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espanolLa maternidad subrogada plantea multiples conflictos eticos y juridicos dificiles de resolver: filiacion del menor, instrumentalizacion o mercantilizacion de la mujer gestante, compra-venta de ninos, inseguridad juridica, etc. En este trabajo se analizaran los aspectos bioeticos en conflicto y la regulacion juridica que existe al respecto. EnglishSurrogacy raises multiple ethical and legal conflicts on several difficult issues: parentage, the exploitation and commercialisation of pregnant women, the sale of infants, lack of legal protection, etc. This paper analyses the bioethical issues involved and current legislation in this regard.

EnglishThe fight against food insecurity (FI) is one of the targets of the second Sustainable Development Goal: zero hunger and sustainable agriculture. This study sought to assess the food security of beneficiaries of a Brazilian income transfer programme, from the perspective of the Bioethics of Protection. The Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale was used to assess FI and applied to 298 female beneficiaries of an income transfer programme. The results revealed that 58.1% (n=173) had mild FI, 16.4% (n=49) moderate FI, and 8.1% (n=24) severe FI. The data proves that beneficiaries have alarming rates of FI and that there is an urgent need for solutions that mitigate the vulnerabilities to which these families are exposed. portuguesO combate a inseguranca alimentar (IA) e um dos alvos do segundo objetivo do desenvolvimento sustentavel: fome zero e agricultura sustentavel. Este estudo buscou avaliar a seguranca alimentar de titulares de um programa de transferencia de renda (PTR) brasileiro, na perspectiva da Bioetica de Protecao. Para avaliacao da IA utilizou-se a Escala Brasileira de Inseguranca Alimentar, aplicada em 298 mulheres titulares do PTR. Os resultados revelaram que 58,1% (n=173) apresentavam IA leve, 16,4% (n=49) IA moderada, e 8,1% (n=24) IA grave. Estes dados suportam que beneficiarios de PTR possuem indices alarmantes de IA e que ha necessidade urgente no apontamento de solucoes para tais questoes para mitigar as vulnerabilidades a que essas familias estao expostas.

espanolEl autor sostiene que los desastres, en la mayor parte de los casos, no son naturales. Aunque los eventos naturales de riesgo normalmente afectan a todos los residentes de una region, rara vez afectan a todos de la misma manera. Los grados de vulnerabilidad social se distribuyen de manera desigual en la mayor parte de las sociedades. La vulnerabilidad social es el resultado de la distribucion de poder, la riqueza y la posicion social. Su distribucion desigual plantea un problema de justicia social. El autor tambien aborda la relacion entre el cambio climatico y el aumento de los desastres climaticos. La “ecologia integral” del papa Francisco se plantea como un camino o puente hacia el futuro. EnglishThe paper argues that, for the most part, disasters are not natural. Although natural hazards normally affect all residents of a geographical area, they are rarely affected to the same degree, given that social vulnerability is unequally distributed in most societies. Social vulnerability is causally related to the distribution of wealth, power, and social status in society, therefore, its distribution is a social justice issue. This paper also analyses the connections between climate change and the increased risk of climate disasters. Pope Francis’ “integral ecology” is proposed as a path to the future.

El presente artículo analiza el cambio climático en el contexto de la bioética mundial, que nos permite enfrentar al ser humano con su discurso y sus contradicciones. El ser humano ha creado una alteridad que combate con una dualidad de comportamientos, instituyendo acciones lícitas cuando son ilícitas. En Estocolmo, en 1972, se hizo un llamamiento para reducir las actividades que comprometen la existencia de la vida en el planeta, entre ellas la contaminación. Sin embargo, desde entonces, dichas actividades no han disminuido y ha aumentado el cambio climático, lo que proporciona más pruebas de la ambigüedad del pensamiento humano. La génesis de este problema radica en que el ser humano se ha convertido en un elemento biológico que amenaza la seguridad del planeta.

El presente artículo analiza la importancia de la bioética y la educación ambiental como herramientas indispensables para la conservación del medio ambiente. Una educación ambiental que ha sido infravalorada en muchos ámbitos y que se establece como vehículo fundamental para asentar la conciencia ambiental en todos y cada uno de los estamentos sociales. Además, se discurre acerca de las problemáticas existentes que se suceden a partir de actitudes negacionistas, falta de consenso unánime y déficit de profesionales especializados en transmitir los conocimientos científicos y valores ambientales.

The idea of sustainable development as a normative concept emphasizes the necessity for a wider consensus on meeting human needs, ensuring social equity, and respecting planetary boundaries. The purpose of the article focuses on the deontological orientation in perceiving sustainable development. It is expected that looking at sustainability from the deontological perspective might increase individuals’ awareness of responsibility towards respecting the needs of the world’s poor, environmental boundaries, and moral equity, which emphasizes that all people are equal. Any attempt to achieve sustainability demands, first of all, rational action placed on moral duties/obligations before individual people or institutions can achieve their particular desires and goals. According to this perspective, sustainability should be treated as a prior constraint in obtaining economic maximization.

