Search

The subject. This article represents an attempt to research the notion of “constitutional identity”, which has recently emerged as a relevant concept in constitutional law, through the prism of its transformation reacting the world’s challenges.The purpose of the research is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that both typical and extraordinary factors may influence differently on the transformation of constitutional identity.The methodology. The article is based on the dialectical method, as well as on the logical, historical, systemic methods. A comparative method was applied to study the features of the constitutional identity of States. Authors pay attention to the interaction of international and national policies.The main results, scope of application. Within the doctrine of constitutional identity it is presented a discussion with respect to terms and definitions of constitutional, state or national identity, constitutional identity of citizens. Moreover, such two notions as “individuality” and “identity” form a curious couple since “identity” may contravene “individuality”. Different factors which can influence on transformation of the constitutional identity, are listed (globalization (antiglobalism), universalization of constitutional values, COVID-19 pandemic, migration, etc.). In particular, different countries choose different models of reflecting the processes of globalization in their domestic constitutional legislation: from striving for unification to systematic confrontation. In this regard, it seems necessary to assess these factors, taking into account the experience of different states. Besides, the activities of international bodies can give rise to the universalization of constitutional values. For example, supranational bodies (in particular, the European Court of Justice) develop generalcial common culture. Another example is the current epidemiological crisis. The coronavirus infection has made its own adjustments to the constitutional identity of states. Examples of such transformation are full border closures or partial closures with individual states; amendments to the national legislation, according to which the issues of measures permissible for implementation by the state are being revised in order to ensure the life and health of the population.Conclusions. Definition the constitutional identity is an important strategic framework for national policy. However, there is no certain fixed constitutional identity of the state. On contrary, the identity of the state tends to be changeable. Transformation can be regarded as voluntary, forced or consciously responsive, expected or not. Voluntary transformation usually becomes a response to the evolutionary development of society, scientific and technological advances and discoveries. Forced transformation is likely to be a reaction to economic, epidemiological, political crises. Therefore, in order to determine the constitutional identity of certain state it is necessary to understand the cultural, historical, social and political contexts of its formation and current development in the conditions of the contemporary world.

Problem setting. The problem of human rights in the context of globalization is complex and requires concerted and effective actions, which should be applied not only at the level of nation states, but also at the global level. Globalization has opened new challenges, related to the implementation, development and transformation of human rights, accelerated their universalization, and set new challenges for the world community. The purpose of the article is to analyze the essence of globalization and the impact of globalization processes in the world on the definition of the essence and approaches to human and civil rights and freedoms, analysis of the legal basis for their consolidation and guarantee. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Today, the interest of scientists to globalization in general and legal globalization has increased significantly. The problem of human rights has a worldwide character, it has been studied by such leading foreign specialists as Z. Baumman, in. Beck, K. Omaye, S. Strahej, E. Toffler, M. Foucault, Y. Habermas, J. Rola, F. Fukuyama, etc. Certain aspects of legal globalization were studied by domestic scientists – O. Petrishin, P. Rabinovich, O. Dashkovskaya, L. Wasechko, I. Zharovskaya, N. Onishchenko, O.Uvarova and others. However, consideration of the problem of human rights transformation requires a solidise analysis and a comprehensive approach. Articles main body. The issues of interaction between globalization and law at the present stage of society development are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the factors of interaction between globalization changes and human rights in modern society. The following signs of transformation of the institution of rights and freedoms are singled out: change of the content of human rights under the pressure of global problems of the present; emergence and legal development of new human rights and freedoms; universalization and regionalization of human rights; complicating the system of international legal regulation of human rights. It is determined that in the context of globalization processes human rights standards in the sphere of digital technologies and further development of human rights to prohibit discrimination in all spheres of relations, in particular on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity, also deserve special attention. Conclusions. Analyzing the different approaches to the legal opportunities of people in the era of globalization, it can be stated that given the diversity of relations of which everyone in the world is a member, international organizations and each country should not dwell on developing and improving the legal framework to guarantee and protect human interests and rights. . But they are obliged to continue the legal policy on the recognition and consolidation of human rights and freedoms that appear in the changing conditions of today in the modern world under the further influence of scientific and technological progress, as well as geopolitical challenges.

The Indian education system is perhaps the largest system in the world catering the need of millions of students of different socio-economic background. Education is globally acknowledged as the most powerful means of empowerment. Education is utmost important for every child irrespective of its gender. It is disheartening that, even in current modern scenario, some people are still against the education of the girl children. Every child has the right to receive elementary education however, Due to many factors girls are forced to leave school while others never have been provided an opportunity to enroll in schools. Among children not attending schools there are more girls than boys and among illiterate adults, there are more women than women. Many girls continue to dropout that adversely affects the efficiency of the education system and respective progressive expectations. The unfinished task in terms of un-enrolled and out-of-school girl child is the manor challenge. Rigorous and continuous efforts are required to bring and retain girl children under the purview of education system. The community and government schemes in this direction, can jointly play a vital role in bringing and retaining girl children to schools for primary and secondary education. To understand the problems and challenges faced by girls at elementary education level the author conducted a study in education zone Magam. The zone progressed significantly but still it has many areas of concern that are primarily responsible for un-fulfilment of the goals of universal literacy. There are number of problems which become hindrance in the way of education of girls but whatever the reason is if significant efforts were taken this problem can be then tackled easily. So, the authors hope that this study can help us to illuminate some of the complexities around education of the girls at elementary level and bring new insight to policy makers and educational practitioners.

