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Conversations regarding moral values are increasingly becoming a pivotal dimension of public discourse. This paper presents a new approach to unacceptable discourse. Drawing on René Girard's cultural anthropology and Luciano Elizalde's dissent management theory, this work develops a scale of situations of dissent, such as controversy, polemic and public discourse scandal. It offers a detailed study of the polemic raised by the book Marry Him and Be Submissive, a process of dissent which was generated in Spain in November 2013 on the occasion of the publication of this Italian bestseller and lasted until January 2014. The book was written by the Italian journalist Costanza Miriano and translated and edited by the Archdiocese of Granada. The case study uses a triangular approach to discourse analysis, which aims to comprehend the enunciator's legitimacy and social positioning, the communication context in which the debate takes place, and the characteristics of the public discourse. A central element regards how reactions are organized around the signifier 'submissive' and the different frames of interpretation assigned to this word, in what will be called 'feminist' and 'post-feminist' paradigms. Mechanisms of dissent and consensus are explained, and takeaways and actors' strategies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultimately unsuccessful attempts to organize a public dispute with the Jesuits from Poznań in 1574--1575 forced Jakub Niemojewski (d. 1586), a vigorous reformer and talented orator, to write and publish "diatribe or friendly discussion" ("diatribe albo kolacyja przyjacielska") in 1577. Due to a Jesuit intervention, to whom the first pages of the printed text were given, the publication was immediately suspended. They had the printer's workshop destroyed, he was sentenced to whipping in the pillory, and the books were finally burnt. Despite the fact that only over a dozen pages of the text have survived, it may be interesting for historians of rhetoric for at least two reasons. Firstly, it is associated with the beginnings of anti-Jesuit literature in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, written to confine increasing influences of this expansive religious order. Secondly, it may be treated as an intriguing case of debate on the art of debate or negotiating the initial conditions for public dispute, which reveal significant differences in the understanding of its nature, form, and purpose. Taking into account this meta-rhetorical dimension of Niemojewski's polemic, the paper aims at specifying the meaning of the title term "discussion" ("kolacyja") as a semantic equivalent of "diatribe" in three interrelated contexts: art of argumentation (collatio argumentorum), Erasmian model of polemic on theological questions (collatio Erasmiana), and a topos of "friendly" discourse (collatio amica). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Lituanistica is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Broadly considered, the popular pamphlets written against Martin Marprelate in the months encompassing 1589–1591 are treated as pale imitations of their adversary, whose rhetorical and argumentative virtuosity earned him great notoriety. Considered as strenuous attempts to both counter Martinist aggression and also solve the rhetorical problems he presented, the aggressive Pasquil tracts (1589–1590) reveal how the adoption of an established satirical persona and mode allows a writer defending the Elizabethan bishops to both adopt and condemn the dangerous speech marking the Marprelate program. The tracts thus exhibit the self-generative and popular appeal characteristic of early print and pamphlet culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the practice of Greek and Roman poets, Martial employs polemic as a means of expressing his literary views, particularly with respect to his chosen genre and his place within that genre. In order to elevate the status of epigram within the generic hierarchy, he attacks the higher forms of poetry as stale and irrelevant to real life, dismissing their apologists in highly personal and aggressive terms. He often engages in an argumentative to-and-fro with a supposed critic of his poetry or of his opinions, summarily dismissing his opponent in a typically epigrammatic put-down that brands him as vacuous, deluded or merely inept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polybius (c. 200-118 BC) is a notoriously combative historian, gleefully attacking his fellow historians for their moral failings and intellectual crimes, and their works for their misleading errors and grave distortions. But Polybius sometimes appears guilty himself of some of the same faults he finds in others. This paper aims to assess Polybius' quality and reliability as a writer of history on his own terms, that is, according to the strict standards he sets for other historians, with the ultimate aim of determining whether his Histories marks a return to the high historiographical standards set by Polybius' famous predecessor Thucydides, or perpetrates the same historiographical high crimes and misdemeanours he accuses his contemporary historical writers of committing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livy is not generally described as a polemicist, and the annalistic tradition tends to be described in terms of continuity rather than innovation. This