En España, diez comunidades autónomas regulan jurídicamente el derecho a morir dignamente. Objetivo: analizar si las leyes permiten la equidad de la toma de decisiones y una calidad de la asistencia equivalente. Método: estudio cualitativo de diseño documental, mediante el análisis comparativo de las leyes autonómicas. Resultados: se constata una homogeneidad de derechos asistenciales, pero existen diferencias en la conceptualización y condiciones de aplicación de la limitación de esfuerzo terapéutico (LET) o de la adecuación de esfuerzo terapéutico (AET). Conclusiones: la falta de igualdad de criterios sobre la LET y la AET obliga a una asistencia diferente según territorios.

The article is an attempt to look at the relationship between the state and the market on the example of the prohibition of trade on Sunday through the prism of the personalistic economy. The article has a metaeconomic character. Its aim is to show that state intervention in the market mechanism in the form of the prohibition of trade on Sunday is not aimed at trade as an economic activity, but is a natural consequence of the community-forming function of the state. In the first part, the author presents a personalistic approach to the state and the market as well as relations between them. In turn, in the second part, he describes the essence of the Sunday dispute in the context of a personalistic approach to the market and shows that state intervention, consisting in protecting Sunday from being limited to the seventh working day, protects it against rationalization and marketization, i.e. its derealization.

The main point of the article is to analyze the ethical assumptions of the Codex of Food Ethics and to answer the question of whether the formalization of morality related to food is possible at all. The analyzed Codex was created in October 2013, with the participation of experts from various communities. The value that was indicated and considered to be accepted by all acceding to its use is the “good of the consumer,” although it was not clearly defined in the content of the Code. The Code does draw attention to safety, quality, trust, control, and respect of the law, however. These issues were discussed in the article. Unfortunately, due to the lack of information about the further fate of the Code, it is difficult to answer the question whether it has a chance to for practical application in the form proposed by its creators.

The proper functioning of local-government administration means not only improving legal and organisational solutions, but mainly officials abiding by ethical principles. Therefore, an important role in the process is played by the ethical standards of good administration referred to in the European Code of Good Administrative Behaviour. The principles apply to the assessment of the operation of public administration. They reflect the duties of the administration towards the citizens. The purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of the principles of ethics as a factor conditioning the efficient operation of local government administration. The questionnaire research carried out among local government staff and their stakeholders enabled the identification of the most frequent irregularities in the work of the officials and indicates the importance of the principles of ethics in the process of eliminating irregularities.

Social Responsibility, referred to in this study as Corporate Citizenship (CC) has experienced continued growth in significance among academics and corporate leaders. The absence of a multi-level approach to what would explain the advancement in CC has inhibited a realization of singularly conclusive study. In fact, nearly every scholar in the field of CC has come up with their perspective to explain the mechanisms for development in corporate citizenship, none of them being singularly conclusive. This study takes multi-level review of the current body of knowledge on mechanisms for development in corporate citizenship. This is achieved through a comprehensive synthesis of the literature around the mechanisms for development in CC from a multi-level perspective. The findings show that the majority of scholars still populate disciplinary, specialized micro- (Managerial values), meso- (Business Case) or macro- (Institutional Mechanisms) as a driver for the development of CC. we also found out that previous studies that have explored to explain drivers for CC either falls under the Managerial values, business case, or Institutional mechanisms. The findings also indicate that none of the singular perspectives have explained development in CC with conclusive results. Further the study demonstrates that it is the interaction between the different three levels of mechanisms for CC development (BC, MVs and IMs), but not acting separately is what could be driving CC to another level. Finally this study, recommends a multi-level approach to the study in social responsibility.

In negative terms we could say that the issue of health care humanization arises from the dehumanization of certain health practices; in positive terms we can instead go back to the most ancient roots of the humanitas that medicine has embodied. Nevertheless, even in this renewed interest, it has not always been possible to adequately humanize or re-humanize the actions of health workers. In history there have been different health care patterns (that this article briefly discusses) and various pressures, both religious (such as the great saints’ reformers of assistance) and secular, in order to humanize the health world. Today the need to renew this process is felt even more and the “humanization of health care” must be considered as a priority of current medicine. En términos negativos, podría decirse que la cuestión de la humanización de la asistencia médica proviene de la deshumanización de determinadas prácticas sanitarias; en términos positivos, podemos remontarnos a las raíces ancestrales de la humanidad que ha representado la medicina. No obstante, incluso con un interés renovado, no siempre ha sido posible humanizar o rehumanizar adecuadamente las acciones del personal sanitario. A lo largo de los años han existido diferentes modelos de asistencia sanitaria (que se detallan brevemente en este artículo) y diversas fuentes de presión, tanto religiosas (como las reformas sanitarias de los santos) como seculares, para humanizar la sanidad. En la actualidad, la necesidad de renovar este proceso queda aún más patente y la “humanización de la asistencia sanitaria” debe considerarse una prioridad de la medicina actual.

