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Copyright of Neutrosophic Computing & Machine Learning is the property of Multimedia Larga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease with a decrease in the value of platelets and a risk of bleeding. The diagnosis is made after excluding other causes for the condition. In the elderly, IPT has the potential for greater complications due to previous comorbidities and medication use. The present study aims to report a case of IPT in an elderly patient and discuss the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. In the report described the diagnosis of IPT was made after excluding myelodysplasia, a common differential diagnosis in the elderly, and the patient did not respond adequately to first-line treatment with corticosteroids, resulting in the need to adjust the antihypertensive medication as a complication. Second-line treatment was initiated, the patient presented control of the disease, was discharged from hospital, and maintained outpatient follow-up without complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Exsanguinating hemorrhage is the first preventable cause of death for combatants in armed conflicts, thus making the possibility of transfusing blood components early an absolutely essential benefit during health care for casualties generated in military operations. Throughout the numerous conflicts that have occurred during the past century, there have been important changes in the hemotherapy treatment of casualties along with an evolution of the health doctrine regarding this issue. In some massive transfusion protocols, the diagnostic technique of thromboelastometry (TE) has been used. TE is a test that shows the viscoelastic properties of blood from clot formation to fibrinolysis, evaluates platelet function and correlates quickly with the physiological process of hemostasis. The main objective of this study is the evaluation in vitro of the hemostatic capacity of the various cold, frozen and fresh platelet concentrates through standardized coagulation tests and thromboelastometry, clarifying whether the contribution to the clot is signi- ficantly improved with cold platelet pools (preserved at 4ºC), compared to fresh and frozen platelets. It is also intended to determine what advantages would be the incorporation of cold platelets in transfusion medicine performed in the military environment. Material and methods. An experimental study was designed to compare cold (refrigerated), frozen and fresh (conventional) platelets in vitro, analyzing their performance and effectiveness through systematic blood analysis, routine laboratory coagulation mechanisms (Prothrombin Time, Prothrombin Activity, Cephalin and Fibrinogen) and Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM). A sample of 20 healthy patients was recruited, after informing them in writing and obtaining the mandatory informed consent, they donated 6 tubes with 10 ml citrate. of blood per patient. For the comparison, the data collected from the performance of the ROTEM between baseline and experimental samples (after platelet transfusion) were normally distributed and analyzed using the paired Student's t-test and were analyzed by multiple linear regression, adjusting and not adjusting according to the platelet count. Approval was obtained from the Drug Research Ethics Committee and the hospital research committee. Results. The mean of the EXTEM CT parameter is significantly lower in the sample with frozen platelets compared to that of tempered and normal platelets. The mean of the EXTEM CFT parameter is significantly lower in the sample with normal platelets compared to that of frozen platelets. The mean of the EXTEM CFT parameter is significantly lower in the sample with frozen platelets compared to that of tempered platelets. The mean of the Platelet Index parameter is significantly higher in the sample with normal platelets compared to that of tempered platelets. The mean of the MCE PI parameter is significantly higher in the sample with tempered platelets compared to that of frozen platelets. Conclusion. After evaluating the hemostatic capacity in vitro using standardized coagulation tests and thromboelastometry, tempered platelets significantly improve the maximum elasticity of the clot in relation to platelet count compared to frozen platelets, but not compared to fresh platelets. The incorporation of tempered platelets in transfusion medicine in the military environment would be another treatment alternative for discharge with exsanguinating hemorrhage and would provide logistical advantages by increasing the shelf life of standard platelets from seven to twenty-one days and simplifying processing, transportation and Reconstitution of the blood component to the liquid medium as it is not necessary to freeze it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To evaluate the variation of hematological profiles of patients infected with uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax (Pv) and P. falciparum (Pf) malaria before, during and after treatment in a population of the Loreto region. Materials and methods. This study was conducted between 2010 and 2012, in Zungarococha (Iquitos). The 425 participants had three visits (visit 1-day 0-before treatment, visit 2-day 7-during treatment, visit 3-day 28-after treatment), complete blood count, microscopic and molecular diagnosis (PCR). Results. At the first visit, 93 (21.9%) participants were found positive for Pv and 34 (8.0%) for Pf. All positives showed a reduction in hematocrit, white blood cell count (WBC), ablated and segmented neutrophils, eosinophils and platelets (p<0.001) compared to the negative group. A higher percentage of ablated neutrophils was found in Pf and segmented neutrophils in Pv compared to the negative group. Variations in hematological profiles were observed after treatment for both species; ablated neutrophils decreased, platelets increased, eosinophils increased at day 7 and declined at day 28, hematocrit and segmented neutrophils decreased at day 7 and normalized at day 28. Interspecies differences over time showed a bigger daily decrease in ablated neutrophils in Pv-infected when compared to Pf. Conclusions. The hematological profile in uncomplicated malaria-positive patients varies over time during and after treatment. These are indicators of disease progression and help in the therapeutic surveillance of Plasmodium-infected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most used monitoring tools in pediatric emergencies due to its versatility, availability and low cost. This allows a more objective