paper aims to show, however, that there is significant polemic in Livy, including ad hominem polemic. Even if the latter falls short of Hellenistic levels, it is worth making the point that Livy wrote a highly competitive narrative, so that the degree to which he deliberately took on and surpassed rival authorities has probably been underestimated. Despite his obvious respect for some basic traditions and interpretations, he was indeed trying to surge past his rivals in innovative ways that would leave him as the pre-eminent authority. Polemic was one of the competitive strategies employed for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth-century CE Ecclesiastical History of Socrates of Constantinople has long been one of the foundational texts for reconstructing ecclesiastical affairs following the Council of Nicaea. Interwoven throughout its accounts of intra-Christian conflict are polemical episodes recounting Jewish violence. One vignette in particular, that of the crucifixion of a Christian boy, has been frequently cited in modern historiography on blood libel narratives. This article examines the role of this episode within Socrates' polemic and its modern reception, focusing specifically on how anti-Jewish propaganda extracts the episode from its source and leverages it to support blood libel accusations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When attacking their enemies late Roman and Byzantine intellectuals recognized that words could be effective and sometimes deadly weapons. These authors have left some memorable polemics. Of these, the most famous and widely read today is the sixth-century Anecdota or Secret History by Procopius. This article examines the role polemic plays in the Secret History and particularly Procopius' hostile portrait of his former superior, the general Belisarius. Capitalizing upon recent advancements made in our understanding of the possible literary and political context behind the Secret History, I suggest that Procopius' seeming turn against Belisarius in this work, which inverts the historian's heroic characterization of Belisarius from his De bellis or On the Wars, is best seen as a calculated piece of political manoeuvring rather than as evidence of the historian's 'true' animosity towards the general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have tended to emphasize distinctions within late antique historiography, breaking it up into categories of ecclesiastical/'pagan', orthodox/heretical, Greek/Latin, narrative/chronicle, and others. The division of ecclesiastical historians into orthodox/heretical has led to designating non-Nicene history writing as polemical. I hope to show that drawing a stark line between the ecclesiastical historians discounts the significant connections between them. Philostorgius, Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret serve as a good starting point for the reintegration of these historians into the literary culture of which they were a part. I examine these histories to demonstrate their commonalities while simultaneously showing their distinctiveness. Specifically, I focus on how these historians presented the imperial role in the destruction of religious property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the writings of the Emperor Julian show that he was engaged in sustained polemic with a number of opponents: Cynic philosophers, the people of Antioch, Christian teachers who criticized Hellenic religion, a Roman senator posing as an outspoken philosopher, and even, posthumously, with members of his own family (especially Constantine and Constantius). In this war of words, Julian employed his considerable erudition, which ranged from the Homeric epics and the interpretation of myth to Classical and Neoplatonic philosophy, in an attempt to refute his enemies and to halt what he perceived as an erosion of Hellenic literature, philosophy, and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Malalas' account of the career of Alexander of Macedon is marked by numerous deviations from the standard historical record. One such error, Alexander crossing over to Asia at the Bosporus rather than the Hellespont, however, seems to point to Dio Cassius' story of a δαίμων in the guise of Alexander crossing from Byzantium to Chalcedon. The association of references to Alexander and the activity of demons, in turn, draws into the ambit of Malalas' allusions an array of Christian rhetorical assaults on the Emperor Julian. Julian is revealed as the real subject, or target, of Malalas' account of Alexander and its apparent errors are shown to be references to matters that recur in the Christian critique of Julian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appian of Alexandria wrote in a time of peace long after the end of the Roman civil wars. How does he approach the polemical elements included in his sources in more fractious periods by many more partisan authors? By examining his treatment of M. Tullius Cicero (about whom everyone else had a strong opinion), this paper exposes Appian's unwillingness to engage in polemic even while he consistently displays his preference for monarchic government and his belief that the 'happy' outcome for Rome was the result of divine guidance and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast with his predecessors in ancient historiography such as Polybius or Livy, Tacitus avoids attacks on named predecessors. He