 19.","Hyman, L. H. (1959) A further study of Micronesian polyclad flatworms. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 108 (3410), 543 - 597. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.108 - 3410.543","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1994) Pseudoceros and Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Pseudocertotidae) from eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 37 (1), 205 - 266."]}

Pseudobiceros bedfordi (Laidlaw, 1903 a) Taxonimic remarks. Pseudobiceros bedfordi has under its synonym list (Table 1) the species Pseudoceros micronesianus, described by Hyman (1955). However, Faubel (1984) makes a new combination of this species adding it to Pseudobiceros, but citing Hyman 1953 as the author, and considering P. bedfordi and P. micronesianus as separate species. There is no species with that name in Hyman (1953), so that might have been a misspelling. Later, Newman & Cannon (1994), despite not commenting Faubel���s list (1984), already clarified that the species described by Hyman (1955) is synonym of Pseudobiceros bedfordi, after examining its holotype. Here we support that decision and do not consider Pseudobiceros micronesianus as a valid species., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Laidlaw, F. F. (1903 a) On a collection of Turbellaria Polycladida from the straits of Malacca (Skeat Expedition, 1889 - 1900). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1, 301 - 318, plate 23.","Hyman, L. H. (1955) Some polyclad flatworms from Polynesia and Micronesia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 105 (3352), 65 - 82. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.105 - 3352.65","Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburbischen Zoologischen Museum und Institute, 81, 189 - 259.","Hyman, L. H. (1953) The polyclad flatworms of the Pacific coast of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 100 (2), 265 - 392.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1994) Pseudoceros and Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Pseudocertotidae) from eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 37 (1), 205 - 266."]}

Pseudobiceros hancockanus (Collingwood, 1876) Taxonomic remarks. This species was subject to much confusion concerning its synonym list. It was originally described as Proceros hancockanus (Collingwood 1876) and assigned to Prosthecereus by Lang (1884) and to Pseudoceros by Laidlaw (1903). Marcus (1950) also recognized Prosthecereus -like pseudotentacles in the drawings. Kaburaki (1923), however, synonymized it to another Collingwood (1876) species: Pseudoceros malayaensis (originally described as Stylochopsis and assigned to Pseudoceros by Bock (1913)) which has the same color pattern and color but was represented with different pseudotentacles. Bock (1913) also listed both species as synonyms, but argued that a final decision about their identity should be let open. Faubel (1984) did not include both species in Pseudoceros, Pseudobiceros, Prosthecereus or in the incertae sedis species list. Newman & Cannon (1994) treated both as synonyms; adding information from fresh material, they transferred the species to Pseudobiceros. Here we follow Newman & Cannon���s (1994) position. It is, however, necessary to revise all the species showing black background color and orange or yellow margin, using museum and fresh material., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Collingwood, C. (1876) On thirty-one species of marine planarians, collected partly by the late Dr. Kelaart, F. L. S., at Trincomalee, and partly by Dr. Collingwood, F. L. S., in the Eastern Seas. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Second Series (Zoology), 1 (3), 83 - 98, plates 17 - 19.","Lang, A. (1884) Die Polycladen (Seeplanarien) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Eine Monographie. Fauna Flora Golfes v. Neapel, Leipzig, 11, ix + 668 pp","Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Kaburaki, T. (1923) The Polyclad turbellarians from the Philippine Islands. United States National Museum Bulletin, 100 (1 / 10), 635 - 651.","Bock, S. (1913) Studien uber Polycladen. Zoologiska Bijdrag fran Uppsala, 2, 31 - 344.","Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburbischen Zoologischen Museum und Institute, 81, 189 - 259.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1994) Pseudoceros and Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Pseudocertotidae) from eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 37 (1), 205 - 266."]}

Pseudobiceros luteomarginatus (Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918) Taxonomic remarks. This species is listed as synonymous to Pseudobiceros flavomarginatus by Faubel (1984). However, the original description (Laidlaw 1902) divides Pseudoceros species in forms with a pair of penes or single penis, and P. flavomarginatus is under the species with single penis. This fact was already pointed out by Marcus (1950), who considered Pseudoceros flavomarginatus and luteomarginatus as separate species based on the number of gonopores and color information. The original Pseudoceros luteomarginatus description (Yeri & Kaburaki 1918) stated clearly (p. 38; plate I, fig. 5) that this Pseudocerotidae has two male gonopores and smooth dorsal surface. So we think that the synonym and new combination presented by Faubel (1984) was result of some confusion about the literature consulted. Thus we argue that Pseudobiceros flavomarginatus should be left in Pseudoceros, as it has only one male gonopore, and that Pseudoceros luteomarginatus should be transferred to Pseudobiceros, as it has two male gonopores. Since the transference of P. luteomarginatus was indirectly done by Faubel (1984), we consider that he had established this new combination. It is, however, unclear why the species mentioned above were ignored from Newman & Cannon���s (1994, 1997) Pseudobiceros species list. Pseudoceros flavomarginatus was mentioned in the discussion of Pseudobiceros periculosus (Newman & Cannon 1994) where it was wrongly stated that Laidlaw did not give any additional details about gonopores., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Yeri, M. & Kaburaki, T. (1918) Description of some Japanese Polyclad Turbellaria. Journal of the College of Science, Tokyo Imperial University, 39 (9), 1 - 54.","Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburbischen Zoologischen Museum und Institute, 81, 189 - 259.","Laidlaw, F. F. (1902) The marine Turbellaria, with an account of the anatomy of some of the species. The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, 1 (3), 282 - 312.","Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1994) Pseudoceros and Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Pseudocertotidae) from eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 37 (1), 205 - 266."]}

Pseudobiceros viridis (Kelaart 1858) Taxonomic remarks. The species Pseudoceros viridis was included in Pseudobiceros in Faubel���s (1984) revision based evidences that it has two instead of one male gonopore and pointed ear like tentacles (Stummer-Traunfels 1933, p. 3543; Marcus 1950). However, this species is not present in Newman & Cannon���s (1994) revision. Later described mottled green species such as Pseudobiceros brogani and Pseudobiceros kryptos (Newman & Cannon, 1997) are externally similar to P. v i r i di s and are also from the Indo-Pacific. They should be compared with P. viridis material from the type locality and corresponding histological slides so as to confirm these three species are indeed different., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana & Schr��dl, Michael, 2016, Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus, pp. 101-117 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/267125, {"references":["Kelaart, E. F. (1858) Description of new and little known species of Ceylon Nudibranchiate Molluscs, and Zoophytes. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 9, 84 - 139.","Stummer-Traunfels, R. (1933) Polycladida (continued). In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs IV. (Vermes). (Leipzig). pp. 3485 - 3596.","Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1997) Nine new species of Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Indo- Pacific. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 45 (2), 341 - 368."]}

Eurylepta aurantiaca Heath & Mc Gregor 1912 (Fig. 19) Material examined. One specimen (12 x 4 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (MNRJ-PLAT 76, 11 slides). Collected 20.04. 2008 at Praia das Conchas, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 ° 52 ' 33.05 "S, 41 ° 58 ' 39.27 "W). Distribution. Described from Monterey Bay, California (Heath & McGregor 1912) and reported from Washington State, USA (Hyman 1955 a) and from the Caribbean coast of Colombia (Quiroga et al. 2004 b). This is the first record from Brazil. Diagnosis. Translucent body, with red longitudinal line, interrupted several times; small white dots disposed in the dorsal surface and in a transversal line at the posterior end of the body. Two long uterine vesicles; main intestine with seven or eight branches at each side. Description. Color: Translucent body, color is due to intestine content. Our specimen was pinkish orange. White spots present dorsally, at the middle dorsal region after the cerebral eyespots and as a transversal line at 4.5 mm from anterior margin. Median line reddish, interrupted several times (Fig. 19). Reddish dots also occur dorsally at each side of the median line. Whitish tentacles. Form: Oval, elongated. Pseudotentacles: Tentacles pointed and thin measuring 0.6 mm. Eyespots: Tentacular eyespot groups located dorsally at tentacle extremities (8–12 eyespots) and between tentacles (13–15 eyespots); ventrally at tentacle extremities (17–25 eyespots). Cerebral eyespots at 0.9 mm from the anterior margin, in two elongated groups (0.4 x 0.2 mm) and very near one of the other, each with about 15 eyespots. Digestive system: Tubular pharynx measures 1.4 mm. Main intestine with eight branches, without anastomoses, occupying 53 % of the body. Epidermis and body wall: Dorsal epidermis (40 µm) taller than ventral epidermis (20 µm). Basal membrane well developed, with eosinophilic coloration and 9 µm thickness. Thin body wall, with circular muscular layer externally and diagonal muscular layer internally. Muscular layers with 0.010 µm thickness dorsally and 0.020 µm ventrally. Sucker at 3.5 mm from the anterior margin, measures 0.2 mm. Gonopores: Male gonopore at 2.4 mm from the anterior margin, measures 0.2 mm. Female gonopore located right after, measures 0.22 mm. Both at the median line of the body. Male reproductive system: Our specimen was immature and it was not possible to observe prostatic and seminal vesicle, penis, and other male structures. Testicles also could not be identified in the histological sections, which corroborates the immaturity of our specimen. Female reproductive system: Female apparatus of our specimen also immature, cement glands could not be observed and nor a well-defined vagina. Taxonomic remarks. Our specimen is in accordance with the original description (Heath & Mc Gregor 1912), despite small variations in color. This does not represent a strong character in Euryleptidae, especially in translucent species that are colored by the food content present in the intestine. However, the general coloration pattern, with the presence of a median line and small white dots dorsally, is the same as originally described (Heath & McGregor 1912, pg: 481). Three Eurylepta species are known from Brazil; all present differences in coloration pattern, eyespot group arrangement and number of intestine branches. Differences between our specimen and Eurylepta piscatoria (Marcus 1947) are the coloration pattern, body form and both cerebral and tentacular eyespot group arrangement (Marcus 1947, pg: 136 and 205). Eurylepta neptis Dubois-Reymond Marcus 1955 and E. turma Marcus 1952 present lower number of main intestine branches and cerebral eyespot group wider and shorter (Marcus 1952, pg: 94 and 183; Dubois-Reymond Marcus 1955, pg: 43). Another species from this genus with similar coloration pattern and Western Atlantic distribution is E. maculosa Verrill 1892. This species differs from our specimen in the cerebral and tentacular eyespot arrangement (Hyman 1939 b, pg: 149; Hyman 1952, pg: 198). Eurylepta multicelis (Hyman 1955 b) differs from our specimen also in eyespot arrangement and in the presence of peripheral glands.

