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Polluted river water treatment utilizes a mix of physical, chemical, and biological processes and activities. Conventional systems, including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, have several limitations. Hence, the Membrane Photocatalytic Reactor (MPR) is one of the most promising methods for polluted river water treatment. ZnO-Kaolin nanoparticles served as great photocatalysts for MPR performance. This study focuses on the pilot-scale hybrid MPR treatment of polluted river water under different light intensities (100, 125, and 225 watts) and irradiation times (20, 30, and 40 minutes). The treated water quality analysis is based on the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA 1974). The kinetic rate was also investigated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. It was found that 225 watts and 30 minutes were the optimum values. The pilot scale hybrid MPR proved to fit well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic models, suggesting that the degradation follows a chemisorption mechanism. In conclusion, we believe the hybrid MPR pilot-scale system will enhance efficiency in cleaning dirty river water, all while meeting the standards of the EQA 1974. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers provide essential resources for human use both in agriculture and aquatic ecosystems, which are particularly vulnerable to contamination. The polluted river water was treated using MPR incorporated Zno-Kaolin. The ZnO-Kaolin was synthesized through precipitation method and calcined at 550C. The characterization of the ZnO-kaolin was done using FTIR and XRD. It was found no impurities occurred during the synthesis. The Zno-Kaolin was then incorporated with MPR to investigate the reduction performance under different conditions, i) effect of initial pH, ii) effect of dosing and iii) effect of initial concentration. it was found that the optimal pH for the reduction is at pH 5, and at dosage 0.05 g/L. It was found the 100% concentration gave the highest reduction for all water quality index (salinity,TDS, conductivity). It can be concluded that MPR incorporated Zno-kaolin effectively treat polluted river water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional technologies such as physical, chemical, and biological treatment have low efficiency, a tendency towards fouling, and use high energy consumption, respectively. Coagulation-flocculation base treatment, nearly 40-60%, during the latest technologies as an advanced organic process (AOP) with Fenton-reagents, nearly 80-85% in dissolved organic compound (DOC) reduction, respectively. It proves that emerging technology and new green technology are needed. Therefore, the objective of this study is (i) to treat polluted rivers using pilot-scale MPRs with different initial pH of 5, 7 and 9 and adsorption-desorption time contact for 20, 30 and 40 minutes using 0.05 g/L ZnO-Kaolin loading, 225W light intensity, pressured one barg and 30 minutes' photocatalytic reaction time. (ii) analysing the physico-chemical quality of the water before and after the treatment as turbidity, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH levels using the HACH method with 90.89%, 84.93%, 83.19%, 99.38%, 19.47% and 0.63% removal efficiency respectively. (iii) Analyzing the kinetic reaction between the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models using turbidity data. In conducting the experiment, the sample of polluted river water was taken at Sungai Sembrong, Batu Pahat. From the result obtained, when pH five and time adsorption-desorption time contact for 30 minutes was the optimum condition for degrading and removing the organic matter. Moreover, it obeys the pseudo-second-order model, which relates to the chemisorption process between the ZnO-Kaolin and organic compounds. Overall, MPRs are claimed as a promising technology that is environment-friendly for wastewater treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]