A pandemia da Covid-19 causou consideráveis transtornos à sociedade do mundo globalizado. A educação, como um dos sistemas sociais, sofreu importantes impactos que merecem atenção. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os principais dilemas vivenciados pelos/as professores/as da educação básica brasileira durante o período da suspensão das aulas presenciais e da adoção intensificada das tecnologias digitais no ensino remoto. A abordagem qualitativa e de caráter exploratório adotada estimou a estatística descritiva e a análise de conteúdo dos dados emergentes das respostas ao questionário preenchido pelos/as 209 professores/as que lecionam da educação infantil ao ensino médio na cidade de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. Os resultados apontaram que, apesar das inúmeras dificuldades e de não substituírem as relações presenciais, os/as profissionais reconheceram a validade da educação remota e das tecnologias digitais da comunicação e informação nas práticas educacionais, nesse conturbado período. A preocupação com as desigualdades de condições de acesso à educação, agravadas com a medida emergencial, principalmente pelos/as alunos/ as das escolas da rede pública, foi destacada, o que corrobora a situação de que a universalização da educação, como direito de todos/as, ainda não se consagra no Brasil. Submetido: 01.02.2021 Aceite: 04.05.2021

Developments in the Islamic world outside of the MENA region traditionally receive little scientific attention. Contrary to this trend, this article focuses on current debates on and developments in the methodology of Islamic Law in Indonesia that are intertwined with the larger process referred to as ‘indigenization of Islam’ in the Southeast Asian country. The pluralistic nature of law in Indonesia leaves room for a rather theoretical and non-juridical discussion of fiqh and enables a renewed exploration of Islamic Law. While easily perceived as a purely religious endeavor, this process comprises important political, social, and religious components and aims at balancing out religious and legal demands and Indonesian culture. By taking various documents and multiple perspectives on Islamic Law into account, this article illustrates the emergence of a genuinely Indonesian Islam and proves how elements of indigenization, globalization, and universalization characterize the process.

Como resultado de la integración de México a los mercados internacionales en el último cuarto del siglo XIX, numerosas innovaciones tecno-científicas foráneas fueron introducidas en diversos ámbitos de la vida económica y social del país. Simultáneamente, se consolidó el proceso de “universalización” del conocimiento científico, iniciado en Europa en el siglo XVII y afianzado en el XIX con la integración de nuevos espacios geográficos a las redes de intercambio y colaboración. El presente trabajo aborda los principales rasgos de ese proceso en México y examina el desarrollo de la Sociedad Científica “Antonio Alzate” como modelo de una nueva concepción de la sociabilidad científica, tanto en la formulación de sus principios epistémicos, como en el alcance de su vocación internacionalista.

This article describes the dynamics of the indigenous people of Cireundeu in Cimahi with their specific systems in responding to the current modernization and Islamic da’wa activities. Using a qualitative approach, this article argues that the encounter of their traditions with modernization and Islamic da’wa activities which are new traditions, has made indigenous peoples syncretize through parochalization and universalization. Parochialization is carried out by adjusting outside traditional values through their symbols, while universalization is carried out by promoting their local values or practices such as food security into a broader norm. However, interactions with various other traditions have shown continuity in customary preservation and at the same time have shown discontinuity in symbolic matters, their norms, and practices as indigenous people.Artikel ini menguraikan tentang dinamika masyarakat adat Cireundeu di Cimahi dengan berbagai sistem spesifik yang dimilikinya dalam merespon arus modernisasi dan aktivitas dakwah Islam. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, artikel ini berargumen bahwa perjumpaan tradisi mereka dengan modernisasi dan aktivitas dakwah Islam yang merupakan tradisi-tradisi baru telah membuat masyarakat adat melakukan sinkretitasi melalui parokialisasi dan universalisasi. Parokialisasi dilakukan dengan penyesuaian nilai-nilai tradisi luar melalui simbol-simbol mereka dan universalisasi dilakukan dengan mempromosikan nilai-nilai atau praktik-praktik lokal mereka seperti ketahanan pangan menjadi norma yang lebih luas. Namun demikian, interaksi dengan berbagai tradisi lain ini telah memperlihatkan kontinuitas dalam dalam pelestarian adat dan pada saat yang sama telah pula mempelihatkan gejala diskontinuitas pada hal-hal yang bersifat simbolik, norma dan praktik mereka sebagai masyarakat adat.

The paper is devoted to the cultural universalization of consumption in the context of globalization. It is shown that national communities today are not considered as political entities, but rather as economic entities, parts of the consumer market. Globalization leads to the creation of a single world, but not of an open and varied world. This world does not have a pluralistic and cosmopolitan view of itself and others, but, on the contrary, is rather a single commodity world. In it, local cultures and identities lose their roots and are replaced by symbols of the commodity world.

The article studies the influence of global constitutionalism (as a social concept and phenomenon of social reality) on the processes of universalization of national legal systems taking place in the modern world, examines not only the limits and consequences of the impact of this dominant interpretation of social reality on the development of national legal systems, but also the problems that arise in national societies and states in terms of their preservation and development due to the growth of globalization processes in the world. The authors have developed a number of general principles, the observance and implementation of which will ensure, on the one hand, the preservation and development of national societies and states, and on the other hand, the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen, which ultimately is a necessary condition for the preservation and development human society in the future.

In the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, various forms of digital surveillance have been globally, established. Despite many of these forms of surveillance already existed, now, they have increased their range and have been legitimized and imposed daily. The logic of surveillance has allowed the universalization of surveillance, denunciation between citizens, and protests through mobile phone screens and social networks. In this state of exception, crossed by the rise of vigilantism, we propose to analyze the visual motif of police brutality in public spaces during the confinement. We will base the analysis on three categories of subjective enunciation: a witness-gaze, where the observer remains silent, recording the image; a protest-gaze, in which the observer reproaches the police for their violent action; and a lynching-gaze, where, on the contrary, the observer encourages police brutality and denounces the subject who transgresses confinement and goes for a walk on public roads. These types of gaze will allow us to demonstrate a settlement in the popular imagination of trust in the use of digital technologies and media to empower citizens in political and social praxis, and citizen journalism.