does claim superiority for his own writings in his prefaces, but on the grounds that he was free from the influences that distorted earlier efforts, such as concern about political disfavour or apparent flattery in a contemporary context. The desire for vengeful self-justification after an emperor, now seen as a tyrant, had died also called into question authors' impartiality. While the critique of imperial activities has often been taken as the basis of Tacitus' writing, this paper argues that the most important feature of his histories is the emphasis on the behaviour of the ruling class, the historian's senatorial peers. The social etiquette of this group is a strong influence on the nature of Tacitus' criticism and reflects the continuing difficulties in writing about the past even under 'good' emperors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although neither Herodotus nor Thucydides is known for ad hominem attacks, it should not be concluded that they avoid polemic or aim for uncontroversial expression or somehow precede an age of polemic. They certainly reflect polemical debates on a variety of issues and hold sharp views of their own on numerous matters, including the particular topic of how to write history (Thucydides often seems to tilt at Herodotus). Polemic, then, is a fundamental and complex feature of their work, with a range of literary, political, and historiographical factors underpinning its operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polemic in ancient philosophy must be understood in terms of the evolution of critical rationality from the Presocratics until the Hellenistic schools. I argue that it takes three forms, of varying importance at different times, that both helped to define philosophy as a distinct social practice and methodologically drove its internal evolution. These forms are criticism of non-philosophical ignorance, attacks on alternative cultural practices, and technical criticisms of other philosophers and schools of thought. Technical criticisms only become more prominent than polemic against ignorance and alternative sources of expertise with the evolution of oral dialectic, while subsequently in the imperial era a textual approach to philosophy subordinated criticisms of other schools to the common rhetorical norms of literary and historiographical polemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Indonesia has experienced a rapid expansion in oil palm plantations. About 4,783 villages depend on the palm oil industry for their daily living. This study determines the various polemics in the implementation of CSR by palm oil companies in Indonesia. The authors have used a descriptive qualitative approach and collected data through a literature study. They analyzed two palm oil companies that claimed to implement CSR programs and tested them against the three basic CSR principles - sustainability, transparency, and accountability. The collected data were analyzed based on the literature studies. The results indicated that none of the companies met the basic principles of CSR. Therefore, this study offers the implementation of corporate diplomacy as an alternative strategy for palm oil companies in realizing a more targeted CSR program. This type of diplomacy will focus heavily on the company's role in communicating with community groups or farmers around the company, so the approach applied is bottom-up. The study shows that corporate diplomacy can be a new alternative for companies to implement CSR programs based on the basic principles of CSR and are more effective and on target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay presents a thematic approach to the concept of problematization in Foucault's late philosophy. The apprehension of this concept has repercussions not only in the understanding of his later works, but also in how the uses of the author's philosophy in general are conceived. In this sense, it is proposed that the reading of the concept of problematization should be made in relation to the concept of polemics and the observation of Foucault's "critical ontology". This concept can thus be understood in its verbal and substantive dimension, but not as an allencompassing synthesis of Foucault's philosophical project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie is the property of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This historiographical essay discusses several examples of how religious polemics have been studied with regard to their use of history. Only one book has ever treated the subject in a systematic way: Pontianus Polman's L'élément historique dans la controverse religieuse du XVIe siècle (Gembloux, 1932). Applying a rigid scheme, Polman dealt first with Protestants and then with Catholics. For each side, he presented two sections: the first entitled 'The accumulation of material' (subdivided into 'history of dogma' and 'church history') and the second 'The synthesis of material'. Polman's general conclusion was that religious polemics stimulated historical research but that theological ideas were often considered to be of greater importance than evidence derived from historical documents and sources. After a consideration of contemporary reviewers such Hubert Jedin and Lucien Febvre, I discuss Irena Backus' book Historical Method and Confessional Identity (2003) and argue that a new history of religious controversies should build on an 'anatomy of