This paper discusses the controversies over the moral justification for patent protection in biotechnology. Special emphasis has been put on the controversy over the moral justification for patent protection of stem cells. By referring to arguments for (1) human dignity and (2) patentability criteria, the moral justifiability of patent protection of stem cells is in serious doubt. A whole section of the paper is devoted to the moral issues linked to patent protection in biotechnology and their political and economic significance. An attempt is made to solve some of the discussed problems, i.e., the introduction of decision criteria based on the system of values shared by the members of a given society. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Accountants in Poland have recently had the opportunity to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the introduction of the Accounting Act. The act was passed by the Polish Parliament in 1994. 500 years earlier, a treaty on double-entry accounting system was published by Pacioli. The publishing of Tractatus XI. Particularis de computis et scripturis was a momentous event marking the beginning of a new field of economics. Double-entry accounting was in use since Cotrugli introduce it some thirty years before Pacioli published his work. Recently, in accounting as well as in economics, emphasis has been put on ethics, moral values, and professional attitudes. It is worth considering whether, or to what extent, these were present in the early works of accountancy from 550 years ago and how accountants approached these matters at the beginning of the written history of accounting. This article presents the main ideas included in the guidelines set by Pacioli and Cotrugli regarding double-entry systems and investigates if ethical guidelines were present there. It turns out that the author of an essential work in the history of accounting, as well as his predecessor, devoted much attention to the moral attitude of the merchant, their appropriate behaviour, their attitude towards customers, and their colleagues and competitors.

As the phenomenon of corporate social responsibility (CSR) establishes itself more globally, the question arises as to the nature of CSR in developing countries. Vietnam is one example of a developing country undergoing rapid economic growth coupled with societal challenges, driven by increased business activity. To date, however, there is a dearth of context-sensitive research on CSR in Vietnam, while the distinct political, economic, social and cultural context makes Vietnam an appropriate environment for critiquing the relevance of universal CSR theories in a local context. This paper provides a critical review of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese context, and proposes a conceptual framework consisting of three specific institutional level factors that potentially influence the nature of CSR in Vietnam. These contextual factors include tradition, political governance and modernity. In addition to emphasizing the context in which CSR is conceptualized and practiced, this paper also builds a theoretical foundation that aids in the development of CSR debates, in particular the parameters influencing CSR conceptualizations (CSR Thinking) and the implementation of CSR (CSR Doing) in Vietnam.

The study presents critical reflections on the course and results of Polish local self-government reforms from March 1990, when after 40 years of the system of territorial soviets (national councils), self-government was reintroduced into communes, until January 2018, when an attempt to improve the systemic institutions of self-government in communes, poviats and voivodships was once again revisited. The author points out significant discrepancies between the basic ethical and political values of local self-government, i.e. democracy, independence and efficiency, and the changing content of self-government systemic laws as well as the practice of local authorities’ operations, and formulates proposals aimed at repairing Polish local self-government by adjusting its organisation and functioning to the principles resulting from the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the European Charter of Local Self-Government. He considers as the most important the elimination of pathological phenomena of simulated local democracy which include: a drastically low turnout in elections and referenda, the disappearance of democratic responsibility of local self-government bodies, and the autonomy of the directly elected executive body of the commune from the influence of the local representation. From this point of view, he positively assesses the new regulations, strengthening the guarantee of transparency of operations carried out by local self-government bodies and control rights of councillors, as well as expanding the catalogue of initiative, consultative and control powers of citizens. He points out, however, that ensuring real democracy in of the local authorities requires a deeper reconstruction of the principles of self-government, the election process, and strengthening the role of representation in creating and enforcing the responsibility of executive bodies. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Based on empirical material in the form of case studies prepared at Harvard Business School and Kozminski University, the article analyses the content of teaching materials in the field of business history. The Harvard case studies served as a model for the Polish ones. In contrast to the United States, at Kozminski University and in other Polish business schools, business history is not taught as a separate subject. The article puts forward the thesis that history education could provide an opportunity for future managers to broaden their knowledge of the social environment in which they will operate and to shape attitudes of responsibility for the social consequences of decisions made. However, this opportunity remains largely untapped in both the United States and Poland. American teaching materials are still influenced by the Chandlerian paradigm, and therefore they focus on the evolution of structures and changes in the strategy of large multinational corporations. These materials present students with role models of successful entrepreneurs and companies. Their social environment is presented in a sketchy manner, and questions about the motivations of human actions or hierarchies of values are rarely asked. The teaching materials also shy away from questions about the social consequences of managerial decisions. This is so, despite the fact that scientific publications are moving away from concentrating solely on the centre of global capitalism, the history of the largest corporations, and the treatment of the social environment as a variable on which the entrepreneur or company have no influence. Business history as a scientific discipline in Poland is still at an early stage of development. However, one can notice a gap between research and teaching similar to the one that exists in the USA: there are works critically analysing the period of transformation and showing the peripheral character of Polish capitalism as well as the social consequences of this peripheral nature that are completely ignored in teaching. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Ethical issues surrounding advertising have been well-discussed. However, over time and alongside societal and media changes, different questions have moved to the forefront in the discussion on advertising ethics. This paper presents an overview of traditional ethical issues of importance in the United States, and analyzes the changes that have come about as a result of newer, more interactive media for ad placements. Although many of the traditional ethical dilemmas remain, the more personalized and interactive nature of new media and an expanded landscape for advertisers to stake their claims have introduced new issues that were previously not of concern, such as privacy.