Los miembros y coordinadores de los capítulos nacionales integrantes del Comité Internacional para la Elaboración de Consensos y Estandarización en Nutriología (CIENUT), después de un proceso profundo de discusión, declaramos lo siguiente: Como las demás especialidades de la salud, la Ciencia de la Nutrición ha debido recorrer un camino largo de trabajo marcado por un proceso de constante evolución y afianzamiento; se ha beneficiado significativamente del desarrollo de disciplinas complementarias como la Física, la Química o la Bioquímica; ha alcanzado un grado suficiente de madurez científica como para que los profesionales que la ejercemos, nos tomemos el tiempo necesario para reflexionar y re-pensar nuestras definiciones, procesos y todo lo relacionado con nuestro quehacer. En este contexto, hemos elaborado el Consenso 1 denominado Nombre de la Ciencia y denominación del Profesional de Nutrición; este consenso busca fijar los criterios técnicos, científicos y filosóficos, por los cuales se logre lo siguiente: Universalización del término Nutriología Humana para denominar a la Ciencia de la Nutrición que se estudia como carrera profesional. Universalización del término Nutriólogo Humano para denominar al profesional que ha estudiado la carrera de Nutriología Humana y que la ejerce de acuerdo a los estándares que la ciencia y el conocimiento demandan en la actualidad. Invocamos, además, a todas las instituciones que forman y representan a profesionales de la Nutrición a suscribir este consenso y hacer todo lo necesario para que pueda implementarse en la forma más rápida posible. Firmado el 14 de setiembre de 2019 en Lima, Perú.

Intergovernmental Relations are conventionally defined as important interactions between governmental units of all types and levels. In the process of universalization of rural preschool education,...

The article deals with the problem of ensuring human control over the digital environment, which penetrates into all spheres of society, and the role of the legal profession in solving this problem. The doctrinal elaboration of the topic of the article is presented by an analysis of the ethical traditions and ideas about proper law practice that have historically developed in the domestic legal profession, which form the basis of the generally accepted theory (methodology) of the legal profession, and are manifested in the use of the method of lawyer control over the state’s compliance with legal norms in the context of the massive introduction of information (digital) technologies that signifi cantly change the forms of implementation of law in Russia. The normative elaboration of the topic of the article is revealed through the analysis of the Concept for the development of regulation of relations in the fi eld of artifi cial intelligence and robotics technologies until 2024, approved in 2020 by the Government of the Russian Federation, which refl ects the basic provisions of the normative regulation of the digital transformation of public relations in our country. The most important aspects of the article are related to the comparison of the government’s risk-based approach and the lawyer’s safe approach to the introduction of information (digital) technologies, taking into account the general situation with IT solutions in Russia and the creation of the Integrated Information System of the Russian Advocacy (IIS RA), consisting of subsystems — digital forms (tools), the development of which is described in the article with an explanation of the transition from plurality (variability) to unifi cation in their use. The article explains the prerequisites for the manifestation of a set of approaches to the creation and use of digital forms (tools) in the framework of the CIS RB: universalization; unifi cation; authenticity; transparency; fi duciary, as well as appropriate methods of working with these tools.

INTRODUCTION. The review reflects the specifics of the methodological approach, implemented by Yu.S. Bezborodov in the analysis of the current phase of interaction between national legal systems and international law. Reference is made to the creation of a new conception that employs the notion of legal convergence to reveal the mechanism of getting national legal systems affinitive to each other. Attention is drawn to the content of legal convergence, the reasons for its dissemination, the link with international law as well as the correlation of convergence with related categories – globalization, universalization, sovereignty, etc. The author’s views on the interrelation between sovereignty and supranationality, universalization and localization as conditions of functioning of international law, constituting the predominant basis of convergence of national legal systems, are presented. The evaluation is given to the author’s position concerning the methods of legal convergence, in particular international legal integration. The emphasis is given to correlation of the presented forms of legal convergence. It is pointed out that comparative and legal analysis of integration in different regions of the world, including in the post-Soviet space, is important for understanding the current results of legal convergence.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study is based on the conclusions and approaches formulated in the peer-reviewed monograph as well as the materials of the domestic and international legal doctrine on the subject-matter concerned. In writing the review the author used general and special scientific methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. The convergence of national legal systems and international law is influenced by different processes either inherent to the mechanism of international legal regulation or extraneous to it. They are distinguished by their considerable specificity and varied character. However, they do not impede legal convergence to be realized through various forms and methods.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The review of the scientific work led to the following conclusions: a) the author managed to present his own non-contradictory conception of convergence of national legal systems and demonstrate its connection with a number of current social phenomena; b) the monograph provides convincing arguments for the proposed forms and methods of legal convergence; c) the comparative legal characteristics of the regional international integration organizations are detailed and allows to form quite complete and correct comprehension of them. In addition, the review outlines a number of issues interesting for further discussion.

Para melhor compreender o analfabetismo brasileiro das últimas quatro décadas, essa pesquisa propôs um estudo comparativo entre o perfil do analfabetismo da década de 1980, traçado por Azevedo (1997) como alto, desigual e renitente, e da década de 2010, observando as transformações ocorridas nesse período, no qual permearam políticas públicas para a universalização da educação básica. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa documental fundamentada nos Censos Demográficos Nacionais (1980, 1991, 2000, 2010) e uma pesquisa bibliográfica com base em Azevedo (1997), Ferrari (1985), Ferraro e Kreidlow (2004), entre outros. Os resultados indicam que mesmo com a melhora dos índices, o analfabetismo brasileiro se mantém alto, desigual e renitente. Além disso, foi possível evidenciar o peso que a insuficiência do processo de alfabetização institucionalizado tem na produção do analfabetismo escolar e geral, refletindo sobre as questões de acesso, permanência e qualidade da educação.

Fruto de pesquisa de pós-doutoramento, o presente artigo teve como objetivo precípuo analisar se/como as ações atinentes ao monitoramento e avaliação estão previstas nos Planos Municipais de Educação (PMEs) de um grupo de municipalidades do estado de São Paulo. Metodologicamente, ancorado na abordagem qualitativa, valeu-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O estudo revelou, inicialmente, que o processo de elaboração/aprovação dos PMEs mostrou-se exitoso ao atingir sua universalização na área geográfica investigada. Na sequência, evidenciou o lugar de destaque ocupado pelo monitoramento e avaliação no conjunto dos documentos perscrutados, com substancial protagonismo do Conselho Municipal de Educação e Secretaria Municipal de Educação na condução compartilhada do concernente processo. Não obstante, a partir das fontes documentais reunidas e analisadas, também constatou-se que permanece ainda o desafio de se contemplar um maior envolvimento da sociedade e dos múltiplos canais representativos, a exemplo do Fórum Municipal de Educação, nas questões referentes ao planejamento e gestão da educação municipal, a fim de que esta possa plenamente alcançar a tão almejada gestão democrática e a qualidade social.