approach to the patient, especially those signs and symptoms that he does not report, due to his age, or is unknown. Objective: To characterize the abnormalities found in the BCC in a Pediatric Emergency Room of a Hospital. Methodology: A prospective descriptive study was carried out. Age (age group), reason for consultation (ICD10) was considered. CBC's Red Blood Cell Count (RBC), Hematocrit (% HTO), White Blood Cell Count (WBC) and Platelets (PLT). Due to the variability of the data, these were adjusted to three levels (High, Normal, Decreased) and were shown in percentage representation. Statistical analyzes were performed in R-CRAN. Results: Of the 718 patients who reached the PER, 351 met the inclusion criteria. With an age of 5 ± 5 years, 52.9% were girls. The age group with the highest frequency was early childhood (0 - 5 years) with 63.3%. The most frequent diagnoses were those associated with symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not classified elsewhere (R00-R99) with 43.3%. The parameters that were most frequently decreased in the CBC were HB (64.39%) and% HTO (57.83%), the one that most frequently increased was Monocytes 77.78%. The MON, LEU and NEU, for the group of Certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99). Conclusion: CBC is a good indicator for sepsis and nutritional status of patients, so it must be carefully reviewed in order to establish the causes of its variations in PER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of this study is to develop a more rigorous understanding of the P2Y12 receptor first described in blood platelets where it plays a central role in the complex processes of activation and aggregation. P2Y12 receptors are 7-membrane- spanning proteins coupled to G proteins, which are activated by nucleotides, extracellular signaling molecules that are released from damaged cells or secreted via nonlytic mechanisms during inflammatory, ischemic, and hypoxic conditions. It is the drug targets for inhibition of platelet aggregation. We paid attention to structure and properties that provide essential insights for the development of improved P2Y12R ligands and allosteric modulators as drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary immune thrombocytopenia, formerly known as immune thrombocytopenia purpura, is the clinical condition characterized by the decrease of the platelets total population mediated by the presence of antibodies antigens against platelets membrane, which causes an accelerated destruction and even inhibits the production of new platelets. The mucotaneous hemorrhages are predominant, the petechia are the most common. This is classified according to the time of evolution, the severity of the symptoms and the originating cause. It is a diagnosis of exclusion, since it doesn't have a specific diagnostic test. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the knowledge of the etiology, physiology, diagnosis and treatment of the primary immune thrombocytopenia; it is a diagnosis that one must have in mind during clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista ADM is the property of Asociacion Dental Mexicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clinica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antecedentes: la osteoartritis canina (OAC)‚ es una enfermedad articular degenerativa que progresivamente desencadena dolor y limitación de movimiento‚ impactando negativamente la calidad de vida‚ tanto del paciente como de su propietario al aumentar la carga económica y sicosocial de tener un animal de compañía enfermo. Hasta el momento no se han desarrollado intervenciones terapéuticas curativas y las estrategias recomendadas tienen efectos adversos asociados a su uso prolongado. La administración de plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) ha demostrado ser una alternativa terapéutica segura‚ rápida y poco costosa. Sin embargo‚ la insuficiente uniformidad en los métodos de obtención‚ procesamiento y aplicación‚ limitan el uso de estos productos y puede generar sobrevaloración de sus beneficios. Debido a lo anterior‚ es necesario analizar objetivamente las publicaciones más recientes acerca del uso de PRP en OAC. Objetivo: analizar de manera sistemática las publicaciones indexadas en bases de datos sobre el potencial terapéutico y la seguridad del PRP en el manejo de la OAC. Métodos: se analizaron las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science desde el 2015 hasta 2022 con los términos de búsqueda (((PRP) AND (Osteoarthritis)) AND (Canine)) AND (Dog))). Se incluyeron diez estudios clínicos donde el PRP fue la principal forma de tratamiento. Adicionalmente se analizaron los resultados objetivos como escalas de dolor‚ de cojera y análisis de marcha para confirmar la eficacia de la intervención. Resultados: se encontró que cinco estudios no utilizaron ninguna forma de activación del PRP‚ mientras que solo tres publicaciones informaron explícitamente el método de activación. El dolor y la función fueron las medidas de resultados más frecuentemente evaluadas mediante metrología clínica. Finalmente‚ dos estudios no reportaron efectos adversos y solo un estudio no reportó mejoría con la implementación del PRP. Conclusiones: a pesar de que los estudios apoyan explícitamente el uso de PRP como terapia para la OAC‚ la evidencia existente carece de rigor científico y metodológico‚ lo que previene la amplia utilización de estas intervenciones para el tratamiento de la OAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Saúde is the property of Revista Saude and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the aim to establish the hematological analyte reference limits of clinically healthy adult goats of dairy producing breeds, subjected to the handling and characteristics of intensive production systems in the Mexican Plateau, the blood samples of 2-year old and older goats at different production stages were collected and analyzed. Reference limits (interval in brackets) for hematocrit (0.22-0.36 L/L), erythrocyte count (9.07-18.47 ×1012/L), mean cell volume (MCV) (14.44-27.91 fL), platelets (229-3163 ×109/L), total solids (65.64-84.64 g/L), fibrinogen (0-6 g/L), leukocyte count (3.75-11.47 ×109/L), segmented neutrophils (0.95-4.98 ×109/L), band neutrophils (0-0.16 ×109/L), lymphocytes (1.76-6.44 ×109/L), monocytes (0-0.65 ×109/L), eosinophils (0-1.36 ×109/L) and basophils (0-0.37 ×109/L) were obtained. These values were compared with similar study results. Differences were found mainly in the values for hematocrit, erythrocytes, MCV, platelets, total leukocytes, and lymphocytes; this is due to