polemics', that is, on the study of scholarly conventions, their modification and rupture in Reformation polemics, with particular attention given to the criteria of religious knowledge as exemplified by debates about forgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the normalisation-era political-cultural weekly Tvorba, its position in the field of official literary criticism since 1969, and above all its mutual relationship with the original literary supplement Kmen (1982) before and after its independence. It also examines editorial strategies used to introduce these periodicals into official journalistic discourse, including the publication of certain metacritical positions. One discussion on Karel Sýs' denunciation text Dislocated at the Joints (Vymknuta z kloubů, 1988), for example, seeks to highlight the progressive themes and values of official literary criticism at the end of the 1980s, which increasingly presented itself as autonomous, and which would go on to find its place in the 1990s as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a case study on popular Czech biographical novel Největší z Pierotů by František Kožík published in 1939. After a concise context overview and a brief characterization of the novel, the study focuses on how the novel was received by the critics and what promotional strategy its publisher adopted, showing what was and what was not considered literary value in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this study is the Aljamiado-Morisco narrative, the Alḥadix đe Musā kon Yako el-karniçero , found in Madrid, BNE, MS 5305; an adaptation of the popular "Companion in Paradise" folktale type. Through a comparative reading of this and similar renderings of this tale, I will demonstrate that the Aljamiado narrative develops a detailed exemplification of ritual-like domestic practices that, within a Morisco context of use, served as a model for the proper care of one's parents. For his fulfillment of these practices, the protagonist Jacob, condemned by the members of his community identified collectively as Banī Isrāʾīl, is promised a privileged place in Paradise alongside the prophet Moses. Contextualized within an Aljamiado-Morisco manuscript, Jacob's reward is reframed as a polemical victory for Islam over other monotheistic traditions; a recurrent theme linking several of the texts contained in this manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Edad de Oro is the property of Departamento de Filologia Espanola de la Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

William Mason (1719–1791), an Anglican evangelical layman of Bermondsey, London, published extensively on theological issues to educate the Anglican laity in the Church of England's Reformed tradition. Despite the popularity of his writings, Mason has been neglected by scholars. By providing the first large-scale examination of Mason's works, Simon Lewis shows that eighteenth-century Calvinist evangelicalism benefited from an active and vocal laity, whose evangelistic strategies were not limited to preaching; provides a model for how scholars can integrate piety and polemic in their explorations of religious print culture; and enhances our understanding of the laity's engagement in theological controversies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent publishing of Stuart Hall's 1983 lectures on the theoretical history of British Cultural Studies (BCS) provides an opportunity to reconsider the efficacy of 'culturalism' and 'structuralism' as useful signifiers representing the complicated legacies of their associated scholars. This essay focuses on the construction of culturalism as a characterization of the work of British historian E.P. Thompson, a scholar who rejected the label 'without reservation.' Specifically, the essay contextualizes Thompson's 'culturalist' perspective in relation to his 'polemical' mode of argument and socialist humanist politics within the New Left. The essay argues that cultural studies scholars would politically and intellectually profit from reimagining culturalism in relation to Thompson's contentious polemical mode and his passionate, if not divisive conviction that socialist scholarship needed to inform grassroots political struggles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Hungarian Jesuits active in the early seventeenth century, Stephanus Arator and Peter Pázmány, wrote polemical pieces drawing on the Qur'an. Arator's work, Confutatio alcorani (1610) relies on the 1543 Bibliander edition of the translation made by Robert of Ketton and on Juan Andrés' Confusión o confutación de la secta Mahomética y del Alcorán. Pázmány, in his Az mostan tamat uy tvdomaniok hamissaganak (1605) also draws on Bibliander, while presenting his own translations of, and commentaries on, Bibliander into Hungarian, the language of Pázmány's work. Both Arator and Pázmány were influenced more by the political and confessional dynamics surrounding them than by any apparent desire to grasp the meaning of the Qur'an. The crisis that both Catholicism and, more broadly, European Christianity, faced in the early seventeenth century overshadows these Jesuits' efforts to explore the Qur'an. Pázmány, in particular, uses the Qur'an to make a case against Protestant sects and Unitarians, whose influence and numbers had greatly increased in Hungary. However further study of the Jesuit Austrian Province, in which both men worked, is