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This paper investigates how unemployment and democracy influence the relationship between youth bulges and political instability. A novel feature of our empirical analysis is that we examine the joint effect of labour markets and the level of democracy in the linkage between youth bulges and political instability. Using political instability data derived from the International Country Risk Guide we conduct a series of panel data analyses over one hundred countries and make use of several sub-samples for the years 1984–2019. We find that youth bulge alone enhances political instability, while high rates of unemployment further enhance its role. Interestingly, we find that moving towards democracy increases its effect upon political instability if greater percentages of youth population and unemployment persist in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impacts of inbound tourism on economic growth by using panel system generalized methods of moments techniques for over 100 countries during the period 1995–2016. Using political instability as a moderator variable, the evidence shows that inbound tourism alone can lead to economic growth along with an increase in the standard control variables such as capital formation, education, and R&D expenditure. Nevertheless, a significant adverse effect on economic growth is revealed in the presence of medium to high political instability. The marginal impact of inbound tourism on economic growth with a high level of political instability is more detrimental in low-income countries than in their counterparts. Developing countries, which are heavily reliant on tourism, suffer more severe damages to economic growth when there is increasing political instability. Therefore, the analysis concludes that political stability is one of the key players in sustainable tourism development and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking at the current political turmoil across the globe, this study aims to analyze the effects of interaction between political instability and terrorism on tourism development using panel data from 139 countries for the period 1999–2009. The study measures the extent to which a country’s political conflicts and terrorism can negatively impact its tourism industry. The results reveal that the effect of political instability on tourism is far more severe than the effects of one-off terrorist attacks. Surprisingly, the findings suggest that terrorist attacks increase tourism demand for those low- to moderate-political-risk countries. However, countries that experience high levels of political risk witness significant reductions in their tourism businesses. In addition, political volatility and terrorism together can cause serious damage to the tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article evaluates the effects of political instability, terrorism, and corruption on tourism development, particularly UNESCO-listed heritage destinations. Using a fixed-effects panel data analysis for 139 countries over the period 1999-2009, the result reveals that a one-unit increase in political instability decreases tourist arrivals and tourism revenue between 24% and 31% and 30% and 36%, respectively. Furthermore, in the presence of heritage, terrorism has negative effects on tourism demand even though its effect is lower than that of political instability. However, the study shows that an increase in corruption index would not have an adverse influence on tourist arrival numbers, particularly for those countries that have historical and natural heritage. Perhaps, many experienced travelers have expectations that they would require paying bribes to corrupt authorities for travel visa or permits to some tourist destinations in order to make things accessible. Moderation effect results indicate that political instability reduces tourism demand even in UNESCO-listed heritage destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]