The rise of Citizen Journalism cannot be separated from the emergence of new genres in the media ; the State of Citizen Journalism is inseparable from technological developments. The presence of online media currently characterizes the rapid growth of information and communication technology . The internet is a digital media that has become a symbol in the advancement of computerized era knowledge that gave birth to new media. The emergence of the internet, technology with the basis of this communication had a significant impact on the rapid pace of development in aspects of information , including poin ts of reportage and journalism. Establishment of Citizens Journalism is born for the emergence of online Journalism. Online journalism has developed the necessary foundation of the concept of citizen journalism where the activities of citizen journalism are carried out using technology Digital technology is a technology that no longer uses human or manual power. Digital systems are the development of analog systems. Digitalization tends to be an automatic operating system with a format that can be read by computers. The term postmodern journalism is a reaction to modern journalism. A shift is not always formed from the revolution. The change from contemporary to postmodernism is a gradual evolution, in a process that is continuous through various periods and times. Postmodernism criticizes modernism , which has resulted in the centralization and universalization of ideas in many fields of science and technology.

O estudo discute o direito à educação na perspectiva da justiça distributiva preconizada por John Rawls (2017), que articula a igualdade equitativa de oportunidades ao princípio da diferença com a finalidade de possibilitar a ascensão do indivíduo em diversas funções na sociedade. Analisa a concepção de educação e justiça social subjacente à política educacional brasileira que trata do novo Ensino Médio, com foco na Lei nº 13.415/2017, aprovada durante a gestão do ex-presidente Michel Temer (2016-2018), no que diz respeito à sua universalização e finalidade. Por meio da revisão da literatura, evidenciou-se que, embora baseada no princípio da igualdade enquanto direito social, a reforma do Ensino Médio no Brasil revela uma visão utilitarista de formação humana e legaliza a existência de diferentes finalidades educativas para atender aos interesses do capital. Portanto, não se constitui como distributiva e equitativa, mas como reprodutora da desigualdade social presente no projeto de manutenção do status quo.

The expansion of the sphere of publicity is accompanied by an increase in the role of the private sphere of human existence, but thanks to modern digital technologies, the border between private and public becomes transparent, which leads to a mix of their characteristics in modern society. The result of these processes is an increase in the forms of representation of the private, as well as a greater personalization of public discourse. The author proves the importance of creating mechanisms to ensure the separation of publicity and privacy to prevent the risks of atomization of individuals and strengthen control over the actions of citizens by the authorities.The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of the phenomena of privacy and publicity in the context of modern communication processes.The methodological basis of the research is the understanding of the phenomena of publicity and privacy as dual structures that constantly flow into each other.The results of the research are the author’s reasoned statements that the dichotomy of public and private should be considered as a dynamic manifestation of various forms of discursive practices of a person in society, depending on the nature of the openness or closeness of channels for transmitting certain information in the process of communication. In other words, just as the public sphere does not exist outside of the private sphere, so privacy forms the configuration of public manifestations. The main feature of publicity is open communication, associated with the universalization of discursive practices, while privacy implies the multiplicity and uniqueness of personal experiences of individuals. If publicity defines the roles that are transmitted by a person to the outside and has a disciplinary nature, then privacy concerns a narrow range of important human roles that are not subject to supervision and control by the state or society. In the context of a networked society and the influence of digital information and communication technologies, there is a significant increase and complication in the forms of privacy and publicity, blurring the boundaries between them. The interpenetration of the public and private spheres occurs by recoding universalist models of communication into those that have contextual meaning. Network communication has become a new modus of the sphere of publicity, which is built on the basis of stimulating the media activity of its actors. The expansion of the public sphere through virtual communication leads to the expansion of the private sphere, which becomes self-sufficient. At the same time, there is an increase in forms of representation that personalize public discourse. Dangerous consequences of these processes can be either a break in the relationship between the public and private, which will be manifested in the complete removal of a person from public life and closure in atomized virtual communities, or a complete absorption of the private and public, which will exercise total control over the life of a person using digital technologies by the state or financial groups, and will also complicate the conduct of free publicity procedures based on public consensus.

INTRODUCTION. The article is devoted to the problem of identifying the ideological and legal foundations of international cooperation of the criminal police. The paper considers International law as a special ideological form of law. One of the functions of this law is the function of organizing cooperation in combating crime at the international level. The segment of international law governing criminal police cooperation within an organization such as Interpol is primarily involved in the implementation of this function.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Using a socio-axiological approach, which studies the law not as a set of norms, but as a system of conventional values based on needs and interests of social actors in the process of legal discourse, the authors analyse the legal values and ideas that underlie the activities of Interpol. The paper studies international regulations of the Interpol activities as well as the regulations of the activities of the National Central Bureau of Interpol of Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, also studies theoretical materials (articles and studies), that could shed light on the aspects of formation and development of these ideas and values on the doctrinal level. The paper undertakes functional and structural analyze of the legal ideology of Interpol. It utilizes dialectical, system, formal-logical and comparative law methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. The authors build the theoretical model of the legal ideology structure and determine its basic functions. Its contents, i.e. values, ideas and principles, could formally manifest themselves in legal documents on both international and/or national levels, or informally emerge in the public legal discourse in the law enforcement field. On the functional level, the legal ideology of Interpol creates ideological foundations for law enforcement, including legal data base for combating crime and co-operation in law enforcement field and law enforcement practices, legitimizes international co-operation in combating crime, brings together international eff ts in combating crime, and strengthens international co-operation in this field. It also facilitates the universalization of the international law order and creation of legal policies in combating crime.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The legal ideology of Interpol is a complex system employing functional potential, that remains to be studied in details. The unique nature of ideas and values (law values), that lay ground for the legal ideology of Interpol, their high effi ency, derive from its particular functions, proven to be valuable on the modern stage of international co-operation in law enforcement field. The legal ideology of Interpol, in terms of its contents, tends to be very specific on the values level, because it encompasses legal values of conventional nature, as well as legal ideas supporting these values, and principles directed at them. Its contents never stop transforming accordingly to ever changing realities of international relations in the process of uninterrupted public legal discourse in law enforcement field. At the present moment, both its flexibility in terms of contents and functional potential allow us to see it as an important factor contributing to the development of the international law.

