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1. New Guinea has the world's richest island flora.

Author

Cámara-Leret R, Frodin DG, Adema F, Anderson C, Appelhans MS, Argent G, Arias Guerrero S, Ashton P, Baker WJ, Barfod AS, Barrington D, Borosova R, Bramley GLC, Briggs M, Buerki S, Cahen D, Callmander MW, Cheek M, Chen CW, Conn BJ, Coode MJE, Darbyshire I, Dawson S, Dransfield J, Drinkell C, Duyfjes B, Ebihara A, Ezedin Z, Fu LF, Gideon O, Girmansyah D, Govaerts R, Fortune-Hopkins H, Hassemer G, Hay A, Heatubun CD, Hind DJN, Hoch P, Homot P, Hovenkamp P, Hughes M, Jebb M, Jennings L, Jimbo T, Kessler M, Kiew R, Knapp S, Lamei P, Lehnert M, Lewis GP, Linder HP, Lindsay S, Low YW, Lucas E, Mancera JP, Monro AK, Moore A, Middleton DJ, Nagamasu H, Newman MF, Nic Lughadha E, Melo PHA, Ohlsen DJ, Pannell CM, Parris B, Pearce L, Penneys DS, Perrie LR, Petoe P, Poulsen AD, Prance GT, Quakenbush JP, Raes N, Rodda M, Rogers ZS, Schuiteman A, Schwartsburd P, Scotland RW, Simmons MP, Simpson DA, Stevens P, Sundue M, Testo W, Trias-Blasi A, Turner I, Utteridge T, Walsingham L, Webber BL, Wei R, Weiblen GD, Weigend M, Weston P, de Wilde W, Wilkie P, Wilmot-Dear CM, Wilson HP, Wood JRI, Zhang LB, and van Welzen PC

Subjects
Geographic Mapping, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Internet, New Guinea, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Biodiversity, Classification methods, Islands, Plants classification
Abstract

New Guinea is the world's largest tropical island and has fascinated naturalists for centuries 1,2 . Home to some of the best-preserved ecosystems on the planet 3 and to intact ecological gradients-from mangroves to tropical alpine grasslands-that are unmatched in the Asia-Pacific region 4,5 , it is a globally recognized centre of biological and cultural diversity 6,7 . So far, however, there has been no attempt to critically catalogue the entire vascular plant diversity of New Guinea. Here we present the first, to our knowledge, expert-verified checklist of the vascular plants of mainland New Guinea and surrounding islands. Our publicly available checklist includes 13,634 species (68% endemic), 1,742 genera and 264 families-suggesting that New Guinea is the most floristically diverse island in the world. Expert knowledge is essential for building checklists in the digital era: reliance on online taxonomic resources alone would have inflated species counts by 22%. Species discovery shows no sign of levelling off, and we discuss steps to accelerate botanical research in the 'Last Unknown' 8 .

Published
2020
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2. Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests.