This article examines the U.S. Supreme Court’s lesser-known educative role as an egalitarian institution within a broader deliberative democratic process. Scholars have argued that the Court’s long asserted power of judicial review, especially in the equal protection and civil rights context, has been an over-reach of the judicial branch’s constitutional authority and responsibilities. Normative and empirical critiques have been centered on the aims of judicial review, and the challenges it poses in American political life. A core issue surrounding these critiques is that Justices are appointed not elected, and thus undermine the principle of majority rule in the U.S. constitutional democratic order. Although these critiques are legitimate in terms of claims about unelected Supreme Court Justices’ seemingly discretionary powers over elected legislative bodies, and the uncertain policy implications of judicial pronouncements on the broader society, there is, nevertheless, a positive application of judicial review as a tool Justices use as part of their educative role overcoming the so-called “counter-majoritarian difficulty.” Through a close reading of oral arguments in Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) and San Antonio vs. Rodriguez (1973)—two landmark cases invoking the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the federal Constitution—the article shows how appointed Justices adjudicate individual cases on appeal and attempt to educate (through an argumentative, reason-based and question-centered process) citizenlitigants and their legal representatives about the importance of equality, fairness and ethical responsibility even prior to rendering final decisions on policy controversies that have broader national social, political and economic implications.

The Custom and Border Protection (CBP) border security policy was explicitly presented by former Acting Commissioner of CBP, David Aguilar, in testimony before the United States Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee (HSGAC) on April 4, 2017 in testimony on the subject of “Fencing Along the Southwest Border.” Important for discussion here are the key components of the DHS/CBP/Border Patrol’s strategy, or sets of policies, laying forth elements of the border walls (including barriers, fences), personnel, and technology in order to hinder, or intercept, undocumented migrants (homo sacer) from entering the United States illegally—all socially constructed. Aguilar notes in his opening remarks “Maintaining a safe and secure environment along the U.S.—Mexico border is critical. A safe and orderly border that is predicated on the strong rule of law deprives criminal organizations, drug cartels, and criminal individuals the opportunity to thrive.” In Aguilar’s testimony, when pressed by Ranking Member Senator Claire McCaskill, he set forth the current needs for CBP/Border Patrol priority of the three elements in the following order: (1) Technology (border surveillance), (2) Personnel (numbers of agents along the border), and, (3) The Border Wall (physical infrastructure: fences, walls, and vehicle barriers). The security apparatus affects dwellers along the Rio Grande and undocumented border crossers, demonstrated here with an analysis of the application of President Trump’s Zero Tolerance policy (April 6–June 20, 2018). The security framework applied in this paper will consist of theoretical approaches assessing border surveillance as a panopticon, the use of Border Patrol agents for apprehending, detaining and removing homo sacer, and the symbolism of the border wall as a spectacle and simulacrum—all understood in the pursuit of USA border security policy.

This article explores the ethics of large complex systems in the United States of America in three major case studies: the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry and the political/governmental institutions. Using the simple Aristotelian heuristic of good sense, good character and good will, the conclusion is that ethics is not a high priority due in large part to the relentless pursuit of large sums of money at any cost.

When Javier Sicilia’s son was killed by cartel assassins in 2011, he transformed into a civic activist, with a mass following sufficiently large for Time Magazine to recognize him in 2011 as one of its “Protestors of the Year.” His very success mobilizing public opinion against cartel violence overshadows his more fundamental role as an advocate for deliberative democracy in the Americas. Sicilia’s historical importance lies in his recognition that only civic dialogue within the transnational public sphere that includes Mexico and the United States can heal the social pathologies unleashed by globalization and by the war on drugs. His ultimate achievement has been to dramatize what would be required of citizens to realize the democratic ideals that both countries profess as the foundations of their national identities.