needed to understand more fully the factors shaping these two examples of anti-Qur'anic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chaotic period of the American Revolution engaged many writers on both sides of the Atlantic arguing for and against the claims of the American colonists. One of the most popular and effective statements of the British position regarding the rebellion emerged from James Macpherson, poet of Ossian, historian, and government writer. As an accomplished literary talent in the service of politics, Macpherson wrote the pamphlet, The Rights of Great Britain Asserted against the Claims of America (1775), designing a persuasive appeal to the British public for preserving order and supporting the Monarchy. Macpherson displays a controlled, often dispassionate voice in dealing with the American rebellion, while seeking humane solutions with creativity, conviction, and agility in an environment of popular discontent and political instability. Finally, as a poet, he insisted on balancing the historian's empirical demand for facts with sensitivity and a liberal spirit of dialogue often in opposition to the dominant opinion of his King and ministers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LGBT issue re-emerged in Indonesia and has become a warm polemic in society, this issue has split the community into two groups, the supportive and the rejecting groups. Each side expressed their views on this issue with different reasons and approaches. The two most distinct groups of differing views on this issue are the Indonesian Ulama Council and the Liberal Islam Network. This study examines the evolutionary thinking dynamics among LGBT Indonesian Muslim scholars, with the aim of understanding the basis, approach and reasons used by each in determining opinions about LGBT behavior. The approach used in this study is descriptive comparative, namely the type of research used to compare between two groups or more than a certain variable. As for the conclusion of this study that MUI strongly opposes LGBT behavior under the pretext of contradicting the Qoran-Hadis and human nature created in pairs. While JIL groups support LGBT under the pretext of sexual preference and human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augustine is rarely studied as a polemist and even less often as a satirist, especially if we are to compare him with Jerome. The pages of his anti-Donatist writings are primarily read by historians and theologians, for whom, rightly, the question of his use of ridicule is of secondary importance. In this case study of Augustine’s anti-Donatist correspondence I will try to ask exactly that question. The close reading of his polemical letters proves that Augustine at times aimed at raising laughter by portraying his adversaries in a peculiar way. The analysis starts with the Donatists’ leaders who are presented as hypocrites and men of unimpressive intelligence. Next, I discuss how Augustine mocked the Donatists’ martyrs and their idea of martyrdom. The last part presents the ways of ridiculing the Donatist converts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article approaches the theme of villainy in two ways. It looks at the vilification of a figure namedpolitiquein two pro-Liguepamphlets printed in Paris in 1589. Within this, the wordvilainis deployed as one of several clustered insults used in the process of vilification. I discuss the problems of meaning associated with these word uses which seem primarily intended to insult, wound, and to vilify supporters of the Valois (and then Bourbon) monarchy, and ask whethervilainhas any particular significance, or even ‘content’, in these texts. I use a methodological framework that employs linguistic theories of contextually derived meaning, and literary approaches that privilege analysis of particular ‘key’ words, to explore the meeting of the wordspolitiqueandvilainin a continuum between ‘meaningless’ hate speech and ‘meaningful’ socio-political commentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers Elisabethains: A Biannual Journal of English Renaissance Studies is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT In its emphasis on ritual and sacred kingship, Azfar Moin's The Millennial Sovereign bears the imprint of anthropological theory, but Moin addresses this inheritance only obliquely. This essay seeks to draw out that tradition and to place theories of sovereignty and sacred kingship in their intellectual and historical context. Ultimately, it questions the value of these theories to the study of political authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The philosophical activity of critique is intimately connected with the mundane activity of public criticism that takes place in newspapers. Drawing on the Kantian tradition of critical philosophy, we argue that four axes, namely, self-examination, liminal interrogation, concern with legitimacy, and the requirement of communicability, are implied by critical discourse and public debate. We then examine a recent set of polemics (between Doğan Akın, Ali Bayramoğlu, and Etyen Mahçupyan) in the Turkish press with the aid of these axes--as well as techniques for the analysis of informal reasoning--to determine what critical function such polemics may have. We conclude that critique survives as polemic in the Turkish press, but in such a way that the latter's publicity vitiates the former's communicability. The