Pericelis cata Marcus & Marcus 1968 (Fig. 2) Material examined. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 24, 23 x 22 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (23 slides), rest of the animal in ethanol 70 %. Collected 0 3.08. 2008 at Enseada do Mimi, Ilha do Papagaio, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 ° 53 ' 30.85 "S; 41 ° 59 ' 9.52 "W). Depth: 6 m. Distribution. This species was recorded from Curaçao (type locality; Marcus & Marcus 1968), Colombian Caribbean (Quiroga et al. 2004 b), Cabo Frio (Bahia & Padula 2009) and Bahia, Brazil (Queiroz et al. 2013). At Cabo Frio P. c a t a seems to occur only at the sublittoral, as no specimen was found at the intertidal zone, but instead at 6 to 10 m depth, and only at Ilha do Papagaio. Diagnosis. Pattern of coloration mottled with dark beige coloration combined with black spots; marginal tentacles distant from each other; marginal, pre-cerebral and cerebral eyespots present; cerebral eyespots in two elongated rows, not clearly separated in the middle. Seminal vesicle very muscularized and developed; male atrium shallow and uterine duct with muscular sphincter. Description. External characters as described in Bahia & Padula (2009). Epidermis and body wall: Ventral epidermis 66 µm tall and dorsal epidermis 44 µm tall. Body wall with external longitudinal muscular layer and internal diagonal muscular layer. Rhabdites are observed both dorsally and ventrally. Gonopores: Male and female gonopore closely together at 22 mm from the anterior margin. Pores open independently (Fig. 2 B). Male reproductive system: Testicles ventral. Penis papillae (0.5 mm) muscular and directed backwards as the rest of the male structures (Fig. 2 B). Seminal vesicle rounded and well developed (1.5 x 1.3 mm), male atrium shallow (Fig. 2 B). Ejaculatory duct filled with sperm and granules of eosinophylic secretion. Female reproductive system: Ovaries dorsally disposed. Uterine duct epithelium tall (Fig. 2 D). Uterine ducts separated from vagina by a muscular sphincter (Fig. 2 D). Vagina directed backwards (Fig. 2 B and D), 410 µm long, with folds at the epithelium and cement pouch present (Fig. 2 D). Taxonomic remarks. We found larger specimens (from 23 x 22 mm to 45 x 34 mm) than those observed in the original description (from 27 x 21 mm to 33 x 21 mm), but external morphological and anatomical differences were not found. Other species in this genus (P. bayerleyana, P. orbicularis, P. hymanae) do not present a sphincter in the uterine duct and seminal vesicle as large as P. c a t a (Marcus & Marcus 1968), or present a deeper male atrium (Meixner 1907; Hyman 1953; Poulter 1975), and cerebral eyespot clusters clearly separated (Hyman 1953). Ecology. One specimen of Pericelis cata was, during one collection, placed in the same container with a nudibranch specimen of Felimare lajensis (Troncoso, Garcia & Urgorri 1998). When they were released, P. c a t a was “wounded” (a rip in the median part of the body) and there were only pieces of gonad and epithelial tissue from F. lajensis (Fig. 2 C). No contact was observed between these species in the field, but P. c a t a may have chemical compounds that match or exceed the ones present in F. lajensis, such as furodisine lactone, obtained from its dysideid sponge prey (Pereira et al. 2012).

Pseudoceros rawlinsonae Bolaños, Quiroga & Litvaitis 2007 (Fig. 6) Material examined. Two specimens (MNRJ-PLAT 0 1, 9 x 6 mm e 8 x 6 mm) preserved in 70 % ethanol, one as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (14 slides), collected 20.04. 2008. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 0 4, 15 x 11 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (19 slides), collected 0 7.02. 2009. One specimen (MNRJ- PLAT 37, 19 x 11 mm) as sagittal sections of the reproductive structures (18 slides), collected 30.08. 2008. All collected at Praia das Conchas, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 o 52 ’ 15.40 ’’S; 41 o 58 ’ 51.86 ’’W). One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 38, 11 x 8 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (14 slides). Collected 0 1.09. 2008 at Canal de Itajuru, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 º 53 ’ 11 ’’S, 42 º00’08’’W). One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 39, 13 x 8 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (11 slides). Collected 30.12. 2008 at Ilha do Papagaio, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 ° 53 ' 53.21 "S, 41 ° 58 ' 59.40 "W). Distribution. The species P. rawlinsonae was described from the American Virgin Islands and Bonaire (Bolaños et al. 2007). Posteriorly, after the revision of Pseudoceros bicolor complex, P. rawlinsonae was also reported from Florida, Honduras, Jamaica, Bahamas, Curaçao and Brazil (Bahia & Padula 2009; Litvaitis et al. 2010). Diagnosis. Dorsal coloration from yellow to dark brown or black, scattered white spots sometimes present; marginal band white intersected by greyish black transversal stripes; marginal line gold yellow to orange. Prostatic and seminal vesicle small in relation to the penis. Taxonomic remarks. This species was included in the P. bi col or complex due to its coloration pattern. Some specimens reported from Brazil as P. b i c o l o r (Bahia & Padula 2009) were in fact P. rawlinsonae. This was found out after the review of the P. bi col or complex (Litvaitis et al. 2010), which has clearly delimited the differences between these two species and made an emendation to the species description. It was observed that differences in marginal lines (P. b i c o l o r, bright yellow to greenish or absent, and P. rawlinsonae, golden yellow to orange) were reflected in the species separation genetically. It is suggested that specimens collected in Brazil should be included in a futher comparative molecular analysis between P. b i c o l o r and P. rawlinsonae. Our specimens are in accordance with characteristics presented in the original description and in the revision by Litivaitis et al. (2010). We found both smaller and bigger specimens (variation between 8 x 6 mm and 19 x 11 mm) than originally described (17 x 7 mm) by Bolaños et al. (2007). In some specimens (Fig. 6 I), uteri were found to be full of eggs that reached 90 µm diameter. The color variation found in southeastern Brazil is illustrated in Fig. 7.

Lurymare utarum Marcus 1952 (Fig. 15) Material examined. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 62, 22 x 5 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (13 slides), remainings preserved in ethanol 70 %. Collected 0 8.12. 2007 at Praia das Conchas, Cabo Frio, Brazil, under rocks (22 �� 52 ' 33.05 "S, 41 �� 58 ' 39.27 "W). Distribution. This very rare species was described from Ilha de S��o Sebasti��o, S��o Paulo (type locality; Marcus 1952) and also reported from Florida and Colombia (Quiroga et al. 2004 a). It is the first time that this species is recorded from Rio de Janeiro State. Diagnosis. Translucid body; brown median line. Cerebral eyespots in two oval groups; marginal eyespots reach the brain level. Two prostatic vesicles and one seminal vesicle included in the same muscle sheath. Description. Color: Translucent body cream to ivory, with brown median line (Fig. 15 A). Form: Body characteristic of the family Prosthiostomidae, elongated, with anterior end rounded and posterior end pointed. Tentacles: Absent. Eyespots: Cerebral eyespot groups oval at 1.5 mm from the anterior margin (Fig. 15 B). Contain 54���59 eyespots. Marginal eyespots disposed in three approximately parallel lines (Fig. 15 B) that reach the brain level. About 70 eyespots present at each side of the median line. Digestive system: Pharynx tubular and voluminous measures 4 mm, in our specimen it is protracted (Fig. 15 B). Main intestine extends over �� of the body length. Epidermis and body wall: Dorsal epidermis (40 ��m) taller than ventral epidermis (13 ��m). Well-developed muscular layer composed by external longitudinal layer, intermediary circular and internal diagonal layer. Dorsal muscular layer measures 42 ��m and ventral layer 39 ��m. Sucker with 0.5 mm diameter. Gonopores: One male gonopore and one female gonopore present (Fig. 15 C). Measure 0.25 mm. Male gonopore at 5 mm from the anterior margin, followed by the female gonopore at 1 mm distance and by the sucker at 1.5 mm. Male reproductive system: Male atrium, with 0.47 mm length, curves backwards and opens perpendicularly to the body (Fig. 15 D) forming a half ���s���. Penis papilla measures 130 ��m. Two prostatic vesicles present (Fig. 15 D), rounded, and located one over the other, measuring 230 x 220 ��m. Seminal vesicle oval, located over the female gonopore, measuring 470 x 320 ��m. The three vesicles are found in a same muscle sheath (Fig. 15 D), a diagnostic character of the genus. Seminal duct passes through the prostatic vesicles to join the prostatic ducts at 0.16 mm from the penis papilla. Female reproductive system: Vagina 145 ��m, surrounded by cement glands densely disposed (Fig. 15 E). Disposition of cement glands and vagina limited by the presence and size of the voluminous seminal vesicle, located right above. Cement pouch elongated, measure 79 ��m. Female atrium 61 ��m deep (Fig. 15 E). Taxonomic remarks. This species was originally described in the genus Prosthiostomum (Marcus 1950), then Marcus & Marcus (1968) transferred it to Lurymare, based on the presence of a muscle sheath containing prostatic and seminal vesicles, an exclusive characteristic of this genus. This was supported by Prudhoe (1985), but Poulter (1975) considered that Lurymare should be a subgenus of Prosthiostomum. The drawings made by Marcus (1950) show the prostatic vesicles and the seminal vesicle together in a muscular sheath. Our specimen is in accordance with the original description (Marcus, 1950) and the amendment (Marcus & Marcus, 1968). Therefore this species should be included in Lurymare as this is the only prosthiostomid genus that possesses this character. This is something both Faubel (1984) and Prudhoe (1985) agreed on in their polyclad taxonomical revisions. Of the species recently found in Brazil and analyzed by us, both Lurymare matarazzoi and Lurymare utarum should be included in this genus, as both have prostatic and seminal vesicles included in a muscular sheath. However, Prudhoe (1989) later said that the validity of Lurymare as a genus seems unsure, due to variation in the presence of the muscle sheath around the accessory vesicles according to specimen size. Thus, it would be possible that Lurymare represents a late stage of Prosthiotomum, but this should be checked through a specific morphological and molecular study. Our specimen has approximately the same measure (22 x 5 mm) as found in the specimen of the original description (22.5 x 6 mm). Other Lurymare species, such as L. katoi, have different eyespot arrangements, with the cerebral group shorter and more close together. Also, this species has a different coloration pattern with gold to orange-red pigment granules (Poulter 1975). L. monosorum and L. drygalski present different coloration patterns, eyespot arrangements, and disposition of prostatic vesicles (Bock 1913). The other Brazilian Lurymare species, L. matarazzoi, does not have the brown median line (Marcus 1950). L. utarum is the only one in the genus with this coloration pattern., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius, Lavrado, Helena Passeri & Quiroga, Sigmer, 2014, Taxonomy of Cotylea (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Cabo Frio, southeastern Brazil, with the description of a new species, pp. 495-525 in Zootaxa 3873 (5) on pages 513-515, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/287261, {"references":["Marcus, E. (1952) Turbellaria brasileiros (10). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 17, 5 - 186.","Quiroga, S. Y., Bolanos, D. M. & Litvaitis, M. K. (2004 a) Policladidos (Platyhelminthes: \" Turbellaria \") del Atlantico Tropical Ocidental. Biota Colombiana, 5 (2), 159 - 172.","Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1968) Polycladida from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 101, 1 - 133.","Prudhoe, S. (1985) A Monograph on Polyclad Turbellaria. British Museum of Natural History and Oxford University Press, London / Oxford, 259 pp","Poulter, J. L. (1975) Hawaiian polyclad flatworms: Prosthiostomids. Pacific Science, 29 (4), 317 - 339.","Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburbischen Zoologischen Museum und Institute, 81, 189 - 259.","Prudhoe, S. (1989) Polyclad turbellarians recorded from African Waters. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zool), 55 (1), 47 - 96.","Bock, S. (1913) Studien uber Polycladen. Zoologiska Bijdrag fran Uppsala, 2, 31 - 344."]}