The subject of this research is the key, dominant and most consistent development trends of the national constitutional law in post-Soviet period (1990’s – present). The author examines the following trends: succession, reception, internationalization and cyclicity of the development of constitutional law, as well as expansion and conceptual changes in its content. Each trend is substantiated by the provisions of constitutional legal doctrine, current Constitution, legislation and constitutional practice. The main conclusions consist in the thesis that the determined trends are inherent namely to the modern constitutional law, rather than Soviet or prerevolutionary stages of its development. Moreover, if separate trends coincide with the modern constitutional law of foreign countries, in Russia they have peculiar content, justified by the specificity of state legal development of the country. The evolution of Russian modern constitutional law takes place at the intersection of constitutional distinctness and constitutional universalization. Constitutional distinctness implies the synthesis of succession, certain cyclicity in the constitutional legal sphere, and presence of the unique legal phenomena characteristic to the national constitutional legal system. The manifestations of universalization of the modern Russian constitutional law include its reception and internationalization.&nbsp

The National Health System, being named unique in the Constitution because it refers to a set of elements, such as universalization, equity, integrality, decentralization and popular participation and which is in convergence with the Constitution of 1988 of the Federative Republic of Brazil, which states that health is a right of all and a duty of the State.Thus, with the creation of SUS, the entire Brazilian population now has the right to universal and free health care , financed with resources from the budgets of the Union, the States, the Federal District and the Municipalities, as regulated by article 195 of the Brazilian Constitution. It is noteworthy that SUS is one of the most powerful and important in the world and it serves about 220 million people. It is characterized by a foundation of three pillars: universality, integrality and equity.

The central idea of the presented article is to make an in-depth investigation of the deficiencies that arise in the sphere of citizens’ right to freedom of association in Ukraine. Against this backdrop, the overall purpose of the paper is to analyze the normative framework in outlined domain in order to identify legal conflicts and gaps existing in domestic law. The aforementioned made it possible to develop appropriate recommendations designed to eliminate these normative inconsistencies. The author reveals the essence of the concept of “legal defect”. This enables her to decide which option should serve as the basis for appropriate classification criterion necessary for the identification of concrete types of legal defects. In its turn, such criterion will play a crucial role in the author’s further academic quest as it provides the possibility to define the features peculiar for the legal defects that prevail today. Under this circumstances, considering the legal defects from the prism of the mechanism of legal regulation, the central criterion is the certain type of the structural element of legal defect. In view of the aforesaid, three main types of legal defects were marked out. The first type of legal defects is the legal defects of legal norms, namely the logical-structural and technical legal defects. The author draws a special attention to the imperfections that exist in terminological and conceptual framework, illustrating once again the need for the harmonization and universalization of Ukrainian legislation (especially given the fact that there are some contradictions between the provisions stipulated in Ukrainian Constitution and the provisions enshrined in the Law on Public Associations). In addition, the focus is placed on the excessive specification and overdetailization of certain legal norms regulating the relationships in the sphere of freedom of association. The second type of legal defects include the defects existing in legal sources. Consequently, the author detected certain contradictions between domestic regulatory legal acts. As an intermediate result, it is alleged that there is definitely a need to revise both the norms of the Constitution and the norms of laws that entrench the implementation of the right to association. Depending on the elements of the legal regulation mechanism, the third type of legal defects is the legal defects that exist in legal relations. Particularly, there are numerous conflicts existing in regulation of parties involved in the legal relationships that arise from the freedom of association. Firstly, the issue regarding the catalogue of constitutional rights of public associations remains unresolved. Secondly, there are some contradictions between the provisions of regulatory legal acts concerning who has the right to freedom of association in civil-society organizations. As a result, following conclusions were reached: considering the certain obligations of the Ukrainian state towards the international community, it is extremely important to bring the current legislation in line with the universal legal standards and norms. Additionally, it is emphasized on the necessity for domestic authorities to revise all regulatory legal acts that regulate relationships in the sphere of the citizens’ right to freedom of association in civil-society organizations (specifically, with a view to eliminate legal overlapping, conflict of laws and thoroughly counterproductive legal engineering).

O presente estudo de natureza descritivo-exploratória buscou analisar se a descentralização top-down do Programa Segundo Tempo (PST) via terceiro setor garantiu a diminuição das desigualdades regionais e entre os municípios por níveis de desenvolvimento humano. Utilizou-se dos dados do Ministério do Esporte referentes às adesões do terceiro setor ao PST (convênios firmados e executados) de 2003 a 2011. A amostragem do estudo foi constituída de 412 cidades. Políticas de equidade, que são a finalidade última da participação do governo federal na descentralização de programas, não são alcançadas sem uma estratégia eficiente de alocação dos recursos nas regiões e localidades mais vulneráveis. Longe da disputa sobre universalização e focalização, a Constituição Federal de 1988 imprimiu uma funcionalidade do governo federal no sistema federalista. E, sob esse aspecto, os incentivos do programa à participação do terceiro setor demonstraram ser inadequados.