Self-regulation initiatives are undertaken by many lobbying circles in various countries. The key element of those initiatives are codes of ethics including a postulated model of lobbying activities, a specific pattern of ethical standards of lobbying. The aim of the article is a reconstruction of this pattern on the basis of the analysis of eight codes representing American, Polish, British, European and German lobbying. The analysis leads to the following conclusions. An axiological base of the lobbyist profession is created by such values as honesty, reliability, integrity, trust, professionalism, civic responsibility, openness, transparency, loyalty, respect, courtesy. Norms included in the codes are concentrated on the following issues: legality, transparency of actions, care of reputation and dignity of the profession, avoiding corruption, conflict of interest, customer relationship, duties toward society, public relations. A weak element of lobbying self-regulation is a system of norm execution. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The Polish Episcopate critically assessed the social and economic situation in Poland in the period of the transition from communism to democracy and a freemarket economy. Privatisation led to production being stopped and to an increase in unemployment. Profit and not human dignity became the measure of labour. The economic and social reality was dominated by the treatment of economics and financial success as of the highest values and the dissemination of the opinion that in politics and economics there are no values. The political elites showed an inability to develop long-term strategies for getting out of the crisis. The disappearance of the morality of many representatives of public life, which was manifested in universal corruption and the aspiration to improve social status as soon as possible, contributed to this state of affairs. As a result, there was a crisis of the idea of the common wealth and an increase in crime. The social crisis was particularly visible in moral attitudes, social behaviour, and in the economic sphere, public finance, on the labour market, and in the quickly progressing social stratification. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The article discusses the concept of the social economy. In the first part, some essential historical sources of the subject matter are described. The second part deals with the concept of social economy, taking into special consideration its definitional problems, founding values and characteristic principles as well as the dilemmas and difficulties connected with its implementation. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The social class which was the spiritus movens of rapid economic transformation in the lands of the Kingdom of Poland in the nineteenth century was the bourgeoisie. In the public sphere, there is still a strong conviction among contemporary Poles about the moral defects of capitalists, for whom, according to the prevailing stereotypes, only profit was important. The author of this article, to contradict this claim, gives an example of the life and actions of Jan Gottlieb Bloch (1836–1902). The aim of the article is to present the broad economic, social and scientific activity of Bloch as a member of the bourgeoisie of the Kingdom of Poland. The author also points to the need for further research on the work of Jan Bloch, especially in the field of his economic and irenological writing. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Most people, especially in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, suffer and die from lack of food, shelter, and medical care, whereas other people in rich countries are extremely well-off. Because of the globalization process neither individuals nor governments can claim to be unaware of what is happening in the Third World. In this paper I defend the claim that, since we are living in a “global village”, we have greater moral responsibility for poverty. Thus, our moral responsibility is less limited than it usually seems to be. However, we do not have to be extremely impartial, which is recommended by utilitarianism (Garrett Hardin, Peter Singer), concentrating only on the consequences of action and its utility (agent-neutral evaluation). Yet, what we can include in our moral evaluation of poverty are human rights and an individual point of view, which are defended by Amartya Sen’s capability approach and Thomist framework (agent-relative evaluation). Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The paper refers to selected issues of exploitation in the face of justice. The analysis is based on the definitions of exploitation contained in the Polish Penal and Civil Codes. The main goal is the identification of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the recognition of exploitation as being unjust. A supplementary question will refer to a specific type of justice which should be considered in this case. In this respect, we should consider retributive, distributive and social justice. Another important factor in this regard is the accepted theory of value. In the presented considerations, we will focus on the labour theory of value. The principal issue can be expressed by the questions whether exploitation is ipso facto unjust and how the phenomena of exploitation and justice are related to each other. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Along with the importance of the registration of marriage, the existence of Office of Religious Affairs is a part of a local government institution that is assigned to provide services to the community. In this matter, each state organizer has an obligation to provide excellent public services, meaning that the services provided by the government should be able to provide satisfaction to the community. This article aims at discussing some efforts to improve the service of marriage registration in the Office of Religious Affairs located in Sayung, Demak, Central Java. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method based on five service dimensions. The interview, observation and documentation are conducted to gather data. The result reveals that the quality of marriage registration service in the Office of Religious Affairs, Sayung has not been achieved ultimately. In fact, the Office of Religious Affairs, Sayung does not have a minimum service standard so that people cannot assess the service standard of marriage registration clearly. Therefore, in order to improve the service of marriage registration, the officers in the Office of Religious Affairs, Sayung need to improve the quality of marriage registration services that can be achieved by completing a clear minimum service standard.Keywords: Office of Religious Affairs, Service, Marriage Registration

This article presents both the legal regulations concerning lobbying in Poland and an evaluation of lobbying practices. It refers to the results of the sociological research conducted among the members of the Polish Parliament, professional lobbyists and journalists who cover parliamentary issues. The research was conducted in cooperation with the Stefan Batory Foundation’s Anti-Corruption Programme from May to July 2008. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Human Right is an important issue to be discussed, moreover in the West countries. This is because Human Right is talking about human being.� Eventhough� this� concept� was� born� and� developed� in� the West, but East countries, which Islam becomes the majority, adapt this concept slowly to be included in the state law. Islamic concept is believed as the way of life by its adherents. Islam according to its adherents is a complete concept that rule every aspects in the human�s life, no exception in the regulation of Human Right. Islam as a religion means rahmatan lil �alamin, which means mercy for the universe, even in the social injustice Islam regulates about the concept of Human Right. This article purposes to know about the history of Human Right and how Islam views the concept of it.