Thysanozoon brocchii (Risso 1818) (Figs. 11 and 12) Material examined. Two specimens (MNRJ-PLAT 41, 12 x 8 mm; 23 x 12 mm), the bigger as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (23 slides) collected 0 9.12. 2007 at Enseada 2, Ilha do Papagaio, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 53 ' 45.43 "S, 41 �� 59 ' 5.54 "W). One specimen in ethanol 70 % (MNRJ-PLAT 42, 16 mm x 12 mm) collected 30.03. 2008 at Enseada do Mimi, Ilha do Papagaio, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 53 ' 30.85 "S; 41 �� 59 ' 9.52 "W). One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 43, 13 mm x 9 mm) collected 21.04. 2008. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 44, 7 x 6 mm) collected 13.12. 2008. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 45, 23 mm x 15 mm) collected 0 7.02. 2009. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 46, 13 mm x 9 mm) collected 10.04. 2009. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 47, 25 x 19 mm) collected 17.04. 2010. All specimens or parts preserved in ethanol 70 %. All collected at Praia das Conchas, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 52 ' 33.05 "S, 41 �� 58 ' 39.27 "W). Distribution. Originally described from Naples, Italy (type locality; Risso 1818). It is considered a cosmopolitan species, reported from other regions of the Mediterranean Sea, United Kingdom, south and west of Africa, Florida, Caribbean coast of Colombia (Quiroga et al. 2004 b), Brazil, Japan and New Zealand (Prudhoe 1985). Recently reported from Canary Islands (Vera et al. 2008), Argentina (Brusa et al. 2009) and from Northeastern Brazil (Bahia et al. 2012). Diagnosis. Brown to yellowish brown with longitudinal median line cream colored; cream transversal line can also be present, forming a cross. Dorsal surface papillated, papillae size decreased toward the margin, some being spotted with white. Male system duplicated. Seminal vesicle elongated and located diagonally to the body. Taxonomic remarks. We have found specimens both larger and smaller (from 25 x 19 mm to 7 x 6 mm) than described originally from Brazil (13 x 7 mm), and specimens with similar size as specimens from Argentina (25 x 15 mm). They all fit the original description (Risso 1818) and the description of the Brazilian variation (Marcus 1949; Marcus & Marcus 1968). As observed by Marcus (1949), Brazilian specimens of T. brocchii have more invaginations in the female atrium than other Thysanozoon species. Also, T. brocchii differs from other Atlantic species, such as Thysanozoon nigrum, T. flavotuberculatum, in the coloration pattern and eyespot groups (Hyman 1939 a). The color variation found is illustrated in Figure 12. The papillae size varies from 0.5 to 0.3 mm and decreases toward the margin, being absent only in a 0.5 mm area near the margin were there are black pigmentation spots (Fig. 11 B and D). Because of the worldwide distribution of this species we recommend the use of molecular markers in a future study, to test if it is really a single species or a complex of morphologically similar species. Ecology. Specimens of Thysanozoon brocchii were collected over ascidians in the family Didemnidae in several ocasions. This species, together with Lamellaria molluscs, was observed frequently near colonies of this type of ascidians, especially at Praia das Conchas (Fig. 11 H and I). The relationship between these animals was reported both in the original description of T. lagidium (Marcus 1949: pg 83) and later (Marcus & Marcus 1951). In some specimens we found uterine ducts containing oocytes that reach 100 ��m diameter. The species T. brocchii was observed to be very active and presented swimming behavior when disturbed., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius, Lavrado, Helena Passeri & Quiroga, Sigmer, 2014, Taxonomy of Cotylea (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Cabo Frio, southeastern Brazil, with the description of a new species, pp. 495-525 in Zootaxa 3873 (5) on page 509, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/287261, {"references":["Risso, A. (1818) Sur quelques gasteropodes nouveaux, nudibranches et testibranches observes dans la mer de Nice. Journal de Physique Chimie et Histoire Naturelle, 87, 368 - 376.","Quiroga, S. Y., Bolanos, D. M. & Litvaitis, M. K. (2004 b) A checklist of polyclad flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, South America. Zootaxa, 633, 1 - 12.","Prudhoe, S. (1985) A Monograph on Polyclad Turbellaria. British Museum of Natural History and Oxford University Press, London / Oxford, 259 pp","Vera, A., Moro, L., Bacallado, J. J. & Hernandez, F. (2008) Contribucion al conocimiento de la biodiversidad de policlados (Pltyhelminthes, Turbellaria) em las Islas Canarias. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 20 (4), 45 - 59.","Brusa, F., Damborenea, C. & Quiroga, S. (2009) First records of the Pseudocerotidae (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) from Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa, 2283, 51 - 59.","Marcus, E. (1949) Turbellaria brasileiros (7). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 14, 7 - 155.","Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1968) Polycladida from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 101, 1 - 133.","Hyman, L. H. (1939 a) Acoel and Polyclad Turbellaria from Bermuda and the Sargassum. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 7 (1), 1 - 35.","Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1951) Contributions to the Natural History of Brazilian Turbellaria. Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 63 (3), 1 - 25."]}

Pseudoceros juani sp. nov. (Fig. 8) Etymology. This species is named after Juan Pi��eiro-Maceira, father of the first author, in acknowledgment of his support throughout her research on polyclads. Type material. Holotype: One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 40, 36 x 18 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (35 slides). Collected 31.12. 2008 at Enseada da H��pica, Ilha do Papagaio, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 53 ' 53.95 "S, 41 �� 58 ' 42.11 "W). Distribution. Species only known so far from the type locality. Diagnosis. Background color brick orange with scattered white and dark spots; whitish translucent marginal band with a thin light yellow outermost line. Description. Color: Background color brick orange. (Fig. 8 A and G). Translucent white marginal band 0.5 mm wide. Externally to it there is a thin light yellow line that runs all over the body margin, including pseudotentacle tips; it disappears after fixation. White and dark spots scattered in the dorsal surface except on the margin, giving the appearance of a granulated background. Tentacles are darker than the rest of the body (Fig. 8 A). Ventral surface milky but with the same coloration pattern as presented dorsally. Form: Body oval and elongated. (Fig. 8 A and B). Length is three times the width. Margin slightly ruffled. Pseudotentacles: Broad, tubular and simple rounded marginal folds (Fig. 8 A and C), 2.5 mm long. Eyespots: Cerebral eyespots at 1.5 mm from the anterior margin (Fig. 8 C). Cluster is about 0.2 mm large and rounded horse shoe shaped. There are about 37 cerebral eyespots. A band of tentacular eyespots (Fig. 8 C) is located in the border of the tentacles (approximately 68 eyespots in each fold), some other ocelli are scattered in between the tentacle folds (around 36 eyespots) and ventrally near the margin (30 eyespots on each side). Digestive system: Pharynx tipical of the genus, radially ramified, almost as long as wide with lots of intricate folds (Fig. 8 B). It is 5 x 4.5 mm large and located 2.5 mm from the anterior margin. Mouth opens slightly anteriorly to the middle of the pharynx, 6 mm from the anterior margin. Main intestine extends about 80 % of the body length and reaches to 4.8 mm from the posterior margin (Fig. 8 B). Epidermis and body wall: Dorsally, epidermis and muscular layer are more developed. Body wall thickness is 81 ��m dorsally and 27 ��m ventrally. Rhabdites present on both surfaces (Fig. 8 E) but more abundant dorsally. Pigment granules present in the epidermis. Muscular fibers disposed as longitudinal, circular and diagonal layers, respectively. Sucker at 14 mm from the anterior margin and 4.9 mm from the female gonopore (Fig. 8 B). Gonopores: Male and female gonopores are 2 mm from one another (Fig. 8 B). Male gonopore 9 mm distant from the anterior margin and measures 0.5 mm. Female gonopore mesures 0.4 mm. Male reproductive system: Prostatic vesicle round and located slightly left from the body median line (Fig. 8 E). It measures 0.2 x 0.22 mm and is located near the base of the penis papillae, anteriorly to the seminal vesicle. Seminal vesicle large (840 x 510 ��m), elongated parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body (Fig. 8 F). Its wall is densely muscularized (110 ��m thick). Ejaculatory duct stretches perpendicularly to the vesicle and joins the prostatic duct at the penis papillae. Penis papillae 260 ��m long. Male atrium 270 ��m deep and with folds (Fig. 6 F). Stylet 180 ��m long. Female reproductive system: Vagina 180 ��m long, connecting to oviducts perpendicularly (Fig. 8 D). Oviducts directed backwards. Numerous cement glands present (Fig. 8 D) and cement pouch (90 ��m) relatively long. Female atrium 110 ��m long (Fig. 8 D). Taxonomic remarks. There are three Pseudoceros species described or reported from Brazil (Marcus 1949; Bahia & Padula 2009). Pseudoceros chloreus Marcus 1949 has a different color pattern and according to Marcus��� illustrations (Marcus 1949, pg: 153) has a pharynx more elongated and with fewer folds than we find in our specimen. Some P. b i c o l o r and P. rawlinsonae specimens have a similar pattern of white dorsal spots, but not the dark spots, and the general coloration pattern (especially the marginal band that is striated in P. b i c o l o r and P. rawlinsonae but is not in our specimen) is different (Verrill 1901; Bola��os et al. 2007; Bahia & Padula 2009; Litvaitis et al. 2010). The general coloration pattern of P. j u an i sp. nov. resembles that of the Mediterranean and Canarian (Vera et al. 2008) species Yungia aurantiaca (Delle Chiaje 1822). However, this genus is distinguished from Pseudoceros by the presence of intestinal pores and ��� Pseudobiceros -like��� pseudotentacles (Faubel 1984; Prudhoe 1985; Newman & Cannon 1994). The Australian species Pseudoceros devisii Woodworth, 1898 possesses yellowish orange coloration, but its pattern is dark orange marginal band and median line (Woodworth 1898). The picture of P. prudhoei (Newman & Cannon 1994; pg: 261) resembles our specimen. However, its marginal band is blue to mauve. Internally this species differs from P. j u an i sp. nov. in the position of the prostatic vesicle not being in front of the seminal vesicle but slightly under it (Newman & Cannon 1994; pg: 235). The arrangement of tentacular eyespots is similar to the one illustrated in Newman & Cannon (1994) figures 3 A and E. The internal features of P. juani sp. nov. resemble those of Pseudoceros lactolimbus Newman & Cannon, 1998 and P. uniarborensis Newman & Cannon, 1994, such as a long and large seminal vesicle and prostatic vesicle located in front of the seminal vesicle. However, these species coloration patterns (Newman & Cannon 1994 pg: 254, 263; 1998 pg: 309, 319) differ from that observed in P. juani sp. nov. (Fig. 8 A). The specimen found at Cabo Frio and studied herein does not fit any of the known Pseudoceros species (Yeki & Kaburaki 1918; Kaburaki 1923; Hyman 1953; Hyman 1954; Prudhoe 1989; Newman & Cannon 1994, 1995, 1998; Newman & Schupp 2002), therefore the species is herein described and named., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius, Lavrado, Helena Passeri & Quiroga, Sigmer, 2014, Taxonomy of Cotylea (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Cabo Frio, southeastern Brazil, with the description of a new species, pp. 495-525 in Zootaxa 3873 (5) on pages 503-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/287261, {"references":["Marcus, E. (1949) Turbellaria brasileiros (7). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 14, 7 - 155.","Bahia, J. & Padula, V. (2009) First record of Pseudoceros bicolor and Pericelis cata (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Brazil. Marine Biodiversity Records, 2, 1 - 5. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1755267209000918","Verrill, A. E. (1901) Additions to the fauna of the Bermudas from the Yale Expedition of 1901, with notes on other species. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 11, 15 - 62.","Bolanos, D. M., Quiroga, S. Y. & Litvaitis, M. K. (2007) Five new species of cotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the wider Caribbean. Zootaxa, 1650, 1 - 23.","Litvaitis, M. K., Bolanos, D. M. & Quiroga, S. Y. (2010) When names are wrong and colours deceive: unraveling the Pseudoceros bicolor species complex (Turbellaria: Polycladida). Journal of Natural History, 44, 829 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930903537074","Vera, A., Moro, L., Bacallado, J. J. & Hernandez, F. (2008) Contribucion al conocimiento de la biodiversidad de policlados (Pltyhelminthes, Turbellaria) em las Islas Canarias. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 20 (4), 45 - 59.","Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburbischen Zoologischen Museum und Institute, 81, 189 - 259.","Prudhoe, S. (1985) A Monograph on Polyclad Turbellaria. British Museum of Natural History and Oxford University Press, London / Oxford, 259 pp","Woodworth, W. McM. (1898) Some planarians from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard, 31, 63 - 67.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1998) Pseudoceros (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Indo-Pacific with twelve new species from the Australia and Papua New Guinea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 46 (2), 293 - 323.","Yeki, M. & Kaburaki, T. (1918) Descriptions of some Japanese polyclad Turbellaria. The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 39 (9), 1 - 54.","Kaburaki, T. (1923) The Polyclad turbellarians from the Philippine Islands. United States National Museum Bulletin, 100 (1 / 10), 635 - 651.","Hyman, L. H. (1953) The polyclad flatworms of the Pacific coast of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 100 (2), 265 - 392.","Hyman, L. H. (1954) The polyclad genus Pseudoceros, with special reference to the Indo-Pacific region. Pacific Science, 8, 219 - 225.","Prudhoe, S. (1989) Polyclad turbellarians recorded from African Waters. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zool), 55 (1), 47 - 96.","Newman, L. J. & Schupp, P. (2002) A new species of pseudocerotid flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida) from the Indo- Pacific. Micronesica 34 (2), 177 - 184."]}

