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HIGHER EDUCATION MUST BE VIEWED IN TERMS OF ECONOMICS, POLITICAL SCIENCE, SOCIOLOGY, AND PSYCHOLOGY. THE TYPES OF QUESTIONS WHICH SOCIAL SCIENTISTS USUALLY ASK ABOUT ORGANIZATIONS AND AGENCIES IN INDUSTRY, BUSINESS, AND OTHER SETTINGS ARE RAISED ABOUT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. STUDENT AND ADMINISTRATOR PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH THE DIVERSITY AND POTENTIAL STUDENT CHOICE OF INSTITUTIONS ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, CHURCH-RELATED INSTITUTIONS, COLLEGES VERSUS UNIVERSITIES, AND THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE. ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS ARE BETTER ANALYZED WITH CONCEPTS OF "MEANING" AND "PURPOSE" RATHER THAN IN TERMS OF THE STANDARD "OPERATIONAL" QUESTION. THE SOCIAL SCIENCES CAN BE STUDIED IN TERMS OF EDUCATIONAL DEMAND, HIGHER EDUCATION AS AN INVESTMENT, HIGHER EDUCATION AS A BUSINESS ENTERPRISE, HIGHER EDUCATION AS A POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND EDUCATIONAL BUREAUCRACY, PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, AND HISTORY. EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY ON SUCH FACTORS AS DECISIONMAKING, INTERPRETATION, AND ARTFULNESS IS IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING THE SUCCESS OF ADMINISTRATORS. TWO ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS FACING ADMINISTRATORS ARE THE CRISIS PROBLEM AND THE CONTINUING PROBLEM. THE CRISIS PROBLEM ENTAILS THE UPSURGE OF STUDENT ENROLLMENT, THE EXPANSION OF RESEARCH, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW AND DEMANDING PROGRAMS OF PUBLIC SERVICE. THE CONTINUING PROBLEMS INVOLVE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PURPOSES AND PROCESSES OF EDUCATION AND THE APPRAISAL OF THE RESULTS. THIS DOCUMENT IS ALSO AVAILABLE FROM THE CENTER FOR THE ADVANCED STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION, UNIVERSITY OF OREGON, EUGENE, OREGON 97403, FOR $1.00. (HW)

The purpose of this paper is to explain why the Supreme Court has had limited effects on American society, to suggest some means by which the Court's influence can be increased, and to raise some questions about the proper role of political science in this endeavor." (SE)

The last 30 years have seen a revolution in the provision of minimal access surgery for many conditions, and technological advances are increasing exponentially. Many instruments are superseded by improved versions before the NHS and publicly funded health services can offer widespread coverage. Although we tend to think of minimal access surgery as a modern concept, Parts I and II of this series have shown that there is a 5000-year history to this specialty and our predecessors laid down many principles which still apply today. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, minimal access surgery was driven forward by visionary individuals, often in the face of opposition from colleagues and the medical establishment. However, in the last 30 years, innovation has been driven more in partnerships between healthcare, scientific, financial, educational and charitable organisations. There are far too many individuals involved to detail every contribution here, but this third part of the series will concentrate on some of the important themes in the development of minimal access surgery to its current status.

Making public health data easier to access, understand, and use makes it more likely that the data will be influential. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene’s Web-based data communication became a cornerstone of NYC’s response and allowed the public, journalists, and researchers to access and understand the data in a way that supported the pandemic response and brought attention to the deeply unequal patterns of COVID-19’s morbidity and mortality in NYC. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(S3):S193–S196. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306446 )

The covid-19 virus pandemic in Indonesia has been taking place since February 2020, which almost knocked out all sectors of the economy, industry, trade and human mentality. Data as of April 13, 2020 shows that the number of people in Indonesia contaminated with the covid-19 virus totals 4557 people, with the number of deaths of 399 people and patients cured reached 380 people (Source detik.com). From this data, the Government of Indonesia enacts and urges all people to stay at home or Stay at Home. With the program to stay at home, many people do all activities from home from work, study, worship done at home together with family. The implementation of staying at home from March 13, 2020 until now makes some people feel saturated, can't wait to stay at home so that many people are not disciplined in doing this program and still do regular activities in the midst of the covid-19 pandemic. The impact of impatience, indiscipline and disorderly behavior is what results in the number of contaminated sufferers every day is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to socialize about the understanding that should be done especially by every Muslim in the face of the covid-19 pandemic disaster. The method used is to make a video of da'wah containing a short message about patience in the face of disasters that last approximately 3 minutes and upload it online then share the online link through the group in Whatsapp group. The hope of this devotion program is that the community, especially Muslims, will be encouraged and self-conscious to be able to stay at home until the End of the covid-19 pandemic. The results of this program after the video message was uploaded through Youtube then disseminated through Whatsapp group and watched approximately 150 times there are 25 people responded by sending a comment message to this video and 25 people will try to remain patient in the face of the test and implement government programs to stay home until the pandemic outbreak subsides.