result is that polemics ultimately track the balance of power between social forces rather than being a transformative element within them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the formation and dissemination of rumours (personal insults, slander, and ad hominem attacks) in the literary and religious polemics of 1620s France involving François Garasse, Théophile de Viau, and Guez de Balzac. Even though slander is constantly condemned as a threat to society, many writers use it, and accuse others of using it, as a powerful means to discredit an enemy. My principal focus is the medium chosen for the expression of gossip, for while polemical works featuring such gossip base their legitimacy on an oral source, written texts are used to formulate and spread the rumour. This initial analysis leads to a study of how authors restage rumours in their pamphlets while simultaneously disguising the ways in which, behind the scenes, they make use of common political or religious networks. I conclude by showing that the circulation of slander and gossip is based on long-established relationships between writers, on their similar social experiences, and shared acquaintances. The wide circulation of gossip facilitated by the overlapping of the social milieu and the world of print shows how important it is not to neglect this aspect of literary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper situates E. P. Thompson and the attraction and influence of his major study,The Making of the English Working Class(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), within his insistence on constructing history as argument. Often polemical, Thompson's approach to history also appreciated paradox. In writing as he always did, against the grain of conventional wisdoms, be they of the right or the left, Thompson understood that he would always be situated awkwardly in terms of how his interpretation challenged established orthodoxies. This awkwardness, and its rootedness in refusal to accommodate too easily to established analysis, has proven Thompson's lasting contribution. It nurtured unique historical sensibilities, creative and rigorous use of source materials, and writing marked by panache and passion. The result is thatThe Making of the English Working Classremains as relevant today as it was 50 years ago, a landmark study whose arguments and their implications are with us yet, and whose suggestions have spawned countless fresh studies and endless research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article describes the culture of print and polemic associated with the Cromwellian invasion of Scotland and the resistance of the Church of Scotland. It argues that print solidified Parliamentary ideas during the invasion but that it did not continue to do so after English dominance had been established. These texts illustrate the divisions between the mentalité of the Cromwellian rank-and-file and that of the rather small and probably unrepresentative body of opinion formers who sought to control and represent it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that Genesis 11:1-9 follows the well attested structure of Mesopota-mian building accounts polemically addressing the main themes and motifs presented therein. Motifs of name-making, universal hegemony and colossal building projects are found in both the Genesis account and the Mesopotamian inscriptions. The Hebrew author subverts the imperial hubris presented in Mesopotamian royal building ideology by creating a "mock" building account based on components traditional to the building-account genre. Analysis of the Genesis pericope in light of the building-account genre helps explain some of the difficult interpretive contours of the text (e.g. the so-called "double descent" of YHWH) as well as highlights a main aspect of the offense inherent in the actions and attitude of the Babel builders--that building an entirely new city on virgin ground required divine consent--consent that YHWH does not give to such royal imperialistic pretensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the lessons to be learned from the discursive analysis of media discourse, with reference to a case study of an article published in the "Désintox" ['detox'] section of the French daily newspaper, Libération. The first part presents Libération's innovative practice of fact-checking with a view to establishing the objectively verifiable truth, the results of which are couched in a spectacularly subjective style. In the second part, the article analyses certain explicit writing strategies adopted in the newspaper's criticism, in particular subjectivizing puns and the conclusions of the articles, which are endorsed through the journalist's primary discourse. It also considers certain implicit subjective aspects that can go beyond the criticism of questionable polemics and turn into an incrimination of politicians. The third part demonstrates the way that the linguistic description of this type of corpus feeds into theoretical and epistemological reformulations concerning subjectivity and objectivity, and raises social issues at stake relating to the role of criticism and its relationship with what is termed "descriptive" analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the socio-political and spiritual importance of the Book of Lamentations and lament expressions in Hebraic and early Christian liturgies and public settings, especially