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Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) remains associated with high rates of mortality, and the impact of immunocompromising underlying disease on the clinical presentation, severity, and mortality of PcP has not been adequately evaluated. Does the underlying disease and immunosuppression causing PcP impact the outcome and clinical presentation of the disease? In this multicenter retrospective observational study, conducted from January 2011 to December 2021, all consecutive patients admitted with a proven or probable diagnosis of PcP according to the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer consensus definitions were included to assess the epidemiology and impact of underlying immunosuppressive diseases on overall and 90-day mortality. Overall, 481 patients were included in the study; 180 (37.4%) were defined as proven PcP and 301 (62.6%) were defined as probable PcP. Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) or solid tumors had a statistically poorer prognosis than other patients with PcP at day 90. In multivariate analysis, among the HIV-negative population, solid tumor underlying disease (OR, 5.47; 95% CI, 2.16-14.1; P <.001), IMIDs (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.05-4.60; P =.037), long-term corticosteroid exposure (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.03-4.31; P =.045), cysts in sputum/BAL smears (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.02-3.62; P =.043), and SOFA score at admission (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.39-1.82; P <.001) were independently associated with 90-day mortality. Prior corticotherapy was the only immunosuppressant associated with 90-day mortality (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.03-2.71; P =.035), especially for a prednisone daily dose ≥ 10 mg (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.14-2.85; P =.010). Among patients who were HIV-negative, long-term corticosteroid prior to PcP diagnosis was independently associated with increased 90-day mortality, specifically in patients with IMIDs. These results highlight both the needs for PcP prophylaxis in patients with IMIDs and to early consider PcP curative treatment in severe pneumonia among patients with IMIDs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of respiratory coinfections at diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) on clinical impact has been underestimated.Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted January 2011 to April 2019 to evaluate respiratory coinfections at diagnosis of PcP patients in 2 tertiary care hospitals. Coinfection was defined by identification of pathogens from P. jirovecii-positive samples.Results: Of 7882 respiratory samples tested for P. jirovecii during the 8-year study, 328 patients with diagnosis of PcP were included. Mean age was 56.7 (SD 14.9) years, 193 (58.8%) were male, 74 (22.6%) had positive HIV serology, 125 (38.1%) had viral coinfection, 76 (23.2%) bacterial coinfection, and 90-day mortality was 25.3%. In the overall population, 90-day mortality was independently associated with solid tumor underlying disease (odds ratio [OR], 11.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.90-78.0; P = .008), sepsis-related organ failure assessment score (SOFA) at admission (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.34-2.05; P< .001), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) respiratory coinfection (OR, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.24-2.90; P = .02). Among HIV-negative patients, respiratory CMV coinfection was associated with worse prognosis, especially when treated with adjunctive corticosteroid therapy.Conclusions: Respiratory CMV coinfection at PcP diagnosis was independently associated with increased 90-day mortality, specifically in HIV-negative patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]