Objective The presence of the COVID-19 and racism pandemics underscored the need for a basic model of advocacy for psychologists and budding psychologists. We offer a new model of action to be easily replicated, particularly during times of crisis, with aims to impact change locally and beyond the therapeutic space. Method The D.C. Psychological Association (DCPA) actively responded to the double pandemics of COVID-19. Using a posthoc qualitative analysis four steps were identified: organizing, providing support and education, and engaging in advocacy (O-SEA Approach), which all centered the specific skill set of psychologists and psychologists-in-training. Results Measures of success included the following: increased membership and engagement of members, development of relevant programming to providers and the community, community attendance of events, statements indicating knowledge gained by providers, new connections with local organizations and officials, and local legislative change. Conclusions The O-SEA Approach provides a framework for local advocacy that can empower psychologists to contribute their expertise in tangible and impactful ways. This model seeks justice for all people through elevating the voices of the unjustly marginalized, providing support and education to mental health providers and the community, and advocating for policy that is grounded in culturally relevant research. The O-SEA Approach can be successful in these aspirations and be applied in communities across the nation. Clinical Impact Statement: The permanence of racism in the United States is evident throughout history when examining America's social, economic, and political systems. Racism's reverberations are present locally, in the nation's capital, through its policing techniques and gentrification, among other insidious manifestations. COVID-19's global impact has been reported to have particularly deleterious effects on Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) through impacting housing, food, and income security while simultaneously underscoring the lack of access to health resources. This demanded a response by mental health professionals. Consequently, the D.C. Psychological Association made efforts to organize, support, educate, and advocate for the local community through what is called the O-SEA Approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: The difficulty of asking questions to each other during the appointment process with their doctor, the long waiting times of the patients in the waiting rooms in the clinics, and the fact that it is easier to get medical information on the internet due to the ongoing COVID-19 virus infection. Porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) have been frequently used to restore anterior teeth for nearly three decades, thanks to their aesthetic appeal, durability and biocompatibility.Methods: YouTube™ was searched by a researcher of this study using the keyword 'laminate veneer' on April 17, 2021. The most frequently used terms in this regard are 'laminate veneer' and 'laminate veneer restoration'. Analyzes were made on the Instagram application, along with YouTube.Results: Thirty-three videos were determined on YouTube™ on the topic of laminate veneer. The mean number of the views was 46277.84 ± 128674.71, with the minimum view as ten and maximum as 682478. The videos had a mean duration of 5:48 ± 4:64 with a range of 0:24–14:55. The mean number of "likes" for each video was 198 ± 424, and the mean number of "dislikes" was 17 ± 48. The most-liked video received 1700 "likes." The most-disliked video received 236"dislikes." The mean number of comments was 13.65 ± 31.58. The interaction rate was 1.67 ± 5.18, and the viewing rate was 2939.11 ± 6076.75Conclusion: YouTube™ and Instagram still cannot be accepted as a completely confident resource of knowledge for patients who want to learn about oral aesthetic rehabilitation treatment with laminate veneers

This study aimed to know factors influencing the voting preferences of the Millennial generations during the 2019 Philippine National Election. According to the official social media of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), more than 61.8 million voters for the election belonged to the Millennial generation. Using a questionnaire survey, this study measured and correlated the respondents' profile, Candidate's Attribute, Endorsement Method, Platform and Campaign Strategy, and top ten characteristics of the candidates. These variables were all surveyed, tallied, and analyzed. The survey involved 138 college students who participated in the Voter’s Education Program led by COMELEC Taguig. This study reveals that the top three characteristics that the respondents wanted to see in a candidate are: not corrupt, wise, and a Godly person. In the future, this study can be replicated in a larger population of Millennials. It can be a great avenue of change in the political atmosphere of the Philippines. Finally, this study could bring new inspirations to those aspiring to run for public offices.

The COVID-19 pandemic and its social and health impact have underscored the need for a new strategic science agenda for public health. To optimize public health impact, high-quality strategic science addresses scientific gaps that inform policy and guide practice. At least 6 scientific gaps emerge from the US experience with COVID-19: health equity science, data science and modernization, communication science, policy analysis and translation, scientific collaboration, and climate science. Addressing these areas within a strategic public health science agenda will accelerate achievement of public health goals. Public health leadership and scientists have an unprecedented opportunity to use strategic science to guide a new era of improved and equitable public health.