Pseudobiceros evelinae (Marcus 1950) (Fig. 9) Material examined. One juvenile specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 20, 2 x 2 mm), collected 20.04. 2008. Two mature specimens (30 x 20 mm e 46 x 24 mm), the biggest as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (MNRJ-PLAT 21, 64 slides), collected 0 7.02. 2009. One mature specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 22, 32 x 18 mm), collected 10.04. 2009. One immature specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 23, 8 x 5 mm), collected 16.10. 2009. All specimens preseved in ethanol 70 % and collected at Praia das Conchas, Cabo Frio, Brasil (22 �� 52 ' 33.05 "S, 41 �� 58 ' 39.27 "W). Distribution. Known only from Brazil. Originally described from Forte de Itaip��, Santos, S��o Paulo (type locality; Marcus 1950). Also reported from Extremoz, Rio Grande do Norte (Bahia et al. 2012) and from Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro (present study). Specimens collected under boulders and over the ascidian Symplegma rubra. This species was only collected at Praia das Conchas, where there is prey abundance. Diagnosis. Body elongated with ruffled margin; background color wine red with three marginal bands; the innermost black, the median orange and the external thin and black. Pseudotentacular eyespots disposed in four dorsal and four ventral groups; male apparatus duplicated; seminal vesicle rounded. Taxonomic remarks. We found both smaller and larger specimens (from 2 x 2 mm to 46 x 24 mm) than those described by Marcus (40 x 13 mm), but they presented one internal band that was not described by Marcus (1950). This can be related to specimen nutritional condition, as darker animals (better fed, or with different diet) present this band less defined related to dorsal coloration (personal observation). We noted some differences between the specimens found in northeastern Brazil and those in Rio de Janeiro. The epidermis is thicker in southern animals (dorsal 50 ��m, ventral 30 ��m, against 37 ��m in northern specimens), and muscular layers too (dorsal 40 ��m, ventral 30 ��m, against 14 ��m in northern animals). Rhabdites in Cabo Frio���s specimens were present both dorsally and ventrally, but abundant only dorsally. As the specimens found in Cabo Frio were larger, ventral sucker measures such as diameter (1 mm) and distance from the anterior margin (18.5 mm) and female gonopore (4 mm) were also larger. There are Pseudobiceros species in the Caribbean, Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific with the same ���uniform background with different marginal bands��� coloration pattern as P. evelinae, but none of them has dark red as background color (Newman & Cannon 1997). It is suggested that these species should be studied together to clarify, with molecular tools, if they represent distinct taxa or variations of the same species. Ecology. Pseudobiceros evelinae was observed associated with compound ascidians of the genus Symplegma (Fig. 9 H). That was also observed both in the original description (Marcus 1950) and posteriorly (Marcus & Marcus 1951). We also observed specimens near ascidians in the family Didemnidae (Fig. 9 I)., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius, Lavrado, Helena Passeri & Quiroga, Sigmer, 2014, Taxonomy of Cotylea (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Cabo Frio, southeastern Brazil, with the description of a new species, pp. 495-525 in Zootaxa 3873 (5) on page 506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/287261, {"references":["Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1997) Nine new species of Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Indo- Pacific. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 45 (2), 341 - 368.","Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1951) Contributions to the Natural History of Brazilian Turbellaria. Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 63 (3), 1 - 25."]}

Phrikoceros mopsus (Marcus 1952) (Fig. 3) Material examined. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 25, 19 x 15 mm) collected 27.10. 2007 at Ilha do Papagaio, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 53 ' 45.43 "S, 41 �� 59 ' 5.54 "W). One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 26, 21 x 17 mm) collected 28.10. 2007. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 27, 13 x 13 mm) collected 0 8.12. 2007. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 28, 9 x 5 mm) collected 20.04. 2008. Two specimens (MNRJ-PLAT 29, 10 x 8 mm; 24 x 19 mm) collected 21.04. 2008. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 32, 30 x 23 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (41 slides) collected 30.08. 2008. Vouchers 26 to 29 and 32 collected at Praia das Conchas, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 52 ' 33.05 "S, 41 �� 58 ' 39.27 "W). Two specimens (MNRJ-PLAT 30, 15 x 13 mm, 10 x 6 mm). Two specimens (MNRJ-PLAT 31, 26 x 21 mm; 18 x 17 mm), the bigger as sagittal sections of the reproductive structures (23 slides). Vouchers 30 and 31 collected 18.05. 2008 at Canal de Itajuru, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 53 ��� 11 ������S, 42 ��00���08������W). All especimens or especimens parts preserved in ethanol 70 %. Distribution. This species was described from Ilha de S��o Sebasti��o, S��o Paulo State, southeastern Brazil (type locality; Marcus 1952). It was also recorded from Antigua, Cura��ao (Marcus & Marcus 1968), Barbuda, Colombia (Quiroga et al. 2004 a) and Argentina (Brusa et al. 2009; Bulnes et al. 2011). Also it was recently reported from Northeastern Brazil (Bahia et al. 2012), locality between its geographic distribution extremes. Our specimens of Phrikoceros mopsus were collected at rocky shores, under boulders with great amounts of ascidians, sponges and other marine invertebrates, and also at the sublittoral at Ilha do Papagaio where there are gorgonians and boulders reefs. Diagnosis. Body oval and elongated, margin deeply ruffled. Dorsally, reticulated mottled pattern with white tiny spots. Median line darker than the rest of the body, margin with thin dark line. Four groups of pseudotentacular eyespots located dorsally and four ventrally. Opening of main intestine located at the anterior half of the body. Taxonomic remarks. Our specimens characteristcs agree with those described by Marcus (1952). Differences we noticed were variations in color, problably due to nutritional condition or age (Fig. 4), and number of eyespots and measures, probably due to size of specimens. The flatworms found at Cabo Frio were larger than those of Norheastern Brazil (Bahia et al. 2012) but smaller than those of Argentina (Brusa et al. 2009). There could be a relation of specimen size and water temperature or nutrient availability, but ecological studies should be undertaken to answer this question., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius, Lavrado, Helena Passeri & Quiroga, Sigmer, 2014, Taxonomy of Cotylea (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Cabo Frio, southeastern Brazil, with the description of a new species, pp. 495-525 in Zootaxa 3873 (5) on pages 499-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/287261, {"references":["Marcus, E. (1952) Turbellaria brasileiros (10). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 17, 5 - 186.","Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1968) Polycladida from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 101, 1 - 133.","Quiroga, S. Y., Bolanos, D. M. & Litvaitis, M. K. (2004 a) Policladidos (Platyhelminthes: \" Turbellaria \") del Atlantico Tropical Ocidental. Biota Colombiana, 5 (2), 159 - 172.","Brusa, F., Damborenea, C. & Quiroga, S. (2009) First records of the Pseudocerotidae (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) from Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa, 2283, 51 - 59.","Bulnes, V. N., Albano, M. J., Obenat, S. M. & Cazzaniga, N. J. (2011) Three pseudocerotid (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Cotylea) species from the Argentinian coast. Zootaxa, 2990, 30 - 44."]}