environmental and feeding differences between the studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is one of the most common causes of hospital admission to intensive care units and has a high impact on morbidity and mortality. In spite of the technological advances that have allowed to improve the support of organic failures, it has not been possible to diminish of important form its complications. Therefore, it is important to have tools that are predictive of severity in this pathology, the biomarkers (procalcitin, proadrenomodulin, interleukin 6) have become good indicators of prognosis and evolution, however their availability either by cost or existence of reagents in the different laboratories is not constant; this is why we seek with this review to determine if determine if the use of mean platelet volume, a biomarker reported in the common hemogram and has been used with relative success in cardiovascular, metabolic and inflammatory / infectious pathology, as an indicator of prognosis of severity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review is to list the ophthalmological conditions in which platelet concentrate (CP) has been used, as well as its biochemical and physiological properties. The CP has both anticatabolic potential, present in autologous serum, and substances with anabolic properties, which together are responsible for its benefits in the treatment of ocular surface diseases. There is currently a shortage of clinical trials in this area, both in ophthalmology and other medical areas, with more studies and reports on the use of autologous serum. In ophthalmology, CP has been used in the treatment of symptomatic dry eye, corneal ulcers and ocular burns, among other applications, being an effective alternative in several ocular pathologies; therefore, it’s evident the importance of more studies in this topic to prove the efficiency of this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) variations as a clinical marker associated with the development of pre-eclampsia. Materials and methods: Correlational study assembled in a prospective cohort of women with a singleton pregnancy, with age ranging between 14 and 40 years of age and no history or presence of systemic vascular disease, who attended at least two prenatal appointments at 13 and 33 weeks of gestation and were later admitted to hospital due to complications at the end of pregnancy, or for delivery in a reference hospital located in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Non-probabilistic convenience sampling was used. Variables measured: social, demographic, clinical, and MPV and PDW in femtolitres (fL). MPV and PDW variations were compared between week 13 and week 33 and between the groups of patients with and without pre-eclampsia using the Wilcoxon signed-ranked test for related samples; the accuracy of these tests for the diagnosis of preeclampsia was assessed. Results: Overall, 84 pregnant women were assessed. A mean variation of 0.9 fL (SD ± 0.3) was found for mean platelet volume and of 1.7 fL (SD ± 0.28) for platelet distribution width in patients who developed pre-eclampsia. The best diagnostic features were found when using the minimum mean variation values of 0.6 fL and 1.4 fL for MPV and PDW, respectively, with an area under the curve of 0.75, a diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 12.4, and a sensitivity and specificity of 61% and 88.7%, respectively, for the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. Conclusions: Assessment of MPV and PDW variation between the first and the third trimester of gestation could be a useful method for diagnosing pre-eclampsia, regardless of the value measured in each stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo fundamental de la medicina regenerativa es el desarrollo de nuevos métodos terapéuticos útiles para el reemplazo o reparación de tejidos, o bien para la promoción de su regeneración. Con estos métodos se han obtenido resultados muy prometedores en las alteraciones traumáticas y ortopédicas, tanto con el uso de células madre, fundamentalmente adultas, como con la utilización de plaquetas. La similitud de algunas de estas alteraciones con las atendidas por los médicos del deporte en atletas con lesiones secundarias a su entrenamiento o a su participación deportiva, ha hecho que estos procederes hayan creado buenas perspectivas en el campo de la Medicina del Deporte, pues se consideró que ellos podrían ser también de gran beneficio en el tratamiento de los deportistas lesionados. Hasta hace poco, el uso intramuscular de las plaquetas estaba totalmente prohibido por las autoridades deportivas, que consideraban este proceder una forma más de dopaje. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta que las inyecciones de plaquetas con fines terapéuticos no violan el espíritu del deporte, en el 2011 se eliminó esta prohibición. En la actualidad, el uso de las células madre con fines terapéuticos tampoco está incluido en la lista de prohibiciones de la Asociación Internacional Anti-Doping. Tomando en consideración estas decisiones, se estableció un convenio entre el Instituto de Medicina del Deporte y el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología para dar los primeros pasos para la aplicación de estos novedosos métodos en la Medicina del Deporte.The main goal of regenerative medicine is the development of new therapeutic methods useful for the replacement or repair of tissues or to promote its regeneration. These methods have achieved promising results in trauma and orthopedic disorders, mainly with the use of adult stem cells, but also with the use of platelets. The similarity of some of these disorders with those seen by sports doctors in athletes with minor injuries due to their training or sports participation, have allowed these procedures to develop good perspectives in the field of sports medicine, as it was considered that they may also be of great benefit in the treatment of sports injuries. Until recently, the intramuscular use of platelets was completely forbidden by sports authorities who considered this approach another source of doping. However, taking into account that platelet injections for therapeutic purposes do not violate the spirit of sport, in 2011 the prohibition was removed. Currently, the use of stem cells for therapeutic purposes is also not included in the prohibited list of World Anti-Doping Agency. Considering these decisions, an agreement was established between the Institutes of Sports Medicine and Hematology and Immunology, in order to take the first steps to implement these new methods in Sports Medicine.

Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente de 20 años de edad, quien acudió a consulta para solicitar que le retiraran, de la manera más estética posible, un tatuaje que exhibía en el miembro inferior derecho desde hacía 10 años, el cual le impedía optar por una carrera militar. Una vez realizada la exéresis quirúrgica de dicho tatuaje se procedió a la aplicación local de concentrados de plaquetas como método alternativo. A los 20 días ya se había obtenido una cicatrización total, no aparecieron reacciones adversas y la joven quedó totalmente satisfecha con el medicamento empleado.The case report of a 20 year-old female patient who went to the department for the removal, in the most aesthetic way, of a tattoo in the right lower member for the last 10 years, which avoided her to opt for a military career is described. Once the exeresis of this tattoo was made, the local application of concentrated platelets was carried out as alternative method. After 20 days, a total scarring had already been obtained, there were not adverse reactions and the patient was completely satisfied with the used medication.

La aplicación terapéutica de los factores solubles que intervienen en los procesos biológicos es uno de los pilares en que se sustenta la medicina regenerativa. En los últimos años, múltiples investigaciones han mostrado la participación de los factores de crecimiento en la regeneración de diferentes tejidos. Las plaquetas pueden considerarse como una bomba o coctel de biomoléculas, por su contenido en factores de crecimiento que son liberados por los gránulos plaquetarios después de su activación. Desde hace más de 2 decenios, varios investigadores han publicado los beneficios del uso de los factores de crecimiento derivados de las plaquetas en la reparación y regeneración de diferentes tejidos, pero en los años recientes su uso se ha extendido con el empleo de diferentes métodos para su obtención y la utilización, tanto de plaquetas antólogas, como alogénicas. El procedimiento para su obtención es fácil, rápido y económico y los resultados referidos en la mayoría de las publicaciones son alentadores, sin que se hayan comunicado reacciones adversas.One of the fundamental basis of regenerative medicine is the therapeutic application of soluble factors involved in biological processes. In recent years, many investigations have shown the involvement of growth factors in the regeneration of different tissues. Platelets can be considered as biological pump or cocktail, due to their content in growth factors which are released by the platelet granules upon activation. For more than two decades, several researchers have reported the benefits of the use of growth factors derived from platelets in the repair and regeneration of different tissues, but in recent years its use has been extended with the employment of different methods for their collection in both, autologous and allogeneic platelets. The procedure for obtaining platelet factor is easy, quick and inexpensive and the results reported in most publications are encouraging, without any reported adverse reactions.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequencies of human platelet antigens in oncohematological patients with thrombocytopenia and to analyze the probability of their incompatibility with platelet transfusions. METHODS: Platelet antigen genotyping was performed by sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) for the HPA-1a, HPA-1b, HPA-2a, HPA-2b, HPA-3a, HPA-3b, HPA-4a, HPA-4b, HPA-5a, HPA-5b; HPA-15a, HPA-15b alleles in 150 patients of the Hematology Service of the Hospital das Clínicas (FMUSP). RESULTS: The allele frequencies found were: HPA-1a: 0.837; HPA-1b: 0.163; HPA-2a: 0.830; HPA-2b: 0.170; HPA-3a: 0.700; HPA-3b: 0.300; HPA-4a: 1; HPA-4b: 0; HPA-5a: 0.887; HPA-5b: 0.113; HPA-15a: 0.457 and HPA-15b: 0.543. CONCLUSIONS: Data from the present study showed that the A allele is more common in the population than the B allele, except for HPA-15. This suggests that patients homozygous for the B allele are more predisposed to present alloimmunization and refractoriness to platelet transfusions by immune causes. Platelet genotyping could be of great value in the diagnosis of alloimmune thrombocytopenia and to provide compatible platelet concentrates for these patients.OBJETIVO: Esse estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar a frequência dos HPAs em pacientes onco-hematológicos trombocitopênicos e analisar a probabilidade de incompatibilidade associada à transfusão de plaquetas. MÉTODOS: A genotipagem plaquetária foi realizada para os alelos HPA-1a, HPA-1b; HPA-2a, HPA-2b; HPA-3a, HPA-3b; HPA-4a, HPA-4b; HPA-5a, HPA-5b; HPA-15a, HPA-15b por PCR-SSP em 150 pacientes atendidos pelo Serviço de Hematologia do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP. RESULTADOS: As frequências alélicas encontradas foram: HPA-1a: 0,837; HPA-1b: 0,163; HPA-2a: 0,830; HPA-2b: 0,170; HPA-3a: 0,700; HPA-3b: 0,300; HPA-4a: 1; HPA-4b: 0; HPA-5a: 0,887; HPA-5b: 0,113; HPA-15a: 0,457; HPA-15b: 0,543. CONCLUSÃO: A análise dos HPAs neste estudo demonstrou que os alelos A são mais frequentes na população do que os alelos B, com exceção do HPA-15, sugerindo que pacientes homozigotos para os alelos B apresentam maior predisposição à aloimunização e refratariedade às transfusões de plaquetas por causa imune. A genotipagem plaquetária pode ser de grande valia para o diagnóstico de trombocitopenia aloimune e para prover concentrados de plaquetas compatíveis a esses pacientes.