Author

Slik JWF, Franklin J, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Field R, Aguilar S, Aguirre N, Ahumada J, Aiba SI, Alves LF, K A, Avella A, Mora F, Aymard C GA, Báez S, Balvanera P, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Bellingham PJ, van den Berg E, da Conceição Bispo P, Boeckx P, Boehning-Gaese K, Bongers F, Boyle B, Brambach F, Brearley FQ, Brown S, Chai SL, Chazdon RL, Chen S, Chhang P, Chuyong G, Ewango C, Coronado IM, Cristóbal-Azkarate J, Culmsee H, Damas K, Dattaraja HS, Davidar P, DeWalt SJ, Din H, Drake DR, Duque A, Durigan G, Eichhorn K, Eler ES, Enoki T, Ensslin A, Fandohan AB, Farwig N, Feeley KJ, Fischer M, Forshed O, Garcia QS, Garkoti SC, Gillespie TW, Gillet JF, Gonmadje C, Granzow-de la Cerda I, Griffith DM, Grogan J, Hakeem KR, Harris DJ, Harrison RD, Hector A, Hemp A, Homeier J, Hussain MS, Ibarra-Manríquez G, Hanum IF, Imai N, Jansen PA, Joly CA, Joseph S, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kelly DL, Kessler M, Killeen TJ, Kooyman RM, Laumonier Y, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Lawes MJ, Letcher SG, Lindsell J, Lovett J, Lozada J, Lu X, Lykke AM, Mahmud KB, Mahayani NPD, Mansor A, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Calderado Leal Matos D, Meave JA, Melo FPL, Mendoza ZHA, Metali F, Medjibe VP, Metzger JP, Metzker T, Mohandass D, Munguía-Rosas MA, Muñoz R, Nurtjahy E, de Oliveira EL, Onrizal, Parolin P, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Paudel E, Perez R, Pérez-García EA, Pommer U, Poorter L, Qie L, Piedade MTF, Pinto JRR, Poulsen AD, Poulsen JR, Powers JS, Prasad RC, Puyravaud JP, Rangel O, Reitsma J, Rocha DSB, Rolim S, Rovero F, Rozak A, Ruokolainen K, Rutishauser E, Rutten G, Mohd Said MN, Saiter FZ, Saner P, Santos B, Dos Santos JR, Sarker SK, Schmitt CB, Schoengart J, Schulze M, Sheil D, Sist P, Souza AF, Spironello WR, Sposito T, Steinmetz R, Stevart T, Suganuma MS, Sukri R, Sultana A, Sukumar R, Sunderland T, Supriyadi, Suresh HS, Suzuki E, Tabarelli M, Tang J, Tanner EVJ, Targhetta N, Theilade I, Thomas D, Timberlake J, de Morisson Valeriano M, van Valkenburg J, Van Do T, Van Sam H, Vandermeer JH, Verbeeck H, Vetaas OR, Adekunle V, Vieira SA, Webb CO, Webb EL, Whitfeld T, Wich S, Williams J, Wiser S, Wittmann F, Yang X, Adou Yao CY, Yap SL, Zahawi RA, Zakaria R, and Zang R

Subjects
Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Forests, Phylogeny, Plants classification, Plants genetics, Tropical Climate
Abstract

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world's tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world's tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: ( i ) Indo-Pacific, ( ii ) Subtropical, ( iii ) African, ( iv ) American, and ( v ) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: V.A.-R., K.B.-G., B.B., F.Q.B., N.F., M.K., W.F.L., S. G. Letcher, C.B.S., D.S., T. Stevart, and S. Wiser have coauthored papers with Jens-Christian Svenning in the past 48 months. A.M.L. and Jens-Christian Svenning are both affiliated with Aarhus University., (Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)

Published
2018
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3. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome.

Author

Sullivan MJ, Talbot J, Lewis SL, Phillips OL, Qie L, Begne SK, Chave J, Cuni-Sanchez A, Hubau W, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Miles L, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Sonké B, Sunderland T, Ter Steege H, White LJ, Affum-Baffoe K, Aiba SI, de Almeida EC, de Oliveira EA, Alvarez-Loayza P, Dávila EÁ, Andrade A, Aragão LE, Ashton P, Aymard C GA, Baker TR, Balinga M, Banin LF, Baraloto C, Bastin JF, Berry N, Bogaert J, Bonal D, Bongers F, Brienen R, Camargo JL, Cerón C, Moscoso VC, Chezeaux E, Clark CJ, Pacheco ÁC, Comiskey JA, Valverde FC, Coronado EN, Dargie G, Davies SJ, De Canniere C, Djuikouo K MN, Doucet JL, Erwin TL, Espejo JS, Ewango CE, Fauset S, Feldpausch TR, Herrera R, Gilpin M, Gloor E, Hall JS, Harris DJ, Hart TB, Kartawinata K, Kho LK, Kitayama K, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Leal ME, Lovejoy T, Lovett JC, Lukasu FM, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Maracahipes L, Marimon BS, Junior BH, Marshall AR, Morandi PS, Mukendi JT, Mukinzi J, Nilus R, Vargas PN, Camacho NC, Pardo G, Peña-Claros M, Pétronelli P, Pickavance GC, Poulsen AD, Poulsen JR, Primack RB, Priyadi H, Quesada CA, Reitsma J, Réjou-Méchain M, Restrepo Z, Rutishauser E, Salim KA, Salomão RP, Samsoedin I, Sheil D, Sierra R, Silveira M, Slik JW, Steel L, Taedoumg H, Tan S, Terborgh JW, Thomas SC, Toledo M, Umunay PM, Gamarra LV, Vieira IC, Vos VA, Wang O, Willcock S, and Zemagho L

Subjects
Africa, Americas, Asia, Tropical Climate, Biodiversity, Carbon analysis, Forests, Plants chemistry, Plants classification
Abstract

Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.

Published
2017
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