Pseudobiceros pardalis (Verrill 1900) (Fig. 10) Material examined. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 33, 55 x 37 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (24 slides) collected 16.10. 2009 at Praia das Conchas, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 52 ' 33.05 "S, 41 �� 58 ' 39.27 "W). One specimen in ethanol 70 % (MNRJ-PLAT 34, 64 x 36 mm). Collected 17.10. 2009 at Pared��o Sul, Ilha do Papagaio, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 54 ' 3.28 "S, 41 �� 59 ' 1.21 "W). Distribution. Pseudobiceros pardalis was described from Bermuda (Verrill 1900) and reported from Bahamas, south Florida and Panama (Bola��os et al. 2007). It is herein reported for the first time from Brazil. This record expands the species distribution to a transition/limit zone between tropical (Tropical Southwestern Atlantic and Subtropical Southwestern Atlantic Provinces) and subtropical environments (Spalding et al. 2007). Diagnosis. Purple reddish dorsal surface with orange dots, delimited by black line; white dots also delimited by black line near the margin and body margin also with black surrounding line. Ventrally same pattern, light reddish purple, translucent above the reproductive organs and pharynx. Taxonomic remarks. Our specimens are in agreement with the original description and the re-description (Bola��os et al. 2007). We only disagree on the type of pseudotentacles that are formed by complex folds of the anterior margin, not simple folds as stated in the redescription. Our specimens have lighter coloration than the ones in the original description (Verrill 1900) and redescription (Bola��os et al. 2007), probably due to their larger size or to differences in the nutritional conditions of the animals. In the field, specimens were darker, as illustrated in Figure 10. We also noted a black line surrounding the margin. Observed differences in coloration as reported in other papers can occur due to different specimen size (60 x 40 mm in the original description, from 25 x 14 mm to 40 x 25 mm in Bola��os et al. (2007) and 55 x 37 mm ��� 64 x 36 mm in our specimens)., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius, Lavrado, Helena Passeri & Quiroga, Sigmer, 2014, Taxonomy of Cotylea (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Cabo Frio, southeastern Brazil, with the description of a new species, pp. 495-525 in Zootaxa 3873 (5) on pages 506-509, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/287261, {"references":["Verrill, A. E. (1900) Additions to the Turbellaria, Nemertina and Annelida of the Bermudas, with revisions of some New England genera and species. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10, 595 - 672.","Bolanos, D. M., Quiroga, S. Y. & Litvaitis, M. K. (2007) Five new species of cotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the wider Caribbean. Zootaxa, 1650, 1 - 23.","Spalding, M. D., Fox, H. E., Allen, G. R., Davidson, N., Ferdana, Z. A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B. S., Jorge, M. A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K. D., McManus E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A. & Robertson, J. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57 (7), 573 - 583. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1641 / b 570707"]}

Cycloporus variegatus Kato, 1934 (Figs. 17 and 18) Material examined. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 68, 9 x 6 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (16 slides), collected 27.10. 2007 at Enseada 2, Ilha do Papagaio, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 53 ' 45.43 "S, 41 �� 59 ' 5.54 "W). Three specimens (MNRJ-PLAT 69, 11 x 8 mm, 13 x 10 mm and 12 x 8 mm), one as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (15 slides), collected 28.10. 2007. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 70, 5 x 4 mm), as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (5 slides), collected 0 8.12. 2007 One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 71, 6 x 5 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (9 slides), collected 0 8.12. 2007. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 72, 4 x 3 mm) collected 13.12. 2008. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 75, 10 x 10 mm) collected 16.10. 2009. All collected at Praia das Conchas, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 52 ' 33.05 "S, 41 �� 58 ' 39.27 "W). One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 73, 3 x 3 mm) collected 13.12. 2008 at Enseada da H��pica, Ilha do Papagaio, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 53 ' 53.95 "S; 41 �� 58 ' 42.11 "W). Two specimens (MNRJ-PLAT 74, 4 x 3 mm, 3 x 2 mm) one as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (6 slides), collected 30.12. 2008 at Enseada 3, Ilha do Papagaio, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 53 ' 53.21 "S, 41 �� 58 ' 59.40 "W). All specimens preserved in ethanol 70 %. Distribution. Species described from Japan (Kato 1934) and reported from Vietnam, West Australia, North Great Barrier Reef (Newman & Cannon 2002) and colombian Caribbean (Quiroga et al. 2004 a). Herein it is for the first time recorded from Brazil. Diagnosis. Translucent body; yellow spots scattered in the dorsal surface, they are more concentrated at median line. Coloration is due to food. Intestinal glands at the body margin with yellow coloration; intestine with nine lateral branches. Three to four pairs of uterine vesicles. Description. Color: Translucent body, color observed from ramified intestine (Fig. 17 A and E). Most specimens present coloration from ocher to dark brown, depending on the feeding status (Fig. 17 A and E). One specimen presented green coloration (Fig. 17 F). Yellow spots scattered in dorsal surface and more concentrated at the median line (Fig. 17 A, E and F), forming a median line, or elongated spots in most specimens. White dots also scattered dorsally. Marginal glands with yellow color (Fig. 17 A). Tentacles can also have yellow pigmentation (Fig. 17 A, E and F). Form: Oval rounded body. Tentacles: Marginal tentacles short and pointed (Fig. 17 A, E and G), measuring 0.2 mm. Eyespots: Cerebral eyespot groups elongated and broad (Fig. 17 D and G) with 80���82 eyespots each. Located at 1���1.1 mm from the anterior margin. Tentacular eyespots (Fig. 17 C, D and G) in dorsal and ventral groups. Dorsal groups with 75���77 eyespots and ventral groups with 41���48 eyespots. Digestive system: Pharynx short and tubular, measuring 1.8���1.9 mm. Mouth opens at 0.7���2.2 mm from the anterior margin. Intestine with around nine lateral branches. Main intestine occupies 3���7.2 mm of body length (Fig. 17 B, E, I and M). Terminal intestinal vesicles occupy 0.1���0.2 mm at the body margin. Epidermis and body wall: Ventral body wall (epidermis 0.0215 mm, muscular layer 0.013 mm) taller than dorsal body wall (epidermis 0.0196 mm, muscular layer 0.014 mm). Rhabdites present both dorsally and ventrally. Longitudinal muscular layer external, intermediary circular layer and diagonal internal layer. Large sucker (0.2���0.7 mm) located at the middle of the body, at 2.4���6.5 mm from the anterior margin (Fig. 17 C). Gonopores: One male and one female gonopore present (Fig. 17 C). Male gonopore at 1.25���3.1 mm from the anterior margin, measuring 0.2���0.3 mm. Female gonopore at 0.5���0.6 mm from the male pore, measuring 0.1���0.2 mm. Male reproductive system: Male reproducive apparatus disposed parallel (Fig. 17 H) or diagonally (Fig. 17 L) to body axis. Seminal vesicle oval and elongated towards the posterior end (Fig. 17 H and L), measuring 351 ��� 421 x 207 ��m. Prostatic vesicle in front of the seminal vesicle (Fig. 17 H) measuring 117 ��m. Penis papilla measures 103���122 ��m. Short male atrium measures 140���187 ��m. Female reproductive system: Ovaries dorsally to main intestine. Four pairs of uterine vesicles (Fig. 17 B and E) disposed at each side of the median line. Female atrium with invagination (0.047���0.0561 mm) measuring 51.4���74.8 ��m. Short vagina (53.3���98.2 ��m), cement glands numerous and densely disposed. Cement pouch elongated, measuring 32.7���60.8 ��m. Oviducts with oocytes of around 47 ��m diameter. Taxonomic remarks. Until now, Cycloporus gabriellae was the only species of the genus known from Brazil (Marcus 1950). Specimens herein studied are in accordance with the description of C. variegatus, a species from Pacific Ocean, also found in the colombian Caribbean. Our specimens reach larger sizes (from 8 x 6 mm to 19 x 11 mm) than originally observed (9 x 3 mm and 11 x 6 mm) by Kato (1934). Other species with similar coloration pattern and ocher coloration, C. papillosus, is characterized by dorsal papillae (Yeri & Kaburaki 1918) absent in C. variegatus. Among other Cycloporus species, only C. australis and C. gabriellae present nine main intestine branches (Newman & Cannon 2002) and the specimens studied here differ from these species in the coloration pattern and cerebral and tentacular eyespots arrangement. Ecology. Species from the genus Cycloporus were observed, during collections, over ascidians and sponges of orange or red coloration (Fig. 18). These polyclads are smaller than most animals of this group and different from other more active species, Cycloporus spp. tend to associate strongly with their preys, most commonly collected over them. The association between this genus and ascidians was reported by Stummer-Traunfels (1933), Marcus (1950) and Marcus & Marcus (1968). Cycloporus variegatus was observed over Symplegma rubra and an unidentified orange ascidian (Fig. 18 A and B). This ascidian species was found with feeding marks from Cycloporus specimens (Fig. 18 D). The specimen coloration is approximately the same as the prey coloration, and the polyclad camouflages itself in the ascidian. The Polycladida predation over sessile invertebrates can make areas available for other species settlement (Fig. 18 B), contributiong to a higher richness in the environment., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius, Lavrado, Helena Passeri & Quiroga, Sigmer, 2014, Taxonomy of Cotylea (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Cabo Frio, southeastern Brazil, with the description of a new species, pp. 495-525 in Zootaxa 3873 (5) on pages 517-519, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/287261, {"references":["Kato, K. (1934) Polyclad turbellarians from the neighborhood of the Mitsui Institute of Marine Biology. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 6, 123 - 129.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (2002) The genus Cycloporus (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Australasian waters. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 50 (2), 287 - 299.","Quiroga, S. Y., Bolanos, D. M. & Litvaitis, M. K. (2004 a) Policladidos (Platyhelminthes: \" Turbellaria \") del Atlantico Tropical Ocidental. Biota Colombiana, 5 (2), 159 - 172.","Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Yeki, M. & Kaburaki, T. (1918) Descriptions of some Japanese polyclad Turbellaria. The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 39 (9), 1 - 54.","Stummer-Traunfels, R. von (1933) Polycladida (continued). In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs IV. (Vermes). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, pp. 3485 - 3596.","Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1968) Polycladida from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 101, 1 - 133."]}

Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius, Lavrado, Helena Passeri, Quiroga, Sigmer (2014): Taxonomy of Cotylea (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Cabo Frio, southeastern Brazil, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 3873 (5): 495-525, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.3

Pseudoceros bicolor Verrill 1901 (Fig. 5) Material examined. Two specimens (details in Table 1). One imature specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 35, 12 mm x 9 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (12 slides). Collected 30.12. 2008 at Ilha do Papagaio, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 53 ' 53.21 "S, 41 �� 58 ' 59.40 "W). One imature specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 36, 12 mm x 8 mm) preserved in 70 % ethanol. Collected 0 6.02. 2009 at Praia das Conchas, Cabo Frio, Brazil (22 �� 52 ' 33.05 "S, 41 �� 58 ' 39.27 "W). Distribution. Described from Birds Islands, Bermuda (type locality; Verrill 1901), reported from Cura��ao (Marcus & Marcus 1968), Caribbean coast of Colombia (Quiroga et al. 2004 b), Florida, Virgin Islands, Jamaica, Belize, Honduras and Caribbean coast of Panama (Rawlinson 2008), Brazil (Bahia & Padula 2009). Specimens herein studied were found under rubbles in the intertidal and sublittoral zones. Diagnosis. Dorsal coloration from yellow to dark brown, white spots present; white marginal band with greyish black transversal stripes; bright yellow to greenish marginal line sometimes present. Taxonomic remarks. Pseudoceros bicolor, described without histological sections (Verrill 1901), was amended by Litvaitis et al. (2010). These authors also studied the P. bi co l o r complex through a molecular approach. It was observed that specimens treated as a single species in papers such as Rawlinson (2008) and Bahia & Padula (2009) belong, in fact, to two distinct species with similar coloration pattern. The other species included in this complex is Pseudoceros rawlinsonae Bola��os, Quiroga & Litvaitis, 2007. We separated specimens in the P. bicolor complex by considering P. b i c o l o r the ones without marginal line or with a thin line bright yellow to greenish at the worm margin, as indicated by Litvaitis et al. (2010). Our immature specimens were of a smaller size (12 mm x 9 mm) than originally described (30 mm x 15 mm), but they agree with features reported in the original description and recent amend (Litvaitis et al. 2010)., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius, Lavrado, Helena Passeri & Quiroga, Sigmer, 2014, Taxonomy of Cotylea (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Cabo Frio, southeastern Brazil, with the description of a new species, pp. 495-525 in Zootaxa 3873 (5) on page 501, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/287261, {"references":["Verrill, A. E. (1901) Additions to the fauna of the Bermudas from the Yale Expedition of 1901, with notes on other species. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 11, 15 - 62.","Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1968) Polycladida from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 101, 1 - 133.","Quiroga, S. Y., Bolanos, D. M. & Litvaitis, M. K. (2004 b) A checklist of polyclad flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, South America. Zootaxa, 633, 1 - 12.","Bahia, J. & Padula, V. (2009) First record of Pseudoceros bicolor and Pericelis cata (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Brazil. Marine Biodiversity Records, 2, 1 - 5. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1755267209000918","Litvaitis, M. K., Bolanos, D. M. & Quiroga, S. Y. (2010) When names are wrong and colours deceive: unraveling the Pseudoceros bicolor species complex (Turbellaria: Polycladida). Journal of Natural History, 44, 829 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930903537074","Bolanos, D. M., Quiroga, S. Y. & Litvaitis, M. K. (2007) Five new species of cotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the wider Caribbean. Zootaxa, 1650, 1 - 23."]}

Cycloporus gabriellae Marcus 1952 (Fig. 16) Material examined. Two specimens (MNRJ-PLAT 63, 5 x 4 mm and 5 x 5 mm), one as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (5 slides). Three specimens (MNRJ-PLAT 64, 6 x 4 mm, 9 x 4 mm and 7 x 5 mm) one as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (10 slides), all collected 0 8.12. 2007. Two specimens (MNRJ-PLAT 65, 5 x 3 mm and 7 x 5.5 mm), one as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (8 slides), collected 20.04. 2008. One specimen (MNRJ-PLAT 66, 7 x 4 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (5 slides), collected 13.12. 2008. Two specimens (MNRJ-PLAT 67, 7.5 x 5 mm, 6.7 x 4 mm), the larger as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (8 slides), collected 16.10. 2009. All specimens collected at Praia das Conchas, Cabo Frio, Brasil, under rocks (22 �� 52 ' 33.05 "S, 41 �� 58 ' 39.27 "W) and preserved in ethanol 70 %. Distribution. Originaly described from Ilha de S��o Sebasti��o, S��o Paulo (Marcus 1950), it was later reported from Cura��ao and Antigua (Marcus & Marcus 1968). Diagnosis. Translucid body; color determined by intestinal content. Nine pairs of lateral branches of the main intestine, one anterior pair. Five to six pairs of uterine vesicles. Description. Color: Translucid body, color determined by intestine content. Our specimens presented orange coloration when alive (Fig. 16 A). Intestine vesicles characteristic from the genus present at the body margin, white colored. In some specimens these vesicles are very abundant forming a conspicuous white band. Form: Oval. Tentacles: Short projections of the body margin (Fig. 16 A, B and C). Eyespots: Tentacular eyespots distributed in ventral and dorsal groups, located at the tentacle margin. Ventral groups (Fig. 16 B and C) contain 13���30 eyespots and dorsal groups (Fig. 16 C and D) 25���45 eyespots. Cerebral eyespots, in two elongated groups, which become thinner towards the margin (Fig. 16 C), occupying 0.9 mm length, with 27���43 eyespots present, at 0.5���0.8 mm from the anterior margin. Most specimens presented around 35 eyespots in each group. Some eyespots are found scattered beyond the groups, toward the anterior margin, in a region that reaches 0.7 mm length, between tentacular and cerebral groups (Fig. 16 C). Digestive system: Short pharynx, thick and tubular. Measures from 0.8 to 1.1 mm. Main intestine reaches 1.5 to 2 mm of the body. Nine lateral ramifications and one anterior present in the main intestine. Terminal intestine vesicles located throughout the body margin; occupy 0.1 mm of the margin. Epidermis and body wall: Smooth dorsal surface. Dorsal epidermis (19 ��m) a little thicker than the ventral epidermis (14 ��m). Ciliated epidermis with rhabdites both dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 16 F). Epidermic glands also present. Voluminous sucker measures 0.25���0.4 mm. Muscular circular fibers constitute the external muscular layer and diagonal fibers the internal layer. Muscular layers thin in both body surfaces, a little thicker dorsally (11 ��m) than ventrally (10 ��m). Gonopores: Male gonopore at 1.9 mm from the anterior margin, female pore at 2.2 mm (Figure 16 B and E). Female gonopore measures 0.2 to 0.25 and male pore measures 0.25 to 0.3 mm. Male reproductive system: Testicles ventrally to main intestine. Male structures turned forwards. Seminal vesicle rounded with 270 ��m diameter. Prostatic vesicle with 170 ��m diameter. Male atrium measures 200 ��m and penis papilla with 182 ��m. Female reproductive system: Ovaries dorsally to main intestine. Five to six pairs of uterine vesicles disposed at each side of the median line. Cement glands occupy only the region immediately beside the vagina and are found densely disposed. Vagina curved backwards with changed disposition, depending on the uteri content. Almost empty (Fig. 16 F) or full of oocytes (Fig. 16 G and H). Vagina measure 120���230 ��m, oocytes measure 70.1���75 ��m. Cement pouch, short and lightly curved backwards, measuring 49 ��m. Female atrium measure 47 ��m. Taxonomic remarks. Cycloporus gabriellae is the only species of the genus reported from Brazil (Marcus 1950, 1952). Our specimens present measures (from 5 x 3 mm to 7.5 x 5 mm) similar to the originally described (5 x 4 mm and 9 x 4 mm) by Marcus (1950) and smaller than those described by Marcus & Marcus (1968) (10 mm). However, they are in accordance with characteristics described in both works. Cycloporus is not a speciose genus. Until 2002 only six species were known around the world. Newman & Cannon (2002) increased this number to 14. Among these only C. gabriellae, C. australis and C. variegatus present nine main intestine lateral branches (Newman & Cannon 2002). However, C. australis and C. variegatus present a higher number of cerebral tentacular eyespots and yellow dots in the margin, absent in C. gabriellae. Besides, Cycloporus variegatus present a median line, also absent in C. gabriellae (Marcus 1950, 1952)., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius, Lavrado, Helena Passeri & Quiroga, Sigmer, 2014, Taxonomy of Cotylea (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Cabo Frio, southeastern Brazil, with the description of a new species, pp. 495-525 in Zootaxa 3873 (5) on pages 515-517, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/287261, {"references":["Marcus, E. (1952) Turbellaria brasileiros (10). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 17, 5 - 186.","Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1968) Polycladida from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 101, 1 - 133.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (2002) The genus Cycloporus (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Australasian waters. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 50 (2), 287 - 299."]}