Os índices plaquetários fornecidos pelos analisadores hematológicos são provavelmente os parâmetros mais ignorados pela maioria dos laboratórios clínicos, em virtude da dificuldade de sua padronização. Desses índices, o volume plaquetário médio (VPM) vem merecendo destaque por sua grande utilidade, não só em casos de trombose e hemostasia, mas também em uma série de patologias, como diabetes, doenças da tireoide, doenças vasculares, entre outras. O VPM é um parâmetro plaquetário fornecido no hemograma que não gera custos adicionais para o laboratório. Junto com a contagem de plaquetas, ele é um sensível indicador de desordens plaquetárias in vivo, mas pode ser tecnicamente difícil de analisá-lo in vitro por causa dos interferentes pré-analíticos, como tempo de armazenamento da amostra e artefatos gerados pelos anticoagulantes. Neste artigo descrevemos as principais metodologias e seus interferentes na determinação da contagem plaquetária e do VPM, destacando a importância do laboratório de análises clínicas em validar esse parâmetro, proporcionando sua utilização no diagnóstico de desordens hematológicas e de outras patologias.The platelet indices provided by the hematological analyzers are probably the parameters mostly ignored by most clinical laboratories due to standardization difficulties. Among those indices, the mean platelet volume (MPV) has stood out due to its usefulness not only in cases of thrombosis and hemostasy, but also in a series of pathologies, such as diabetes, thyroid and vascular diseases, among others. MPV is a platelet parameter provided by the hemogram, which does not represent additional costs to the laboratory. Along with platelet count, it is a sensitive indicator of platelet disorders in vivo. However, it may be technically difficult to analyze it in vitro owing to preanalytical interferences, such as sample storage time and anticoagulant artifacts. In this article we described the main methodologies and the interfering factors in determining platelet count and MPV, highlighting the importance of the clinical laboratory analyses to validate this parameter, allowing its use in the diagnosis of hematological disorders and other pathologies.

As plaquetas têm importante papel no desenvolvimento do trombo intravascular, a maior causa de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Após a erosão ou ruptura da placa aterosclerótica, a ativação das plaquetas é crucial nos eventos pró-trombóticos que levam ao infarto do miocárdio (IM). O aumento da reatividade plaquetária está associado à evolução do volume plaquetário. Plaquetas grandes são enzimática e metabolicamente mais ativas e apresentam alto potencial trombótico. O volume plaquetário médio (VPM) é um marcador da função plaquetária. Níveis elevados de VPM têm sido identificados como fatores de risco independentes para o IM em pacientes com doença cardíaca coronariana. No entanto, os valores biológico e prognóstico de níveis elevados de VPM ainda são controversos. Os novos analisadores hematológicos fornecem esse índice plaquetário como parte integrante do hemograma, não havendo custos adicionais para o laboratório, podendo ser utilizado como marcador precoce de risco de eventos cardiovasculares, associado a marcadores tradicionais. Neste estudo descrevemos o valor clínico do VPM na aterosclerose coronariana e seu papel como fator de risco para SCA.Platelets play an important role in intravascular thrombus development, a major cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). After erosion or rupture of atherosclerotic plaque, platelets activation plays a crucial role in prothrombotic events leading to myocardial infarction. Increased platelets reactivity is associated with increased platelet volume. Large platelets are enzymatically and metabolically more active and have high thrombotic potential. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a marker of platelet function. Elevated levels of MPV have been identified as an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction in patients with coronary cardiac disease. However, the biological and prognostic value of increased levels of MPV is still controversial. The new hematological analyzers provide the platelet index as part of the hemogram, without additional costs to the laboratory, and it may be used as an early risk marker of cardiovascular events in association with traditional markers. In this study we describe the clinical value of MPV in coronary atherosclerosis and its role as a risk factor for ACS.