with regard to women’s lyrical expressions and to Syrian traditions until late antiquity. Further, this study addresses the current crisis in Syria, locating Syrian women’s and men’s laments today, including those from Muslim background. These laments show both continuity with ancient lament traditions and creative lyrical innovations that speak to the Syrian people’s urgent, devastating situation and their united need for help and justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lituanistica is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work centers on the study of the monument dedicated to Antonio José de Sucre, ordered by the Municipality of Quito from the Spanish sculptor José González y Giménez in 1874. This is an analysis of the iconography of the monument, its conception, and the vicissitudes and problems that, throughout almost a decade, threaten the monument to preventing it from seeing the light in its definitive form, being replaced by a plaster cast of the main group. The polemic caused immediately after its public exhibition, is also considered a representation of the liberation of Ecuador to hands of Sucre in such a way that it upset the Spanish minister in Quito, who maintained a debate with the Ecuatorian writer Juan León Mera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tudor Arghezi was not not only a great Romanian poet but also a very prodigious pamphleteer. He had a vocation for polemic and wrote on the most controversial issues of his time, entering into polemic with many writers. Among them were the historian Nicolae Iorga and the poet Ion Barbu. He was even imprisoned two times: in 1919 and 1943 because of his critical articles and his disobedient attitude towards the political parties and Romania's position in the 1st World War and the 2nd World War. In October 1943 he published the nationalistic pamphlet ‟Baroane„, in which the German ambassador in Romania, Manfred von Killinger was accused for his taking part in the loot of our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The return of the post-war Romanian criticism to the model of the inter-war aesthetic criticism is a difficult process, realized not by rupture, but by a slow dissociation from the clichés of the socialist realism. The first critical model to be recovered is Călinescu’s, followed shortly after by a dispute about the risks of turning his model into the absolute reference. Maiorescu and Lovinescu’s models will be recovered afterwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the overall impact of images of Muslims and Jews presented in the Tractatus de materiis praedicabilibus, a thirteenth-century exempla collection by Stephen of Bourbon (d. c. 1261), a Dominican friar from Lyon. By reading exempla within the context of the collections used by preachers when composing their sermons, we can better understand a key stage in the dissemination of ideas about Muslims and Jews. In keeping with Dominican priorities, Stephen's approach to Islam focused on crusade and mission. However, conversion is largely absent from his material on Jews, which is primarily scriptural or Marian in its focus. It is clear from this survey that approaches to Muslims and Jews remained separate. Also, Stephen did not use the full range of anti-Jewish or anti-Muslim polemic in circulation in the thirteenth century, instead focusing on material that resonated with his interests as a Dominican and an inquisitor. As Stephen's Tractatus demonstrates, each exempla collection represents only one aspect of a heterogeneous response to both Jews and Muslims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 150 years since Alexandru Philippide (1859-1933) - the founder of the linguistic school at Iaşi - was born and after 100 years since the first linguistic atlas of the Romanian language (Linguistischer Atlas des dacorumänischen Sprachgebietes) was published by Gustav Weigand (Leipzig, 1909) the disputes between the two linguists are now making the object of this paper which is based on Philippide's polemic work „Un specialist român la Lipsca“ (A Romanian Specialist at Leipzig; Iaşi, 1910). We are presenting the Romanian philologist's critical views on the results of Weigand's dialectal research on Romanian dialects south of the Danube and on Daco-Romanian dialects. Philippide claims that some results of the recordings and their subsequent interpretation were biased by Weigand's insufficient knowledge of the Romanian language and of the history of the Romanian language. This polemic also brings up the issue of Weigand's Ph. D candidates' papers which are criticized for about the same faults. These were published in 15 volumes of a magazine run by Weigand - „Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache (Rumänisches Seminar) zu Leipzig“. Finally we present some points of view regarding the activity of the institute mentioned in the title of the magazine and which was financed by the Romanian State. The head of the institute is criticized for the superior tone of the interventions and especially for the un-academic vocabulary Weigand used in his polemic writings regarding the works of some Romanian linguists. To conclude, we must point out that we should choose, from the linguistic inheritance left by the two scholars, only the positive aspects to create such a synthesis that would be useful to the history of Romanian linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]