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This study aimed to develop a sensitive lateral flow test strip for the detection of bisphenol A (BPA) in breast milk. Conventional nitrocellulose test membrane was coated with the coaxial nanofiber, consisting of the inner polycaprolactone (PCL) and the outer PCL/silk fibroin (SF) mixture, to decrease the flow rate of the breast milk in the lateral flow assay (LFA). The nanofiber was prepared by using coaxial electrospinning, and BPA antibody was immobilized physically to the nanofiber. This nanofiber was used as a test membrane in the LFA. Color changes on the test membrane were evaluated as the signal intensity of the BPA. Breast milk creates a background on surfaces due to its structural properties. This background was detected by comparing the signal intensity with the signal intensity of water. The higher signal intensity was found in water samples when compared to breast milk samples. Although the detection limit is 2 ng/ml in both coaxial PCL/SF nanofiber and nitrocellulose (NC) test membranes, the color intensity increased with the increasing BPA concentration in the coaxial PCL/SF nanofiber. As a new dimension, the coaxial PCL/SF nanofiber provided higher color intensity than the NC membrane. In conclusion, a sensitive onsite method was developed for the detection of BPA in breast milk by using new coaxial PCL/SF nanofiber as a test membrane in LFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the activity of lactase immobilized polycaprolactone and silk fibroin (PCL/SF)-based nanofiber and nitrocellulose membrane for the preparation of lactose-reduced milk. PCL/SF -based nanofiber was prepared by using the electrospinning method. The lactase enzyme was immobilized using the physical adsorption method on both surfaces, and then the optimum operating temperature and pH of the immobilized enzymes were determined. The efficiency of the immobilized lactase enzyme was determined in both goat and cow milk. The nutrient content of milk was also analyzed before and after the incubation of nanofiber and membrane with milk. The lactose hydrolysis efficiency of the lactase immobilized nitrocellulose membrane was found to be higher than the lactase immobilized PCL/SF -based nanofiber. Lactose was hydrolyzed 59% in cow milk and 87% in goat milk by using lactase immobilized nitrocellulose membrane. 42% of lactose was also hydrolyzed in cow milk and 21% was hydrolyzed in goat milk by using lactase immobilized PCL/SF-based nanofiber. However, the use of these two bioactive surfaces did not change the fat and protein composition of both cow and goat milk. In conclusion, lactase immobilized nitrocellulose membrane was found to be more advantageous in the production of lactose-reduced milk than the lactase immobilized polycaprolactone/silk fibroin nanofiber. • Lactase enzyme immobilized on polycaprolactone/silk fibroin nanofiber. • Lactase enzyme immobilized on nitrocellulose membrane. • Lactose-reduced cow and goat milk is prepared by using bioactive surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to detect the biocompatibility of bioactivated polycaprolactone/silk fibroin-based nanofibers in vivo using zebrafish embryos. Anti-Bisphenol A (BPA) antibody or lactase enzyme was immobilized on electrospun nanofibers, for making the nanofiber bioactive. Lactase immobilized nanofiber was developed to hydrolyze lactose and produce milk with reduced lactose. Anti-BPA antibody immobilized nanofiber was developed to remove bisphenol A from liquids. To test the biocompatibility of the bioactive nanofibers, the zebrafish embryos were divided into 4 groups; control, raw nanofiber, lactase immobilized nanofiber, and anti-BPAantibody immobilized nanofiber groups. In nanofiber-based exposure groups; nanofibers were incubated separately in the embryonic development medium. Subsequently, the embryos were kept in these development mediums for 72 h post-fertilization (72 hpf) and their developmental analyzes were performed. At the end of 72 hpf, zebrafish embryos were homogenized. Lipid peroxidation and nitrite oxide levels, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activities were determined to monitor the disturbance of oxidant-antioxidant balance in zebrafish embryos. Exposure to bioactive nanofibers slightly disrupted the oxidant-antioxidant balance, but this change did not affect the mortality and hatching times of the embryos. In conclusion, zebrafish embryos have been effectively used in biocompatibility testing for bioactive nanofibers suggesting that these materials are biocompatible. • This study tested the biocompatibility of bioactivated nanofibers using zebrafish embryos. • PCL/SF based nanofibers were bioactivated with lactase enzyme and anti-BPA antibody. • Exposure slightly disrupted the oxidant-antioxidant balance without affecting embryo mortality. • Bioactive nanofibers were found to be biocompatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]