Pseudobiceros evelinae (Marcus, 1950) (Fig. 4) Material examined and locality. One mature specimen (16 mm x 15 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (17 slides, MNRJ-PLAT 11). One juvenile specimen (6 mm x 5 mm) preserved in ethanol 70 %, collected 11 March 2009 (MNRJ-PLAT 12). Seven specimens (13 mm x 6 mm, 12 mm x 7 mm, 11 mm x 10 mm, 12 mm x 12 mm, 13 mm x 9 mm, 8 mm x 6 mm and 6 mm x 4 mm) preserved in ethanol 70 %, collected 9 March 2009 (MNRJ-PLAT 13). All specimens collected at Brazil, RN, Extremoz, Praia de Santa Rita, 0 5 o 41 ��� 44 ������S; 35 o 11 ��� 39 ������W, intertidal, under rocks. Distribution. Originally described from Forte de Itaip��, Santos, S��o Paulo State, Brazil. Also collected in Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro State, Southeastern Brazil (Bahia, unpublished data). Specimens were collected under rocks, associated with ascidians. Rio Grande do Norte represent the northernmost report of this species to date. Diagnosis. Elongated body with ruffled margin; background color wine red with three marginal bands; inner black, middle orange and thinner outer black band. Tentacular eyespots arranged in four dorsal and four ventral clusters. Doubled male reproductive structures. Description. Color: Background wine red, darker toward the margins. Three marginal bands present. Internal black band broad, middle orange band surrounded by a black thinner band (Fig. 4 A). The inner black band is visible mostly on bright backgrounds, when in dark background or in the field this band appears merged with the dorsal coloration as if it was a denser pigmentation near the margins. All bands interrupted in the zone between tentacles. The black outer band remains conserved after fixation. Cerebral area unpigmented. Ventral color pattern same as dorsally in live worms. After fixation it turns creamy. Form: Elongated with rounded ends (Fig. 4 A). Highly ruffled margins (Fig. 4 B). After fixation the body distends and becomes rounded. Tentacles: Margin folds turned backwards that reaches 1.2 mm. Tentacular tips whitish (Fig. 4 A). Eyespots: Each tentacle bears four eyespots clusters, two dorsal and two ventral. Two are proximal and two distal. Ventro-distal groups bear 50 eyespots and ventro-proximal clusters around 35 eyespots. Dorsal groups could not be counted due to tentacle folding and coloration. Cerebral eyespot cluster in horse-shoe shape and bearing 13 ��� 25 eyespots. Digestive system: Pharynx 4 mm long, numerously but tenuously folded. Mouth opens at 5 mm from the anterior margin. Pharyngeal folds filled with eosinophilous granules that might be remains of the specimen food (synascidians). Epidermis and body wall: Epidermis short ciliated (0.037 mm) with a strong basal membrane. Rhabdites present and abundant both dorsally and ventrally. Thin muscular layers 0.014 mm thick, consisting of longitudinal, circular and diagonal fibers, respectivelly. Loose parenchyma. Sucker voluminous, 1.2 mm distant from the female gonopore and 0.3 mm large. Subcutaneous pigmentation can be seen in histological sections. Cutaneous glands numerous on the dorsal surface and also present ventrally. Gonopores: Two male and one female gonopores present. Male gonopores 0.2 mm large and 7.4 mm distant from the anterior margin, positioned on each side of the median line of the body (Fig. 4 C). Female gonopore 0.8 mm distant from the male gonopore, located in the median body line and 0.15 mm large (Fig. 4 C). Male reproductive system: Ventrally disposed testes. Male system doubled with corresponding vesicles, stylet (0.09 mm), and penis papilla. Penis (0.24 mm) and male atrium directed backwards (Fig. 4 D). Male atrium 0.24 mm deep. Large seminal vesicle (0.54 mm) reaches twice the copulatory structure size. Seminal ducts are repeatedly expanded forming seminal accessory vesicles that reach 0.61 x 0.44 mm. The main seminal vesicle joins the penis papilla posteriorly through an ejaculatory duct. Prostatic vesicle anteriorly disposed (Fig. 4 D) and 0.26 x 0.13 mm large. Female reproductive system: Vagina short, 0.13 mm long. Female atrium 0.11 mm deep. Cement pouches (0.04 mm) surrounded by dense masses of cement glands (Fig. 4 E). Uteri occur dorsally to testes and ventrally to intestine. Uterine duct curved backwards and joining the vagina right under a pharyngeal fold. Taxonomic remarks. Pseudoceros species were acknowledged as remarkably homogeneous internally (Newman & Cannon 1996). After the proposition of the genus Pseudobiceros (Faubel 1984), Pseudoceros species that presented two male gonopores were relocated in the new genus. Pseudoceros was restricted to species with only one male system present. Faubel (1984) therefore recognized the species described by Marcus as Pseudobiceros evelinae. Our specimens fit the characteristics reported on the original description (tentacular eyespots disposal, color pattern and reproductive structures). There are 22 Pseudobiceros species and nine of them present the ���even color & distinct marginal bands��� color pattern, P. evelinae being the only species with red as even color known up to date (Newman & Cannon 1997)., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius & Delgado, Marlon, 2012, Five new records and morphological data of polyclad species (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) from Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, pp. 31-44 in Zootaxa 3170 on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212293, {"references":["Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1996) New genera of pseudocerotid flatworms (Platyhelminthes; Polycladida) from Australian and Papua New Guinean coral reefs. Journal of Natural History, 30 (10), 1425 - 1441.","Faubel, A. (1984) The Polycladida, Turbellaria Proposal and establishment of a new system Part II. The Cotylea. Mitteilungen Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 81, 189 - 259.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1997) Nine new species of Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Indo- Pacific. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 45 (2), 341 - 368."]}

Phrikoceros mopsus (Marcus, 1952) (Fig. 3) Material examined and locality. One juvenile specimen (12 mm x 11 mm) preserved in ethanol 70 %. Collected 9 March 2009 (MNRJ-PLAT 08). One mature specimen (17 mm x 11 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures. Collected 11 March 2009 (16 slides, MNRJ-PLAT 09). Two mature specimens (12 mm x 7 mm and 7 mm x 8 mm) preserved in ethanol 70 %, collected 11 March 2009 (MNRJ-PLAT 10). All specimens collected at Brazil, RN, Extremoz, Praia de Santa Rita, 0 5 o 41 ��� 44 ������S, 35 o 11 ��� 39 ������W, intertidal, under rocks. Distribution. Originally described from Ilha de S��o Sebasti��o, S��o Paulo State (Marcus 1952) and herein reported from Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. Also known from Antigua, Cura��ao (Marcus & Marcus 1968), Barbuda, Colombia (Quiroga et al. 2004 a) and Argentina (Brusa et al. 2009; Bulnes et al. 2011). This species is considered as representative of reef habitats (Rawlinson 2007). Diagnosis. Body oval and elongated with deeply ruffled margin. dorsal region with reticulated, mottled pattern with white spots; median line darker than the rest of the body; margin with a dark line; four pseudotentacular eyespots groups located dorsally, four ventrally; main intestine entrance located in the anterior half of the body. Description. Color: Background cream with brown reticulate pattern (Fig. 3 A), combined with a mottled pattern of white spots (Fig. 3 B). These white spots are better viewed in dark background. The body median line and pseudotentacles are of a darker brown. Dark line present throughout the body margin and only interrupted at pseudotentacle tips (Fig. 3 A e 3 B). Cerebral region and ventral surface uncolored. Form: Oval with deep ruffled margin characteristic of the genus (Fig. 3 A). Tentacles: Square-shaped simple folds of the margin with 1.3 mm length. Eyespots: Cerebral eyespots located at 0.9 ��� 1.0 mm from the anterior margin. They extend through 0.2���0.3 mm and form a horseshoe shaped cluster. This cluster is densely formed and has about 35 ocelli. Tentacle eyespots are disposed in four ventral and four dorsal clusters. These clusters are of two types: located between the proper tentacle folds and located in the marginal fold that forms the tentacle. There is one of each cluster type in each tentacle both ventrally and dorsally. Dorsal pseudotentacular eyespots are about 30 in each cluster and ventral clusters have about 70 eyespots. Digestive system: Pharynx ruffled with six simple folds. It reaches 3 mm length and it is 2 mm distant from the anterior margin. It is possible to distinguish the pharynx and main intestine in the dorsal view of the animal (Fig. 3 A). Mouth opens at 2.5 mm from the anterior margin. Main intestine opens above the male reproductive system, extending posteriorly to the sucker and ending prior to the posterior margin. Epidermis and body wall: Large sucker (0.5 mm) 1.2 mm distant from the female gonopore (Fig. 3 D). Ventral epithelium (0.03 mm) slightly taller than the dorsal (0.02 mm). Both well developed. Rhabdites and pigment granules can be seen in the dorsal surface. Cilia better developed and rhabdites scarcer on the ventral surface. Muscular layers thin (0.009 mm dorsally and 0.017 mm ventrally) and composed by longitudinal, circular and diagonal fibers. Under the epidermis and muscular layers there is a loose parenchyma. Gonopores: One male and one female gonopore present (Fig. 3 D). Each measures 0.5 mm. Male gonopore 4.5 mm distant from the anterior margin. Female pore lies right behind the male gonopore. This distance can be longer, as described by Brusa et al. (2009), but in our specimens it is very short probably due to variations in fixation or specimen size. Male reproductive system: One male system partially located under pharyngeal folds. Testes ventrally located (Fig. 3 D). Seminal vesicle oblong and 0.39 x 0.24 mm large. Prostatic vesicle round (0.13 x 0.12 mm). This structure is anterior to the seminal vesicle and slightly dislocated to the left side of the body. Their ducts join near the penis papilla (0.18 mm). Penis papilla has a sclerotized stylet 0.1 mm long (Fig. 3 C). Shallow male atrium (0.19 mm). Female reproductive system: Short vagina (0.21 mm) surrounded by numerous cement glands (Fig. 3 C). Cement pouches as shallow invaginations 0.07 mm from the female gonopore. Expanded oviducts containing eggs (Fig. 3 C). Although smaller than other Phrikoceros mopsus specimen (Brusa et al. 2009), our specimens were sexually mature and had oviducts full of eggs. These eggs had 0.08 mm diameter. Taxonomic remarks. After Faubel���s (1984) revision, Newman & Cannon (1996) created the genus Phrikoceros. It has as diagnostic features deep marginal ruffles, simple pharyngeal folds and the arrangement of ventral and dorsal pseudotentacular eyes into distinct clusters. Quiroga et al. (2004 b) recognized that Pseudoceros mopsus Marcus, 1952 has these characteristics and so reallocated the species to the genus Phrikoceros. Our results also corroborate this decision. Our specimens disagree from those of Brusa et al. (2009) in the distance between gonopores. This could be due to size of specimens, as our specimens are up to 17 mm long and theirs were 50 mm long, or to differences in body contraction during fixation. Bulnes et al. (2011) specimens are also large and have some differences related to our specimens. There are differences in coloration pattern, absence of rhabdites, body wall thickness and egg size. Mar del Plata specimens (Bulnes et al. 2011) differ from those described by Brusa et al. (2009) and from our specimens on the muscular layers (theirs specimens outer muscular layer is circular), the junction of the ejaculatory and prostatic ducts (at the penis base in our specimen not at the stylet base) and spermiducal bulbs lacking. Those disparities between specimens may be not related to the size of specimens, as Brusa et al. (2009) described larger specimens than Bulnes et al. (2011), Marcus (1952) and this work. Molecular tools and more detailed comparative anatomic studies may clarify this question., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius & Delgado, Marlon, 2012, Five new records and morphological data of polyclad species (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) from Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, pp. 31-44 in Zootaxa 3170 on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212293, {"references":["Marcus, E. (1952) Turbellaria brasileiros (10). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 17, 5 - 186.","Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1968) Polycladida from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 101, 1 - 133.","Quiroga, S. Y., Bolanos, D. M. & Litvaitis, M. K. (2004 a) Policladidos (Platyhelminthes: \" Turbellaria \") del Atlantico Tropical Ocidental. Biota Colombiana, 5 (2), 159 - 172.","Brusa, F., Damborenea, C. & Quiroga, S. (2009) First records of the Pseudocerotidae (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) from Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa, 2283, 51 - 59.","Bulnes, V. N., Albano, M. J., Obenat, S. M. & Cazzaniga, N. J. (2011) Three pseudocerotid (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Cotylea) species from the Argentinian coast. Zootaxa, 2990, 30 - 44.","Rawlinson, K. A. (2007) Biodiversity of coastal polyclad flatworm assemblages in the wider Caribbean. Marine Biology, 153, 769 - 778.","Newman, L. J. & Cannon, L. R. G. (1996) New genera of pseudocerotid flatworms (Platyhelminthes; Polycladida) from Australian and Papua New Guinean coral reefs. Journal of Natural History, 30 (10), 1425 - 1441.","Quiroga, S. Y., Bolanos, D. M. & Litvaitis, M. K. (2004 b) A checklist of polyclad flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, South America. Zootaxa, 633, 1 - 12."]}