O propósito desse estudo é discutir as relações entre o planejado (metas e estratégias) à luz dos Planos Nacionais de Educação do Brasil (PNE 2001-2010; 2014-2024), as solicitações e necessidades da sociedade, tendo como eixo transversal a democratização do acesso e a universalização de educação para todos, a partir da agenda das políticas públicas para a educação. O estudo foi conduzido por uma abordagem qualitativa de cunho exploratório, utilizando como fontes alguns referenciais da literatura especializada (FRIGOTTO, 2007; DIAS SOBRINHO, 2012; TEIXEIRA, 2002; TURRA, ENRICONE; SANT’ANNA, 1995; DOURADO, 2011; LIMA, 2009, 2010, 2013) bem como base documental pertinentes aos dois Planos Nacionais de Educação do Brasil (BRASIL, 2001, 2014), além de dados do INEP - Instituto Nacional de Estudos Pedagógicos Anísio Teixeira (2018) em datas que cobrem os balanços dos PNE’s. Ao fim do estudo observou-se um descompasso entre metas previstas, metas alcançadas (ainda que parcialmente, no caso do segundo PNE ainda em vigência) e a não cobertura ou observância das solicitações demandadas pelos cidadãos brasileiros. Nas palavras de Dias Sobrinho (2012): “Uma sociedade que não consegue, ou não quer, estender os benefícios da escolarização de boa qualidade para todos, além de estar condenada ao empobrecimento crescente no sistema mundial de alta competitividade, é também uma sociedade perversa”; é necessário, portanto, outra lógica centrada na democratização e validação do direito social da educação sem contingências e desvios.

Universalisation of basic education in India has increased demand for access to secondary schooling, yet concerns about quality and equity remain. While evidence of poor learning attainment continues to accumulate, less is known about classroom interactions or how these relate to student outcomes. In this paper, we employ a unique dataset linking school effectiveness and classroom observation data to examine the relationship between these dimensions. We show that teacher classroom practices represent a potentially distinctive aspect of school quality in two states in India only weakly associated with effectiveness measures. We discuss the implications of this for understandings of equity of learning opportunities.

This article aims to identify the discursive strategies employed in the foundation manifesto of Football, Media and Democracy Movement to represent its political struggle as reasonable, that is, as fair and deserving of support. In order to achieve this goal, it adopts the constructionist perspective of language, witch conceives it as a social practice determined by the structures of society, and develops a discourse analysis. Among others arguments, the article sustains that the main strategy to legitimize these objectives and action is the universalization strategy.

The Government of India (GOI) has taken several initiatives like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme and others to enhance enrolment and participation of girls in education. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, a flagship scheme by Government of India to implement RTE Act 2009 has been remarkable in terms of ensuring physical access to elementary schools in length and breadth of the country and implementation of the scheme has also reduced gender parity index by bringing more girls to school. However, the implementation of these schemes and programmes has been uneven, often fraught with ground- level hurdles. It is a pressing concern that even after 10 years of RTE Act 2009, compliance rate is only 12.7%. Free and compulsory education is critical for girls’ education because of an unequal status ascribed to girls and women in the patriarchal society. Inequality in society is often seen to overlap with inequalities in the school. Further educational content, official knowledge, who to be education when, are centrally determined and education despite being a fundamental right have not been able to build a connection to the live experiences of the subaltern and indigenous groups and girls belonging to these groups gets doubly jeopardized. Gender based violence (GBA) and defined masculinity and femininity through ascribed gender roles also excludes girls from formal education system. This paper will highlight some of the major policy challenges to equal education for girls and how school can act as counter socializers to tackle gender bias and discrimination. Further the paper will also present how universalization of school education will be able to build the pathway to inclusive education instead of incentivizing schemes which is becoming the norm currently. Situating the present status of girls education the paper will explore how The

Model Multiculturalities. A Critical Approach The article includes an overview of the factors and reasons for the crisis of ideology and multicultural policy. This crisis is reflected in the concepts and theories describing and explaining the mechanisms and processes of shaping multicultural civil societies. The consequence of this tendency is the growing criticism of the existing models of integration, assimilation and cultural pluralism, undertaken by supporters of populist, nationalistic and conservative concepts. The article focuses mainly on the characteristics of the negative consequences of migration, transculturation and cultural universalization. The article also aims to put forward preliminary general theses on the grounds of criticism of scientific models of multiculturalism.

Este artigo apresenta reflexões sobre estratégias para a tradução de textos relacionados ao domínio discursivo jurídico. São aqui discutidos alguns usos do termo habeas corpus no par linguístico espanhol ”“ português que, embora eventualmente designados de forma idêntica, têm alcance, efeitos e ritos distintos nos sistemas jurídicos em contato. Considerando habeas corpus um item-cultural-específico, este trabalho aborda a história e o desenvolvimento dessa garantia no Brasil e em alguns países de língua espanhola com o objetivo de refletir sobre as diferenças entre os sistemas jurídicos eventualmente em contato por meio da tradução, chamando atenção para o fato de que dicionários nem sempre preveem a diversidade dos habeas corpus insculpidos no Direito das nações de língua hispânica. A partir disso, são sugeridas estratégias para o tratamento deste termo na tradução do texto jurídico, ressaltando-se a importância da consulta a fontes acuradas e dicionários especializados ””e, preferencialmente, provenientes do país de cuja tradição jurídica se estiver traduzindo ”” de modo a evitar que a tradução desses termos ignore as características que eles apresentam enquanto itens-culturais-específicos. Para tanto, propõe-se uma revisão teórica sobre o habeas corpus como instrumento garantidor de liberdades (tanto de liberdade de locomoção como de liberdades individuais mais amplas), seguida de uma discussão sobre como a tradução de textos jurídicos está ligada aos diferentes ambientes culturais em que esses textos estão colocados. Tomando por base o referencial teórico de Javier Franco Aixelá sobre itens-culturais-específicos, são propostas seis possíveis estratégias para a manipulação do habeas corpus (ou do instrumento que o faça as vezes sob a ótica do Direito Comparado) em tradução do espanhol para o português. Em seguida, analisam-se especificamente as estratégias possíveis para a tradução de termos e são apresentados exemplos de explicação intratextual e de universalização para este termo provenientes do texto jornalístico sobre o Direito. Com essa discussão, este artigo visa a levantar um debate em uma área relativamente pouco trabalhada dentro dos Estudos da Tradução e contribuir para o desenvolvimento do campo com uma pesquisa sobre línguas próximas, como o português e o espanhol.