Precarity applies to people who, in order to survive, need to work in a low-quality job, which is uncertain, temporary, low-paid, with no prospect of promotion, no security and no contract. In this sense, the precariat is a category related mostly to the secondary segments of the labour market according to the concept of the dual labour market. It is also the universal feature of Post-Fordism and the modern working conditions in which women, more often than men are located in the “worst” segment of the labour market. In this context, it is worth noting that since the beginning of the era of globalisation, women have mostly worked in the sectors more uncertain and unstable e.g., in the service industries and trade. It has been feminisation in a double sense of the word: there have been more and more working women, on the one hand, and on the other hand, women have usually taken the flexible jobs. Most of these jobs are precarious work. Precarity combined with job insecurity and low wages leaves the workforce in this group unable to plan for their future or afford a decent life. This article attempts to prove that the threat of precarity is more probable for women than men. This claim is supported by the OECD and Eurostat data on precarity for Poland and other European countries. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Studies of the scale of unemployment in Poland and in Europe conducted in recent years lead to the conclusion that one of the largest and growing problems of the modern labour market is the unemployment rate among young people. An unfavourable phenomenon related to this issue, which is increasingly often appearing in public debate, is the rising unemployment of graduates. Therefore, it is important to attempt to identify related phenomena in today’s job market, and one of such phenomena is the emergence of a new type of employee in the labour market, a member of the precarious class. The analysis aims to present the origins, nature and scale of the precariat phenomenon in Poland. The issue is described from the perspective of the labour market position of a selected social group, i.e. young people entering the labour market after finishing their education. The study attempted to identify factors that affect this phenomenon and the characteristics confirming the sense of its separateness in the labour market. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The article is a review of issues connected with business ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the last 20 years. Two decades have passed since the Sixth Polish Philosophical Congress took place in Toruń, where—for the first time in the history of Polish philosophical conventions—business ethics was recognized as a philosophical sub-discipline. It manifested itself in a special subsection of the Congress devoted to the topic, which was also kept at the next congress meetings. The paper is not a full review and most likely is not free from subjectivism. This is partly due to the fact that the subject matter falls within the scope of the philosophy of practicality—as the author interprets and refers to the philosophical system of Tadeusz Kotarbiński. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The stance of the Catholic Church in the United States of America on the problems related to workers’ wages is an interesting issue from the point of view of the ethics of economic life and the development of Catholic social thought. The interpretation of the main Catholic social ideas contained in Leo XIII’s encyclical letter Rerum novarum was made by Father John Augustine Ryan (1896–1945), who soon became a major proponent of the idea that a good economic policy can only result from good ethics. In the history of the United States of America, the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was a time of the development of labor unions, associations and workers’ organizations as well as the consolidation of efforts to achieve equitable remuneration (a living wage) and regulate working conditions. It was also a time of struggling with the ideas of socialism and nationalism. The Catholic Church played a significant role in the discourse on these issues, including the influence of John A. Ryan. His efforts led to one of the most important interpretations of economic life: The Program of Social Reconstruction (1919), and some of its postulates can be found in the New Deal legislation. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The article names the conditions that a conversation has to fulfill in order to become a dialogue. The author undertakes to present the philosophy and ethics of dialogue, which were established based on the concept of dialogue. Its representatives include Jürgen Habermas and Karl-Otto Apel. Next, on the example of German business ethics, it is demonstrated how the philosophy and ethics of dialogue could become the foundation of the Republican economic ethics, developed by Peter Ulrich, and corporate ethics, put forward by Horst Steinmann. In the author’s opinion, they may prove useful in developing a new version of business ethics, formed upon reflection about experiences of the financial and economic crisis that began in 2008 and the effects of which are visible to this day. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The aim of this article is the presentation of the scope of responsibility of employers towards workers’ families in Poland in the interwar period. The article also shows how those duties were fulfilled. This issue appeared in Europe with the development of social insurance programmes and labour laws. The Second Republic of Poland built its own legal system for employees’ families. It included health insurance and benefits, families’ pensions and funeral allowances. Certain obligations were also imposed on employers in the context of labour law. The most important was the obligation to open nursery schools for the children of women who worked in factories. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