O polimorfismo da glicoproteína IIIa de plaquetas está associado a um aumento no risco de doenças arteriais coronarianas. Mulheres com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 apresentam um aumento de cinco vezes no risco para doenças arteriais coronarianas quando comparadas com mulheres não-diabéticas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a frequência do polimorfismo da glicoproteína IIIa (PlA2) em mulheres com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e comparar com a frequência descrita na literatura. A análise do polimorfismo PlA2 foi realizada para 62 mulheres com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 através da reação em cadeia da polimerase seguida de análise do polimorfismo de tamanho de fragmento de restrição (PCR-RFLP). As frequências observadas foram 81% para PlA1A1, 18% para PlA1A2 e 1% para PlA2A2. Não houve diferença significativa entre as frequências observadas e as frequências descritas na literatura. Nossos resultados sugerem que a frequência do polimorfismo PlA2 em mulheres com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 é a mesma observada na população em geral.The platelet glycoprotein IIIa polymorphism is associated to an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Type 2 diabetic women present a fivefold higher risk of coronary heart disease compared to non-diabetic women. The aim of this study was to verify the frequency of the glycoprotein IIIa polymorphism (PlA2) in type 2 diabetic women and compare this result with the frequency reported for the general population. The PlA polymorphisms of 62 type 2 diabetic women were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The resulting frequencies were 81% for PlA1A1, 18% for PlA1A2 and 1% for PlA2A2. There was no significant difference between observed frequencies and the frequencies described in the literature. Our results suggest that the frequency of the glycoprotein IIIa polymorphism, PlA2, in type 2 diabetic women is similar to that observed in general population

El ácido acetil salicílico es quizás uno de los medicamentos más antiguos conocidos en el mundo, desde los tiempos de Hipócrates cuando se consumía la corteza del Sauce por sus efectos analgésicos y antipiréticos. Sus propiedades antiplaquetarias fueron reconocidas por primera vez en 1967, y su mecanismo de acción fue dilucidado en 1971. Desde entonces, se usa más por esas propiedades antiplaquetarias que por su efecto analgésico o antipirético. La activación y agregación plaquetaria desempeña un rol importante en la patogénesis de la trombosis arterial, lo cual conduce a síndrome coronario agudo y a complicaciones trombóticas durante y después de intervenciones coronarias percutáneas, de ahí que el ácido acetil salicílico sea el agente antiplaquetario más empleado. Estudios clínicos demuestran su eficacia tanto en prevención primaria como en secundaria de infarto del miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular y muerte cardiovascular. A pesar de sus probados beneficios, el riesgo relativo de eventos vasculares recurrentes entre los pacientes que lo toman permanece relativamente alto, y se estima en 8% a 18% después de dos años. La resistencia terapéutica al ácido acetil salicílico podría explicar en parte este riesgo. Aunque aún no se establecen los criterios de diagnóstico formal y un sistema válido de medición, la resistencia al ácido acetil salicílico puede afectar entre 5% a 45% de la población. Dada la prevalencia de la enfermedad cardiovascular, el impacto potencial de la resistencia a este medicamento es amplio. Otra clase de agentes que actúan mediante el bloqueo de la agregación plaquetaria son los derivados tienopiridínicos, que incluyen el clopidogrel. El ácido acetil salicílico y el clopidogrel, se convirtieron en la terapia de elección en pacientes que serán sometidos a intervención coronaria con stent. Sin embargo, existe una considerable heterogeneidad a la respuesta individual de los pacientes expuestos a estos fármacos. Datos actuales muestran que cerca de 4% a 30% de los pacientes tratados con dosis convencionales de clopidogrel, no tienen una adecuada respuesta antiplaquetaria. La resistencia al clopidogrel es un término muy usado que aún precisa de una definición clara. Aun así, se emplea para reflejar que el clopidogrel falla en alcanzar su efecto antiagregante. Esta revisión discute la evidencia actual con relación a la variabilidad de la respuesta antiplaquetaria de estos dos medicamentos.Acetylsalicylic acid is perhaps one of the most antique drugs known worldwide since the time of Hippocrates, when willow bark was used for its analgesic and antipyretic effects. Its antiplatelet properties were known for the first time in 1967 and its mechanism of action was explained in 1971. Since then it is used mostly for its antiplatelet properties than for its analgesic or antipyretic effect. Platelet activation and aggregation play an important role in arterial thrombosis pathogenesis, which leads to acute coronary syndrome and thrombotic complications during and after percutaneous coronary interventions; for this reason, acetylsalicylic acid is the most used antiplatelet agent. Clinical trials have shown its efficacy both in primary and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death. Despite its proven benefits, the relative risk of recurrent vascular events among patients taking it remains relatively high and is estimated in 8% to 18% after two years. Therapeutic resistance to acetylsalicylic acid could partially explain this risk. Even though formal diagnostic criteria and a valid measurement system are not yet established, resistance to acetylsalicylic acid may affect 5% to 45% of the population. Given the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, the potential impact of resistance to this drug is wide. Another kind of agents that act blocking platelet aggregation are the thienopyridine derivates, that include clopidogrel. Acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel became the election therapy in patients that will undergo coronary intervention with stent implantation. However, there is a considerable heterogeneity to the individual response of patients exposed to these drugs. Actual data show that almost 30% to 40% of patients treated with conventional doses of clopidogrel do not have an adequate antiplatelet response. Resistance to clopidogrel is a fairly used term that still needs a clear definition. Even so, it is used to reflect that clopidogrel fails in achieving its antiaggregation effect. This review discusses current evidence in relation to the variability of the antiplatelet response of these two drugs.

O plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) e as células mesenquimais indiferenciadas (CMIs), também chamadas de células-tronco, têm sido amplamente estudados por seus potenciais altos de osteoindução em enxertos ósseos. No entanto, a utilização do PRP e das CMIs deve ser realizada com critério, baseando-se na adequada metodologia de isolamento e utilização. A metodologia inadequada pode ser um fator determinante na eficácia em enxertos ósseos, o que pode justificar alguns resultados controversos da utilização do PRP e das CMIs em enxertos ósseos.The rich platelet plasma (RPP) and indiferenciate mesenchimal cells (IMCs), or stem cells, have been widely studied because of their high potential of osteoinduction in bone grafts. However, the utilization of RPP and IMCs must be done following correct methodology of isolation and use. The inappropriate methodology can be a determinant factor of its efficacy on bone grafts and can explain some controversial results of its utilization in bone grafts.

Neste artigo faremos uma revisão bibliográfica de modo que entendamos como o óxido nítrico (NO) atua sobre as plaquetas, compreendendo assim mais um mecanismo antiplaquetário. Nos últimos 25 anos a função do NO na biologia evoluiu do seu reconhecimento como poluente ambiental para substância endógena envolvida em comunicação intracelular e intercelular e na transdução de sinais. O NO é uma molécula polivalente que exerce um papel na regulação da hemostasia, sendo responsável pela inibição das plaquetas em todos os seus níveis de atuação, desde adesão até agregação, impedindo, dessa forma, posterior formação de trombo. Inúmeras desordens clínicas têm sido reportadas em que a insuficiência da produção de NO endógeno e, portanto, a ausência de inibição de ação plaquetária, parece contribuir para os eventos trombóticos.In this article we make a review above the way that nitric oxide (NO) influence platelets over the past 25 years. The role of NO in biology has evolved from being recognized as an environmental pollutant to an endogenously produced substance involved in intracellular and intercellular communication and signal transduction. NO is a multifunctional molecule that plays a role in the regulation of hemostasis. It is responsible for platelets inhibition in all levels of its action, from adhesion to aggregation, preventing in this manner, thrombus formation. Several clinical disorders have been reported in which endogenous NO production insufficiency and, as a consequence, the absence of platelets action inhibition, seems to contribute to thrombotic events.

As plaquetas são fragmentos citoplasmáticos anucleados presentes no sangue e produzidos na medula óssea a partir dos megacariócitos. O objetivo deste trabalho é rever as bases mecanísticas e moleculares das plaquetas, revelando sua participação em síndromes importantes e na trombose arterial, além de seu potencial como alvo terapêutico para o desenho de novos agentes antitrombóticos.Platelets are cytoplasmatic fragments from bone marrow megakaryocytes present on blood. The aim of this work is to review the basis of platelet mechanisms, their participation in syndromes and in arterial thrombosis, and its potential as a target for design of antithrombotic agents.

Copyright of Momento: Revista de Física is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To evaluate the edema volume and leukocyte, platelet, and fibrinogen count of peripheral burn in an animal model. The back left leg of Rattus norvegicus (experimental group) was placed in water at 60 °C for 60 seconds or at room temperature (control group). An analysis was carried out before and after the induced burn (at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h). The edema volume was determined by an orthogonal photo, the leukocyte and platelet counts were determined using automated equipment, and the fibrinogen count was determined using the gravimetric method. The maximum value of the edema was recorded at 4 h and leukocytes at 24 h. The platelet count did not vary at different post-edema time intervals. The fibrinogen level increased at 4 h and 24 h. In this animal model we induced systemic inflammation characterized by leukocytosis and elevated fibrinogen levels, combined with edema located at the induction area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Avaliou-se a ativação de plaquetas em 20 eqüinos com laminite induzida, tratados com ketoprofeno, fenilbutazona e flunixin meglumina. As alterações de plaquetas incluíram mudança de forma, alteração da relação entre os eixos maior e menor, aumento de perímetro, emissão de pseudópodes, aumento no número dealfa-grânulos e de grânulos de glicogênio e redução no número degama-grânulos. As plaquetas de eqüinos, quando ativadas, apresentaram perfil de organela diferente de plaquetas normais, e as drogas antiinflamatórias, não-esteroidais, demonstraram atividade na ativação plaquetária de eqüinos in vivo. O flunixin meglumina apresentou melhor atividade em modular a ativação plaquetária de eqüinos in vivo do que a fenilbutazona e o ketoprofeno.The platelets activation from 20 equines submitted to laminitis induction and treated with ketoprophen, phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumin, was evaluated. The platelets changes included shape change, altered relations between axis, increased perimeter, pseudopodia, increased alpha-granules and glycogen-granules, and decreased in gamma-granules. Platelets when activated present a different organelle profile than normal ones. Equine activated platelets had different organelles profile than normal ones, and anti-inflammatory drugs can modulate the platelet activation, being the flunixin meglumin better than phenylbutazone and ketoprophen.