El propósito de este artículo se centra en conocer cómo se estructuran los sistemas educativos de los países de América Latina y la Región de Caribe respecto al tramo de la primera infancia. Se llevó a cabo el análisis de diversos informes internacionales y documentos oficiales sobre los avances de los programas en cuanto a cobertura, inversión, regulaciones, entre otros. La naturaleza de carácter documental de este trabajo permite una aproximación comparada entre los países acerca del modo en que aborda la escolarización de la primera infancia en cada país de la región. Uno de los logros más destacados es el vinculado a la expansión del primer nivel educativo y a la cobertura alcanzada. Cada vez más las sociedades están conscientes de la función esencial que tiene la educación infantil en el bienestar de los niños y niñas y cómo esta influye en su desarrollo cognitivo y socioemocional. Aunque se reflejan disparidades considerables entre un país y otro, pero la universalización del nivel juega como un factor determinante para hacer frente a las desigualdades sociales y favorecer unos mejores resultados generales de los estudiantes. Por otro lado, los países que hacen mayores inversiones son los que tienen un mayor desarrollo social.

The quest for universality in international economic law has met many obstacles. This article begins from the proposition that there are various ways to conceive of universality in international law, for example whether the rules are accepted widely among states (omnipresence) or whether they are broadly coherent (generality). Homing in on trade and investment law, the article assesses how each of these areas has functioned as a testing ground for these different conceptions. An in-built quasi-universality characterizes international trade law with the WTO as a seemingly centralized universal institution. Such universality, however, has often been achieved through differentiation of rights and obligations (e.g., the Enabling Clause and regional trade agreements). In investment law, attempts at universalization through the construction of centralized institutions have failed. Nevertheless, certain common standards have emerged in this fragmented regime. There is also a debate around the use of the MFN clause as a universalizing tool and renewed efforts to universalize investment law are afoot. More generally, it is clear that there is little appetite for codification of international economic law, and that states wish to control its content through the conclusion of treaties. In the final analysis, this article asks whether it is time to conceive of universality differently, and particularly whether equity and collective preferences should be a more central part of the quest.

Indonesia ratified the agreement on the establishment of the World Trade Organization, including its annex agreement, the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) in 1995. The ...

O crescimento acelerado dos cursos de Relações Internacionais (RI) no Brasil revelacontrastes e desafios. Esse processo de expansão pode ser periodizado em cinco momentos:protoperíodo, expansionismo privado, transição privado-pública, expansionismo público eperíodo de reconcentração geográfica. O penúltimo deles foi caracterizado pelo fomento públicode novos cursos de RI a partir do Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansãodas Universidades Federais (Reuni) em 2007. Nesse período, cria-se vários cursos de RI emuniversidades federais. Contudo, a aprovação da Emenda Constitucional n. 95 em 2016, queestabeleceu o contingenciamento de gastos públicos, parece marcar o fim desse período.Este artigo investiga a dispersão e a concentração espacial decorrente desse crescimento,demonstrando, por meio da análise espacial e quantitativa, a herança deixada pelo Reunipara a universalização do ensino de RI. Para tanto, utilizou-se dados secundários sobre os cursos de RI disponibilizados no Portal do Ministério da Educação e Cultura (E-MEC).A análise revela que a expansão de cursos de RI caracteriza-se pela concentração espacial, emque a lógica da universalização do ensino é suplantada pela exclusão espacial, originando umperíodo de reconcentração geográfica. Essa herança indica a estagnação do número de cursos.

The goal of this review article is to show the role of globalization and integration in interdisciplinary research, culture and education during the rapid development of human civilization in the 21st century. The process of globalization is largely connected with human development and consists in the universalization of human culture and the creation of a global human community - the only one we know today. As there are different attitudes to globalization in the world, positive, negative and neutral attitudes are considered in the article. Most researchers often distinguish economic, political, sociological and environmental approaches to the problem of globalization. But in the context of our research, it is more important to consider the cultural and educational aspects of the problem. No specific definitions and relationships of globalization and culture are proposed in our review article, but the process of globalization is described in detail. It was not easy to find research works dedicated exclusively to globalization impact on culture and education as most researchers simply conclude that culture and globalization are incompatible. The paper tasks contribute to the field of pedagogy by summarizing some theoretical issues and offering comparative study and analysis of contents and discontents of globalization in different spheres of life, but especially in education and culture exchange. The attitudes to globalization is different, so our main task was to give an unbiased assessment of the phenomenon, to show that there are more to it than just pros and cons. The globalization process and integration as its constituent part can not be turned back in the socio-historical context as much as human development and evolution can not be stopped. If we can show the inevitability of globalization then the advantages of globalization will outweigh its disadvantages.

This article aims to present the Telehealth system implemented at indigenous villages in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Faced with the peculiar configurations of the state of Amazonas, Telehealth and all its tools can alleviate the deficiency in the number of active health professionals working in this region, giving access to health, especially in indigenous villages. Although the Federal Constitution of 1988 brought the concept of universalization of health, it is known that the legislation alone does not make this right into reality. In this context, the implementation of the Telehealth tool is presented as an innovative format, with possibilities to reach out to a larger number of locations with difficult access, making it possible to reduce the factors that impede medical assistance. The indigenous population in the state of Amazonas is large in comparison to the other states of the federation, and amongst the thirty-four (34) indigenous districts, seven (7) are entirely within the state's borders and are areas of great territorial extension. This research may contribute to the discussions about the need to seek innovative formats for healthcare of the indigenous population in remote regions.

Resumo Não há uma visão clara na historiografia internacional sobre a participação do Brasil na Conferência de Washington de 1884. No Brasil há uma interpretação de que o voto brasileiro acompanhou a França, por razões de subordinação. Este texto pretende estabelecer um diálogo com essas produções, ao trazer fontes inéditas sobre o tema, como as cartas trocadas por Luiz Cruls, tanto com o imperador como com sua esposa, bem como notícias de periódicos, anais e relatórios. Neste artigo foi utilizada uma abordagem da história da ciência, preocupada com os processos de institucionalização da astronomia no Brasil em meio a um debate mundial sobre padronização e universalização da ciência. Abstract There is no clear picture in the international historiography of Brazil’s participation at the International Prime Meridian Conference in Washington of 1884. In Brazil there exists the prevailing interpretation that the Brazilian vote accompanied France for reasons of subordination. This work seeks to analyze this interpretation, by scrutinizing unpublished sources on the subject, such as the letters exchanged by Luiz Cruls both with the emperor and with his wife, as well as news articles in journals, annals and reports. In this article, an approach to the history of science was adopted that was concerned with the processes of institutionalization of astronomy in Brazil in the midst of a worldwide debate on the standardization and universalization of science.