As a conceptual framework, UNRRA referred to one of the four freedoms (freedom from want) mentioned by Franklin D. Roosevelt in a speech given in Congress on January 6, 1946. In the first section, the article presents early attempts to coordinate assistance for the civilian population during World War II (The Committee of Supplies and The Inter-Allied Committee on European Post-War Requirements). The scale of actions taken was very small and insufficient. In January 1942, the USSR proposed the creation of an international organization that would collect information on raw materials and food. This initiative prompted Washington and London to launch a separate competitive project. The organization’s task was to bring help until the state gained economic independence. Therefore, the organization’s goal was not to rebuild the areas affected by war damage in the long term (rehabilitation not reconstruction). In the main part, the article presents the basic issues in dispute when creating the principle of allocating aid, for example, the requirement of consent of the receiving state to receive gifts or the composition of organs of the organization. For this purpose, the exchange of notes between Washington and London was analyzed. Differences of opinions delayed the signing of the contract which did not take place until November 1943. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

On the one hand, the contemporary world is a place of sheer abundance; on the other, it is a place where the poverty is widespread, people’s needs are unsatisfied, and the natural and socioeconomic systems remain unstable. The negligence/absence of human rights and basic political needs pose a direct threat to development. One of the most effective answers to such a threat is the idea of sustainable development, which works towards the goal of satisfying the needs of present generations without depriving the future generations of their options and basic needs. Amartya Sen’s concept of development, understood as a process of extending basic civil rights and freedoms as well as improving the effectiveness of social security networks is crucial for intellectual reflection on the idea of sustainable development. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The aim of this article is to scrutinize the relationship between the moral attitude of an entrepreneur and his or her possibility to gain competitive advantage. This declaration leads to the following question: does the everyday practice confirm or deny the economic usefulness of the postulate of corporate social responsibility? On the one hand, moral desertion is obviously profitable (also in the economic sense). Partners of the deserter, in most cases, are not able to avoid (unexpected and expansive) consequences of his or her new attitude towards them. On the other hand, this strategy—in long-term perspective—seems to be doubtfully profitable. The former victims orientate themselves to their new circumstances and become ready to face the attack. Therefore, the corporate social responsibility, in the final calculation, should be taken as the only way to protect active participants of the market against the temptation to neglect their obligation towards people, who can punish or reward them (as stakeholders and whistleblowers). Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

El autor se centra en la relación de la bioética y el bioderecho en su ya largo camino en común. El enriquecimiento ha sido mutuo pero también existen problemas de delimitación y tendencia a elaborar los problemas éticos como si fueran problemas legales. El artículo analiza como los Derechos Humanos han aportado una fuente referencial de primera magnitud al discurso bioético, como los comités consultivos de bioética han sido impulsores del Derecho internacional en el ámbito de la biomedicina y la aparición de un Derecho Constitucional del ciudadano bioético como respuesta a investigadores y científicos (biócratas) concretándolo en la emergencia de ciertos derechos relacionados con el genoma humano.

The aim of the article is to present multidimensional analyses and deliberations that bring us closer to better understanding the corrupt practices that commonly occur in everyday economic reality. Particular attention was paid to the economic and social aspects of the corrupt behaviors which are considered, taking into account the main goals of corruption and the accompanying results. At the beginning of the work, the essence and aims of corruption were characterized, and also the author’s own definition of this phenomenon was formulated in a broad sense, according to a pragmatic approach to the analyzed problem. The consequence of the adopted research approach is that corruption has been divided into two categories – crimes and legal corruption. An important element of the analysis is the perception of corruption as a network of influences, connections and dependencies which are a consequence of actions developed in practice and the behaviors of the people in charge of the authorities. Another topic was devoted to financial benefits, which should be interpreted as an economic dimension and a basic determinant for all forms of corruption. In this part of the study, specific processes and decisions for achieving measurable financial benefits by a selected group of beneficiaries were thoroughly discussed and explained. In order to strengthen the formulated theses, remarks and conclusions, the results from the audit carried out by the Supreme Audit Office were additionally used. The findings included in the report of the Supreme Audit Office also served as an important argument for the assessment of specific behaviors in terms of public officials bearing responsibility for activities that are a conscious act of using power for their own particular interests. In the further part of the article, the assumptions and objectives of the anticorruption policy of the government included in the program documents for years 2014–2019, as well as the new version of the anti-corruption strategy for years 2018–2020, were subjected to a critical analysis. Finally, the author presented selected information included in the annual Central Anti-corruption Agency report and a few reflections summing up the process of combating corruption in Poland.

This paper analyzes how corruption is measured and presents some doubts connected with various measurements. It starts by discussing the complex and unclear epistemic status of the concept of corruption. Then it briefly reviews the different types of data used to estimate levels of corruption. The next section examines major recognized indicators and indexes. Finally, some of their specific qualities are analyzed to show their limitations and the mistakes made by inappropriate use of these instruments. The “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” is affiliated and co-financed by the Faculty of Economics and Sociology of the University of Lodz.