Introduction: insulin resistance (IR) promotes the progression of fibrosis and diminishes response to treatment in patients with hepatitis C. Recently, Sydney's index (includes IR) has been proposed as a non-invasive method for the prediction of fibrosis. Objective: to assess the usefulness of Sydney's index for the prediction of advanced fibrosis (F3-F4) or absence of significant fibrosis (F0-F1) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Patients and methods: we included 131 patients suffering from chronic hepatitis C. Mean age was 40 ± 11, 78 men and 53 women. Fibrosis stage was (F0-F1) 69 patients, F2: 40, and advanced (F3-F4) in 22 patients. We measured baseline AST, ALT, GGT, platelet, cholesterol, alcohol, and IR (HOMA - IR) levels. Sydney, Forns' and APRI indexes were calculated. Results: the area under the curve for the diagnosis of absence of significant fibrosis in each method was: Sydney: 0.80, Forns: 0.71, APRI: 0.70; p = ns. Moreover, the diagnostic capacity of advanced fibrosis was: Sydney: 0.88, Forns: 0.83, APRI: 0.82; p = ns. The predictive negative value of significant fibrosis was 74, 72, and 67%, respectively. Due to the presence of intermediate values, the indexes were not applicable to 36, 44 and 43% of patients respectively. Conclusions: the incorporation of insulin resistance among biochemical non-invasive methods slightly improves the yield of other indexes. Nevertheless, results are suboptimal, and more than one third of patients might not be correctly classified.Introducción: la resistencia a la insulina (RI) promueve la progresión de la fibrosis y disminuye la respuesta al tratamiento en pacientes con hepatitis C. Recientemente, se ha propuesto el índice de Sidney como método no invasivo de predicción de la fibrosis que incluye la RI. Objetivo: valorar la utilidad del índice de Sidney en la predicción de fibrosis avanzada (F3-F4) o ausencia de fibrosis significativa (F0-F1) en pacientes con hepatitis C. Pacientes y métodos: incluimos 131 pacientes con hepatitis crónica C. Edad media 40 ± 11 años, 78 hombres y 53 mujeres. Estadio de fibrosis leve (F0-F1) 69 pacientes, F2: 40 y avanzado (F3-F4) en 22 pacientes. Determinamos los niveles basales de AST, ALT, GGT, plaquetas, colesterol, alcohol y RI (HOMA-IR). Calculamos el índice de Sidney, de Forns y APRI. Resultados: el área bajo la curva de la capacidad diagnóstica de ausencia de fibrosis significativa de cada método fue Sidney: 0,80, Forns: 0,71 y APRI: 0,70; p = ns, así también, la capacidad diagnóstica de presencia de fibrosis avanzada fue Sidney: 0,88, Forns: 0,83 y APRI: 0,82; p = ns. El valor predictivo negativo de fibrosis significativa fue del 74, 72 y 67% respectivamente. Debido a la presencia de valores intermedios los índices no fueron aplicables al 36, 44 y 43% respectivamente. Conclusiones: la inclusión de la resistencia a la insulina en la predicción de fibrosis avanzada o exclusión de fibrosis significativa mejora ligeramente el rendimiento de otros índices. No obstante, los resultados son subóptimos y más de un tercio de los pacientes no podrían ser clasificados correctamente.

Si bien el púrpura trombocitopénico idiomático (PTI) es una patología poco frecuente, su importancia radica en que existe una alta morbimortalidad materno-fetal durante el embarazo, el parto y el puerperio. Es en el parto donde actualmente existe mayor controversia, con respecto a que vía es más recomendable, cesárea o vía vaginal. Nuestro propósito es acortar la brecha de la duda con respecto a ésta incógnita en base a la literatura disponible actualmente tanto a nivel nacional como internacional presentando una revisión bibliográfica sobre el PTI en el embarazo dando una pequeña reseña sobre la fisiopatología de ésta, diagnóstico y tratamiento, centrándonos en la controversia sobre que vía de parto es la más indicada. Se adoptó la estrategia de búsqueda desarrollada en la revisión electrónica de bases de datos, bajo criterios definidos que permitieron identificar los estudios con mejor evidencia posible. En nuestra búsqueda se encontraron 18 trabajos que cumplieran con nuestros criterios de búsqueda. En la literatura no encontramos un trabajo prospectivo randomizado con un buen grado de evidencia y fuerza que afirme una vía por sobre otra. Los trabajos encontrados corresponden a reportes de casos y guías de expertos que recomiendan un manejo por sobre otro. Podemos concluir que la vía del parto se definiría según condiciones obstétricas y no por el nivel de plaquetas fetales encontrados. Además, algunos de los procedimientos para determinar los niveles de plaquetas estarían relacionado a un mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad que la patología baseThe idiopathic throbocytopenic purpura (ITP)is a rare pathology but it´s importance lies in the fact that exists a high morbimortality during pregnancy, labor and puerperium. There´s a controversy about which methods for labor are more recommended nowadays, either vaginal way or through cesarean and for that purpose this investigation will try to shorten that breach of doubt using both national and international literature giving a closer look to the ITP and it´s physiopathology, diagnose and treatment. The strategy used consisted on an electronic review of data bases under defined criterion that allowed us to identify the researches with good evidence. We found eighteen investigations under this criterion. On literature we didn't found any researches with good grade of evidence that probe that one way is more beneficial than the other. Our researches found are cases and guidelines of experts that do recommend one way over the other. The conclusions of our investigation are that the ways of labor will be defined depending on obstetric conditions and not by the level of fetal platelets found. Some of the procedures to determine these levels would be related to a higher morbimortality risk than the IPT per se