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This article examines the development of teaching and research in International Relations (IR) in Cambodia. It argues that IR is a relatively nascent academic discipline, but a growing one. The discipline started to develop incrementally in the 2000s, partially resulting from the internationalization of higher education and growing student demand in the country. This preliminary study finds that mainstream Western theories dominate the discipline in Cambodia and realism is the dominant school of thought within it. Cambodian scholars, nevertheless, have a growing interest in exploring and learning Global IR, especially Asian IR. National experiences and circumstances are the key sources for developing indigenous IR theories, potentially contributing to the debates on Global IR. The publications by Cambodian IR scholars at home and abroad are highly valued by the local academic community. However, the lack of institutional support and research funding constrains IR-related research and publishing in Cambodia. Keywords: Cambodia, International Relations, academic discipline, Global IR., International Relations (IR) is a relatively new academic discipline in Cambodia. After gaining independence from France in 1953, Cambodia's academic institutions did not initially offer courses or programmes relating to [...]

Scholars who adopted de-centring as a strategy for globalising IR have embraced the notions of 'centre' and 'periphery' to highlight structural inequalities between North America and Western Europe and the rest of the world in the production of knowledge about world politics. In doing so, however, de-centring IR scholarship has portrayed the 'periphery' as if it is a new entrant to the 'international'. Yet, such a presumption is not in the spirit of globalising IR, which views the periphery as the 'constitutive outside'. By re-visiting the 1970s' centre-periphery approaches, the paper highlights the limitations of the de-centring approaches insofar as they have not always been attentive to the critical concerns of earlier theorisations about 'centre' and 'periphery', and underscores the need for studying the periphery as 'constitutive outside'. The periphery is 'outside' by virtue of having been left out of those mainstream narratives that the centre tells about the international; it is also 'constitutive' because those ideas, practices, and institutions that are typically ascribed to the 'centre' have been co-constituted by centre and periphery in toto. Keywords: Center, Periphery, Constitutive Outside, Decentering IR, Global IR Merkezsizlestirmeyi uluslararasi iliskilerin küresellestirilmesi için bir strateji olarak benimseyen arastirmacilar, dünya siyaseti hakkinda bilgi üretiminde Kuzey Amerika ve Bati Avrupa ile dünyanin geri kalani arasindaki yapisal esitsizlikleri vurgulamakta 'merkez' ve 'çevre' nosyonlarina sarildilar. Fakat bunu yaparken 'çevre'yi sanki 'uluslararasi'na yeni katilmis gibi sundular. Oysa ki böylesi bir kabul, çevreyi 'kurucu dis' olarak gören uluslararasi iliskileri küresellestirme yaklasiminin ruhuna aykiridir. Bu makale 1970'lerin merkez-çevre yaklasimlarini yeniden degerlendirerek, merkezsizlestiren yaklasimlarin daha önceki 'merkez' ve 'çevre' kuramsallastirmalarinin elestirel dertlerine dikkat etmedikleri ölçüde sinirli kaldiklarini vurgulamakta ve çevrenin 'kurucu dis' olarak çalisilmasi gerekliliginin üstünde durmaktadir. Çevre, merkezin uluslararasi hakkinda sundugu ana akim anlatilar tarafindan disarida birakildigi için 'dis'tadir; ancak ayni zamanda da 'kurucudur' zira tipik olarak 'merkez'e atfedilen bu düsünceler, uygulamalar ve kurumlar merkez ve çevre tarafindan birlikte olusturulmustur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Merkez, Çevre, Kurucu Dis, UI'yi Merkezsizlestirme, Küresel UI, Introduction In the 1970s, distinguishing between 'centre' and 'periphery' was offered as a key move by critical scholars who sought to move away from totalizing conceptions of the international which, [...]

This article considers the impact of globalization on American cities and how these cities will function and compete in a global economy. It argues that almost all American cities grew [...]

This essay discusses whether public administration as a field is sufficiently prepared for challenges such as globalization and informatization. It suggests that we have much work to do in building more relevant theories and developing more powerful languages and tools. KEYWORDS: complexity, globalization, informatization

A review of the existing evidence on the degree of internationalization of the innovative activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) reveals three main trends. These are the continuing reliance of firms on the home country as a base for innovation, structural changes in MNEs toward more affiliate autonomy, and a small but growing presence of cross-border innovative activities in a group of nontraditional host countries. We argue that these trends pose two interrelated policy challenges for home countries. First, governments need to ensure that the national innovation system enables domestic MNEs to engage in global knowledge sourcing in a way that is complementary to their activities in the home base. Second, the continued importance of publicly funded R&D to corporate innovation implies that home countries, along with MNEs, need to be actively engaged in the standard setting processes in global markets in order to shape an appropriability regime that allows for the effective capture of economic gains from innovation. KEY WORDS: multinational enterprises, R&D, internationalization, reverse knowledge transfer, standard setting, Introduction Over the past three decades, advances in the transportation and communication technologies associated with globalization have enabled the spread of the value-creating activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) on a [...]