The Constitution of The Republic of Poland (Article 17) says that: “By means of a statute, self‑governments may be created within a profession in which the public repose confidence, and such self‑governments shall concern themselves with the proper practice of such professions in accordance with, and for the purpose of protecting, the public interest”. This regulation is based on two principles: The first is the principle of professionalism; the second embraces norms that must be observed by representatives of professions of public trust. Those groups can make the decisions of their members or profits for themselves. This puts them in a different position than other participants of social and economic life. Professional associations are not driven by market rules, nor administrative regulations (relating to the postulate of the division of labor). The problem begins when – from a social point of view – it is no longer possible to regard these organizations as trustworthy partners. The gap between legal and social perspectives raises doubts about the way in which a civil society could face professional self‑governments when they are seen as being hostile to them.

At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, a new economic doctrine called ordoliberalism was born in Germany. The foundations of this doctrine were values such as responsibility, solidarity, justice, and freedom. Classics of ordoliberalism formulated a number of recommendations and requirements for businesses in their writings. One of them was the public responsibility, which had the private-economic and socio-economic nature. In Germany sports’ (football) enterprises functioning in the form of companies and associations are participants in the sports-economic competition in the two professional leagues (1.Bundesliga and 2.Bundesliga). At the same time sports enterprises pursue different aims: among the economic goals, there are also the social goals. In the structures of sports enterprises, there are several departments dealing with CSR and implementation of partnership projects. The article concludes that 1) the constitutive elements of ordoliberalism had an influence on the functioning of sports (football) enterprises in Germany, 2) the projects realized under the social responsibility rule that were undertaken by sports companies were strongly related to sports education, environmental protection, and social exclusion. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The purpose of this article is to present the problem of the topicality of the Medical Code of Ethics functioning in the economic and legal environment. The subject of information asymmetry, which occurs in the health sector, has been widely commented on. There were objections raised by people who referred to the current standards and attitudes shown by members of the medical community. Attention was paid to factors affecting the functioning of medical entities and the decision ‑ making process connected with patient treatment. The level of medical care was assessed in view of the research conducted in July 2013 in Lower Silesia.

The paper explores the assertion about multi-faceted tools of impact used by large corporations that aim to limit the subjectivity of consumers. It is based on the concept of “deep capture” (Hanson & Yosifon, 2003). Deep capture suggests that the consumers have only the idea of their own subjectivity, and that human behaviour is largely dependent on external situational factors rather than the individuals’ dispositions. In this context, the present authors analyse the role of large corporations in shaping the image of LGBT people in Poland. Noteworthy is the consideration to build and strengthen the belief that LGBT people are a group which suffers discrimination, to which anyone should make gestures of support throughout consumer decisions. An overview of the actions of business entities for LGBT groups in Poland allows us state that these actions cannot be called large-scale. The actions of Polish companies can be recognised as not very intense or committed. Western transnational corporations have vast experience in actions for LGBT people, but this is not necessarily the case in Poland. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Lately, the subject of responsibility has gained importance in the context of the economic crisis. In economy, it took the form of social responsibility. It concerns activities additionally undertaken by organizations in order to establish correct relations with their employees and society, as well as with regard to the natural environment. Therefore, a very important role is played by the ethos of the undertaken socially responsible actions. To a large extent, it is reflected in the ethical dimension. Thus, in enterprises, codes of ethics have become a base of axiology in the building of the organizational cultures. Unfortunately, Polish companies—as shown in the paper—still attach a lesser role to the ethical dimension of business. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the Human Development Index (HDI) as an indicator of economic development. The analysis is based on case studies of five post‑socialist countries: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, and Poland. To carry out the assessment of the HDI, two approaches are employed. The first involves comparing the HDI values to seventeen other indicators related to different aspects of development chosen with reference to Amartya K. Sen’s approach. The second approach refers to public opinion surveys provided by the Eurobarometer and the European Quality of Life Survey programs. In the light of the analysis, it can be said that the HDI is a fairly good measure of economic development. However, certain important dimensions which have a significant impact on people’s living conditions are neglected. Knowing about Sen’s influence on the creation of the HDI and the emphasis he put on the relationship between democracy and development, it may be surprising that such neglected dimensions include the state of democracy.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a subject of great interest to both theoreticians and practitioners of management as well as to international organisations that promote this idea among existing enterprises. Despite many years of research on CSR, there is no single binding definition of this concept, therefore for the needs of this publication, the definition of Archie B. Carroll, and the resulting approach to CSR implementation in companies, has been adopted. The aim of the article is to analyse CSR activities undertaken by FC Barcelona in the framework of a system derived from Carroll’s CSR pyramid, therefore its activities have been divided into four groups corresponding to the dimension of financial, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Due to the commercialisation of football, FC Barcelona is treated as a global enterprise, considering, however, the specificity of regulations governing the sports sector as well as goods and services offered by the club. The research has been based on an analysis of literature and available documents published by the club itself as well as by international organisations regulating football tournaments on national and international levels. The study has indicated that FC Barcelona is taking action in all the dimensions of social responsibility highlighted in Carroll’s pyramid and can be seen as a socially responsible organisation, at the same time meeting expectations of its stakeholders. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.