This special issue is the first to systematically address the activity we call “normfare” - the assiduous development of norms of very different character (public and private, formal and informal, technically mediated and directly implemented) by different actors (platforms, standard-setters, states) as an answer to the wide range of challenges facing internet governance. We bring together contributions from leading anthropologists, technologists, political scientists, legal and communication scholars exploring how norms underpin the new ordering of the internet, whether in explicit or implicit forms. Through various theoretical lenses, contributions analyze the impact of platforms, states, civil society, expert groups and key individuals on restructuring the normative order of the internet, and present empirical evidence for instances of norm creation, legitimation, contestation and opposition. Valuable new insights for norm development processes come from case studies, ethnographies, legal and discourse analysis and interdisciplinary approaches locating agency and power plays. In this introduction, we define the key concepts applicable to norm entrepreneurship and discuss their interplay in internet governance debates, followed by an overview of the articles included in the special issue. In the final section, we reflect on the implications of our new research agenda.This special issue is the first to systematically address the activity we call “normfare” - the assiduous development of norms of very different character (public and private, formal and informal, technically mediated and directly implemented) by different actors (platforms, standard-setters, states) as an answer to the wide range of challenges facing internet governance. We bring together contributions from leading anthropologists, technologists, political scientists, legal and communication scholars exploring how norms underpin the new ordering of the internet, whether in explicit or implicit forms. Through various theoretical lenses, contributions analyze the impact of platforms, states, civil society, expert groups and key individuals on restructuring the normative order of the internet, and present empirical evidence for instances of norm creation, legitimation, contestation and opposition. Valuable new insights for norm development processes come from case studies, ethnographies, legal and discourse analysis and interdisciplinary approaches locating agency and power plays. In this introduction, we define the key concepts applicable to norm entrepreneurship and discuss their interplay in internet governance debates, followed by an overview of the articles included in the special issue. In the final section, we reflect on the implications of our new research agenda.

This article summarises a recent virtual meeting organised by the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam on the topic of climate change and health, bringing local partners, faculty and external collaborators together from across the Wellcome and Oxford networks. Attendees included invited local and global climate scientists, clinicians, modelers, epidemiologists and community engagement practitioners, with a view to setting priorities, identifying synergies and fostering collaborations to help define the regional climate and health research agenda. In this summary paper, we outline the major themes and topics that were identified and what will be needed to take forward this research for the next decade. We aim to take a broad, collaborative approach to including climate science in our current portfolio where it touches on infectious diseases now, and more broadly in our future research directions. We will focus on strengthening our research portfolio on climate-sensitive diseases, and supplement this with high quality data obtained from internal studies and external collaborations, obtained by multiple methods, ranging from traditional epidemiology to innovative technology and artificial intelligence and community-led research. Through timely agenda setting and involvement of local stakeholders, we aim to help support and shape research into global heating and health in the region.

RESUMO Introdução: Considerado atributo de uma sociedade contemporânea mais democrática, igualitária e justa, o acesso à informação é um direito constitucionalmente garantido a todo cidadão. Objetivo: Assim, este estudo foi realizado com profissionais vinculados ao Sistema Eletrônico do Serviço de Informação ao Cidadão (e-SIC), objetivando conhecer o perfil do (a) gestor (a) desse serviço, bem como sua satisfação em relação ao desempenho de suas funções profissionais nesse ambiente de trabalho. Metodologia: Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, a pesquisa caracteriza-se por sua natureza, predominantemente, qualitativa do tipo descritiva. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários. Resultados: Entre os objetivos alcançados na pesquisa, destaca-se o perfil dos profissionais responsáveis pelo gerenciamento do e-SIC: a maioria tem entre 41 e 50 anos, é do sexo feminino, pertence a diferentes profissões, como, por exemplo, advogado e delegado, e atua de um a dois anos nesse ambiente de trabalho. Conclusão: Verificou-se, também, que, apesar das barreiras encontradas, os (as) gestores (as) do e-SIC desempenham suas funções satisfatoriamente e consideram o Sistema como uma ferramenta de poder entre a sociedade e o setor público, o que possibilita mais controle e comunicação social e contribui significativamente com a população. ABSTRACT Introduction: Considered an attribute of a more democratic, egalitarian and fair contemporary society, access to information is a constitutionally guaranteed right for every citizen. Objective: Therefore, this study was conducted with professionals linked to the Electronic System of the Citizen Information Service (e-SIC), with the purpose of knowing the profile of the manager of this service, as well as his/her satisfaction in relation to the performance of his/her professional duties in this work environment. Methodology: As for the methodological procedures, the research is characterized by its nature, predominantly qualitative of the descriptive type. The data were collected by means of questionnaires. Results: Among the objectives achieved in the survey, the profile of the professionals responsible for the management of e-SIC stands out: most of them are between 41 and 50 years old, are female, belong to different professions, such as lawyer and delegate, and work from one to two years in this work environment. Conclusion: It has also been found that, despite the barriers encountered, the e-SIC managers perform their functions satisfactorily and consider the System as a power tool between society and the public sector, which enables more control and social communication and contributes significantly to the population.

Activists increasingly seek to influence organizations that also espouse support for social movement goals, encouraging the use of collaborative tactics. While there has been growing research on in...