After the defeats of Marxism, pundits in the global north claimed neoliberalism as the endpoint of mankind ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal creeds as the final form of human civilization. In contrast, Muslims believes that more than fourteen hundred years ago Islam already providedthe best and everlasting ideology for the welfare of humanity. The logic of Islam is based on intervention inthe socioeconomic affairs of mankind (Amar Bil Maroof and Nahi Anil Mumkar), while proponents of neoliberalism believes in non-intervention. Using the methodology of library research, this study investigated whether neoliberalism or Islam better serves the greatest interest of the greatest numbers by taking the case of alcoholic drinks. In 18th century England non-interference in the socioeconomic affairs of mankind created the era of gin craze which is still remembered for widespread corruption and social devastation. Besides 18th century England, recently interference in the socioeconomic affairs of mankind were linearly associated with a drastic decline in widespread corruption and social devastation. It is a wellknown fact that neoliberalism is attributed to the greatest harm to the greatest number while in the dogma of Islam there is an all-time greatest benefit to the greatest number

This chapter argues that the adoption of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) in 2004 and its subsequent ratification by more than 180 parties indicates universal agreement on the norms of quality of government, putting an end to moral relativist arguments. While UNCAC does not define corruption, it defines good governance and sets ethical universalism as its key benchmark. The chapter then follows the intellectual history of this concept and its remarkable success, with the norm of equal, fair, and nondiscriminatory treatment of every citizen present in every current constitutional contract. Ratification does not necessarily mean implementation when corruption is concerned, and the chapter surveys limitations to the practice of ethical universalism in governance and existing approaches to narrow the gap between norm and practice.

While cash transfers gain prominence as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a strong impulse to regard them as a stepping-stone towards the formalization of employment and universalization of social protection. This contribution problematizes how populations in informality are included in narrowly targeted social assistance interventions, which are heavily reliant on targeted schemes and fail to make informality legible to programme administrators. The focus of the article lies in the politics of exclusion and inclusion that permeate digital infrastructures, particularly data infrastructures such as social registries, that are used to target Ecuador's most prominent social assistance programme, Bono de Desarrollo Humano, and the COVID-related programme Bono de Proteccion Familiar. The article is based on ethnographic work, interviews and narrative analysis. It finds that social registries compiled for proxy means testing weaken the link between eligibility and informal employment and obscure the processes that perpetuate precarity. More recent data innovations, such as machine learning, are also insufficient to locate vulnerable workers as they learn from historical social registries data and replicate their biases, for example by overlooking non-poor areas where informal employment also occurs. Data infrastructures have shifted attention to the technicalities of the selection of beneficiaries and away from power imbalances in the design of social assistance, despite their selectivity and politics.

En las últimas décadas, la expansión de políticas estatales tendientes a la promoción y universalización de la educación secundaria en Argentina y la región generó procesos de masificación y, en ese marco, la inclusión de sujetos históricamente excluidos de la escuela. Ello introdujo en las agendas políticas, académicas e institucionales la necesidad de problematizar el rol que ocupa la escuela en la producción y reproducción de desigualdades y su impacto en las experiencias educativas de los sujetos. Este artículo se inscribe en estas discusiones, expone resultados de un estudio de caso cualitativo que problematiza la puesta en acto dos programas de terminalidad educativa en la provincia de La Pampa, Argentina: el Plan FinEs y el Programa Vos Podés. El argumento central propone que los programas no solo constituyen respuestas estatales al problema del abandono escolar; sino que también son constructoras de imágenes y discursos sobre los grupos sociales hacia los que se dirige y en tal sentido, configuran escenarios y condiciones para la construcción de experiencias educativas. Se plantea que el procesamiento de las edades que realizan los programas, en tanto categoría social que se intersecta con otras como el género y la clase social, constituye uno de los modos en que el Estado interpreta y da respuesta a las necesidades de los/as sujetos que transitan por ellos. In recent decades, the expansion of state policies aimed at promoting and universalizing secondary education in Argentina. e region generated processes of educational massification, and, within this framework, the inclusion of subjects historically excluded from school. e need to problematize the school's role in producing and reproducing inequalities and its impact on the subject's educational experiences were introduced in the political, academic, and institutional agendas. is article is part of these discussions and presents the results of a qualitative case study that problematizes the implementation of two educational completion programs in the province of La Pampa, Argentina: the FinEs Plan and the Vos Podés Program. e central argument proposes that the programs are state responses to the problem of school dropout; they are also builders of images and discourses about the social groups to which they are directed and, in this sense, configure scenarios and conditions for the program's construction of educational experiences. It is proposed that the student's age and social category (which intersects with others such as gender and social class) constitute one of the modes in which the State interprets and responds to the needs of the subjects who pass through them. Fil: Correa, Mariana Elsa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Instituto para el Estudio de la Educación, el Lenguaje y la Sociedad; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; Argentina

Quantification is central to the narration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Numbers determine the existence of the problem and affect our ability to care and contribute to relief efforts. Yet many communities at the margins, including many areas of the Global South, are virtually absent from this number-based narration of the pandemic. This essay builds on critical data studies to warn against the universalization of problems, narratives, and responses to the virus. To this end, it explores two types of data gaps and the corresponding “data poor.” The first gap concerns the data poverty perduring in low-income countries and jeopardizing their ability to adequately respond to the pandemic. The second affects vulnerable populations within a variety of geopolitical and socio-political contexts, whereby data poverty constitutes a dangerous form of invisibility which perpetuates various forms of inequality. But, even during the pandemic, the disempowered manage to create innovative forms of solidarity from below that partially mitigate the negative effects of their invisibility.