Virtually unheard of since the Great Depression, lockouts have reemerged strongly in Australia and New Zealand just as they have all but disappeared in Germany. The decline of lockouts in Germany is convincingly attributed to the enhanced vulnerability of firms to stoppages in certain circumstances amid globalization, but the small, open economies of Australia and New Zealand are equally subject to these pressures. Using macro- and micro-level data, this article illustrates that neoliberal legislative reforms and institutional change have reconfigured the risks, costs, and payoffs associated with lockouts amid globalization. In doing so, some flaws in the varieties of capitalism/dual convergence literature are highlighted. In particular, the post hoc classification of the antipodes as liberal market economies bypasses the role of legislative reform in reconstituting employer interests and the differences in electoral, party, and state structures that impeded/facilitated the rise of neoliberal reformers in Germany and the antipodes. Keywords: lockouts; industrial relations institutions; varieties of capitalism

Conventional wisdom holds that globalization, and its specific contributing factors such as immigration, information technology, and the emergence of universal values that inform international law, poses a challenge to state sovereignty. This article analyzes this assertion by examining one case, which encompasses each of these factors. Following a review of the literature, this article describes the efforts, using information and communication technologies, of the Egyptian Copt diaspora to advocate for human rights and improved quality of life of Copts residing in Egypt. We conclude that while the theory and practice of state sovereignty are certainly evolving and increasingly complex, the essence of state sovereignty is not necessarily challenged by these trends and may even be supported by them. Keywords: diaspora, globalization, internet, migration, sovereignty

Conventional wisdom holds that liberal economic policy and a hasty integration into the European Union is the central feature of Spain's successful adaptation to the globalization wave. This study argues that a set of illiberal and protectionist policies are crucial to understanding the Spanish transformation. Spain's reorganization of its economy displayed three broad components: the revamping of industrial sectors from above; the targeted protection granted to the energy, banking, and telecommunications sectors; and a defined strategy of privatization that prevented any major international player from taking part in a given business. The author argues that this statist model of market transition in Spain was decisively shaped by two concrete features of the Spanish political economy as it unfolded under the import substitution industrialization model: the organizational and economic weakness of the domestic industrial bourgeoisie and the comparatively entrenched position of financial capital and its energy-controlled companies. Keywords: Spain; industry; market reform; economic liberalization; globalization

The Dilemmas of Globalisation Over and above the reasons or the wrongs of the apologists and the critics of globalisation, it seems impossible to deny the development, during these last [...]

This paper examines the circumstances under which economic globalization has led (and not led) to a convergence in the regulation of agricultural biotechnology in the European Union (EU) and the United States. While the EU has taken a precautionary approach to regulating biotech products, the U.S. has decided that these products are no different from those made using more traditional methods. As such, the U.S. government has implemented no novel legislation or risk assessment procedures to regulate them. These varying regulatory responses pose an interesting puzzle for scholars who are interested in examining the impact of economic globalization on domestic regulatory institutions and policy outcomes. Despite the fact that agricultural biotech products were developed for highly competitive and globally integrated agri-business markets, the paper argues that biotechnology regulation has followed very different paths in the two polities with the EU mimicking the environmental politics model and the U.S. remaining largely nonadversarial in its approach. We investigate why this has occurred by focusing on differences in the domestic political economies surrounding biotechnology issues in the two regions. The paper then examines why the U.S. biotechnology policy mode recently has shown signs of gravitating toward the EU model, signifying a potential for convergence to the top. Although no new statutes have been enacted or rules adopted yet, there are noticeable changes in the regulatory climate. The paper argues that these changes can be attributed to developments in the domestic political economy, especially the StarLink episode and how this opened the 'policy window' for the pressures of globalization to influence the potential ratcheting-up of U.S. standards.

Globalization has a positive effect on economic growth when it is well managed. Under the International Monetary Fund globalization has not always been well managed, and improvements can have a positive effect.

While there has been a great deal of debate around the topic of globalization, it has most frequently centered around the descriptive adequacy of the term. The article approaches the topic using long wave or stage theories of capitalism to examine whether the characterization of the current era as one of globalization can be given a theoretical and therefore scientific meaning within the Marxian paradigm. JEL classification: P16; F2 Keywords: globalization; long wave theory; neoliberalism

In November 2002, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) held its first summit with India in Cambodia. This article examines whether the ASEAN--India Summit could be considered as a successful outcome of India's engagement strategy with Southeast Asia through its 'Look East' policy. The diplomatic overtures and actions by India to cultivate the Southeast Asian region were clearly visible when Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee visited the Southeast Asian region several times in 2001. The article argues that India's 'Look East' policy has been mainly reinvigorated by China's interests in ASEAN's riparian states along the Mekong River, namely, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. With the inclusion of Myanmar in ASEAN in 1997, India has come to share a common land border with an A SEAN member state and this has increased India's potential influence in the region., Introduction: Post-Cold War Globalization The end of the Cold War, the globalization of national economies, and the Asian financial crisis were some of the key factors that have established an [...]

This article analyzes three books on globalization and collective action. The books conclude that the impact of globalization on collective action is indeterminate and needs future research to pay closer attention to casual mechanisms, relevant cases of globalization and action, and the politicization of identities.

The European program of liberalization launched by the Single European Act (SEA) of 1987 is commonly seen as a powerful instance of 'globalization' trends of economic integration, liberalization, and international institution building. This article revisits the origins of the SEA to argue that the extent and success of its liberalizing program depended on a causally distinct push for European institutional reform. A retracing of concrete political patterns behind the SEA greatly strengthens broader statistical and theoretical challenges to the notion of strong universal trends of globalization.

Correcting the relative lack of attention to the revenue side of public finance, this article examines to what extent globalization constrains partisan tax policy. The author hypothesizes that political ideology is still a good predictor of taxation in the neoliberal era, advancing this argument against the prominent globalization thesis: that global economic pressures have supplanted political ideology as the driving force of revenue policy. Although research in developed democracies identifies a resilient link between partisanship and policy outcomes, the impact of the drastic neoliberal transition on partisan policy making in the developing world remains poorly understood. Using time-series cross-section data to evaluate partisan taxation in South America, the author finds that partisanship is a reliable indicator of tax revenue in the neoliberal era. Counterintuitively, however, the promarket Right generates more tax revenue than the interventionist Left. The author argues that this previously unexpected revenue gap is driven by ideological concerns for equity versus growth.