Enchiridium evelinae Marcus, 1949 (Fig. 2) Material examined and locality. One mature specimen (17 mm x 7 mm) as sagittal sections of reproductive structures (13 slides, MNRJ-PLAT 05). One juvenile specimen (11 mm x 3 mm) preserved in ethanol 70 % (MNRJ- PLAT 06). Both collected 11 March 2009 at Brazil, RN, Extremoz, Praia de Santa Rita, 0 5 o 41 ��� 44 ������S, 35 o 11 ��� 39 ������W, intertidal, under rocks. One specimen (14 mm x 6 mm) preserved in ethanol 70 %. Collected 12 March 2009 at Brazil, RN, N��sia Floresta, Praia de B��zios, 0 6 o 00��� 41 ������S, 35 o06��� 24 ������W, intertidal, under rocks (MNRJ-PLAT 07). Distribution. Originally described from S��o Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil (Marcus 1949) and now reported to Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Brazil. It is also known from Cura��ao (Marcus & Marcus 1968). This species is considered by Rawlinson (2007) as representative of seagrass habitat. We found our specimens both in a rocky shore dominated by ascidians and in another with algae, sponges and bryozoans. Diagnosis. Body long and narrow; dorsal region cream colored with brown dots, more densely disposed in the median line; margin with orange dots; pharynx reaches 1 / 3 of the body length; seminal and prostatic vesicles highly muscularized; penis papilla and male atrium long. Description. Color: Whitish body with brown dots; more densely located in the median line of the body. Yellow dots are also present (Fig. 2 A) at the margin and between the brown dots of the main body. These dots disappear after fixation, and according to Marcus (1949), are lipoids. Form: Body elongated and narrow. Anterior end rounded and posterior end somewhat bluntly pointed. Tentacles: Absent. Eyespots: Cerebral eyespots in two clusters (Fig. 2 B). Each one presents 18 ��� 30 eyespots. Ocelli number apparently varies according to size. Each cluster extends through 0.5 mm. They are 1.5 ��� 1.1 mm from the anterior margin. Marginal eyespots form a scattered band that reaches 1.1 mm from the cerebral eyespots (Fig. 2 B). This band begins at 0.1 mm from the margin and contains approximately 75 eyespots on each side until the brain level. After the brain, marginal eyespots get scarce and are disposed in a single row. In our specimens they do not reach the posterior end. Digestive system: Pharynx voluminous and tubular; begins right behind the clusters of cerebral eyespots at 2.0 ��� 1.5 mm from the anterior margin. It is 3.5 mm long. Mouth opens at 1.5 ��� 2.0 mm of the anterior margin (Fig. 2 C). Main intestine begins anteriorly to the gonads. Epidermis and body wall: Below the thin ciliated epidermis there is a thick muscular layer that gives the animal its firm consistence. Ventral body wall thicker (epidermis 0.02 mm and muscular layer 0.09 mm) than the dorsal body wall (epidermis 0.01 mm and muscular layer 0.08 mm). Muscular layers are disposed as follow: diagonal, circular layer and longitudinal layer. Rhabdites visible and abundant on the dorsal surface. Sucker lies 7.5 mm from the anterior margin (Fig. 2 C) is muscular, glandular and 0.2 mm large. Glandular mucous cells are present dorsally. Gonopores: One male and one female gonopore present. Male gonopore is 5.7 mm distant from the anterior margin. Female gonopore is 1 mm distant from male gonopore (Fig. 2 C). Male reproductive system: Long penis papilla (0.31 mm) and stylet (0.02 mm) bent backwards (Fig. 2 D). This makes the male atrium almost parallel to the body. Male atrium extends for 0.62 mm and its wall have about five folds. Accessory and prostatic vesicles spherical and muscular. Prostatic vesicle reaches 0.31 x 0.33 mm and located anteriorly to the seminal vesicle. Ejaculatory duct and sperm duct join in front of the prostatic vesicle. These ducts are also muscularized. Seminal vesicle oval, highly muscular and 0.4 x 0.6 mm large. Female reproductive system: Vagina short and ciliated (0.29 mm) with extensions directed to the cement glands, in the cement pouches (Fig. 2 D). Cement pouches 0.05 mm long. Uteri connect to the vagina anteriorly. Taxonomic remarks. Most characteristics of our specimens fit the ones in the original description of E. evelinae (Marcus, 1949). The fact that in our specimens marginal eyespots do not reach the posterior end is in accordance with Marcus & Marcus (1968), who state that only larger animals have marginal eyes reaching the posterior end. The number of cerebral eyespots is also lower, probably because our specimens are smaller than those of the original description (Marcus 1949). The two Western Atlantic Enchiridium species have the observed dotted coloration pattern and a long penis papilla. This had led to misidentification (Hyman 1955). Marcus & Marcus (1968) pointed out that Enchiridium periommatum has a shorter pharynx (13 % of the body length) compared to E. evelinae (26 % of the body length). Our specimens fit the E. evelinae definition also in the distance between the cerebral and marginal eyes and in the length of the penis papilla, which distinguishes this species from other of the genus., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius & Delgado, Marlon, 2012, Five new records and morphological data of polyclad species (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) from Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, pp. 31-44 in Zootaxa 3170 on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212293, {"references":["Marcus, E. (1949) Turbellaria brasileiros (7). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 14, 7 - 155.","Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1968) Polycladida from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 101, 1 - 133.","Rawlinson, K. A. (2007) Biodiversity of coastal polyclad flatworm assemblages in the wider Caribbean. Marine Biology, 153, 769 - 778.","Hyman, L. H. (1955) Some Polyclad flatworms from the West Indies and Florida. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 104 (3341), 115 - 150."]}

Hoploplana divae Marcus, 1950 (Fig. 6) Material examined and locality. One mature specimen (3.5 mm x 2.5mm) as sagittal sections of the reproductive structures, collected 12 March 2009 at Brazil, RN, N��sia Floresta, Praia de B��zios, 0 6 o 00��� 41 ������S, 35 o06��� 24 ������W, under rubble, on an incrusting bryozoan (Cheilostomata) (10 slides, MNRJ-PLAT 17). Distribution. Originally described from S��o Paulo, Southeastern Brazil (Marcus 1950), here reported to Rio Grande do Norte State. Also known from Cura��ao (Marcus & Marcus 1968). This species shows a broad habitat preference as the type material was found near algae (Marcus 1950), the specimens from Cura��ao were over Rhizophora (Marcus & Marcus 1968) and our specimen was found near a rocky reef feeding upon an incrusting Cheilostomata bryozoan. Diagnosis. Body hard, small; dorsal region pale orange with rusty orange granules; short and thin papillae; nuchal tentacles present; cerebral eyespots densely disposed. Description. Color: Body with a pale orange coloration, somewhat transparent (Fig. 6 A); the intestine is visible and has a rusty coloration (Fig. 6 B). Throughout the body there are small rusty orange pigment granules, darker than the intestine (Fig. 6 A), that disappear after fixation. Form: Body mainly oval. Anterior and posterior ends rounded. Tentacles: Nuchal tentacles 1 mm distant from the anterior margin (Fig. 6 A and 6 C), each one 0.25 mm long. Eyespots: Cerebral eyespots in two sparse clusters (Fig. 6 C). They are present anteriorly to the brain, 1.2 mm behind the anterior end of the specimen. Tentacular eyespots occur in the bases of both tentacles forming a ring cluster (Fig. 6 C). They are arranged in two dense groups of approximately 26 ocelli each. Digestive system: Highly ruffled pharynx (Fig. 6 B). It measures 1.3 mm and is located 1.5 mm from the anterior end of the body. Mouth located 2 mm from the anterior end. Epidermis and body wall: Body covered by thin and short papillae (Fig. 6 C e 6 D). Each papilla measures 0.05 mm. Body wall thick and hard on touch. Dorsal epidermis (0.02 mm) thinner than ventral epidermis (0.027 mm). Dorsal muscular layer (0.018 mm) thicker than ventral muscular layer (0.009 mm). Gonopores: One male and one female gonopore both situated right behind the pharynx. Male gonopore 3 mm distant from the posterior end. Female gonopore located right behind the male gonopore. Reproductive system: Spermiductal bulbs highly muscular visible by transparency in the ventral surface (Fig. 6 B). Unfortunately, no internal detail was observed because the specimen dried prior to histological analysis and was in poor condition to be analyzed. Taxonomic remarks. There are two species of Hoploplana reported from the Brazilian coast: H. divae and Hoploplana usaguia (Smith 1960). The latter is a mollusk symbiont and has a smooth dorsal surface (Smith 1960). Our specimen fits the original description of the papillate H. divae, despite the presence of the rusty orange granules that was not cited in the original description. This kind of darker dorsal marks was noted by Hyman on sketches of Hoploplana grubei (Graff, 1892), but on this species they were restricted to the margin (Hyman 1939). Also, H. grubei lack papillae present in H. divae. The granules may be related to the nutritional state of the animal or may be used as cryptic coloration as to confound the animal���s body into its bryozoan prey. The hard consistency of the body wall is probably due to this species��� feeding behavior, which consists of hard-body Bryozoa. The interaction between Hoploplana species and bryozoans is acknowledged in the name of one species, Hoploplana schizoporellae (Smith 1960)., Published as part of Bahia, Juliana, Padula, Vinicius & Delgado, Marlon, 2012, Five new records and morphological data of polyclad species (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) from Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, pp. 31-44 in Zootaxa 3170 on pages 40-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212293, {"references":["Marcus, E. (1950) Turbellaria brasileiros (8). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 15, 69 - 190.","Marcus, E. & Marcus, E. (1968) Polycladida from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 101, 1 - 133.","Smith, E. H. (1960) On a new polyclad commensal of prosobranchs. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 32 (3 / 4), 385 - 390.","Hyman, L. H. (1939) Acoel and Polyclad Turbellaria from Bermuda and the Sargassum. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 7 (1), 1 - 35."]}