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A taxonomic revision of the genus Sapranthus is presented. Within the genus Sapranthus 8 species are recognized, 2 of which are new. Distinguishing morphological characteristics are discussed, and a dichotomous key to all species is given. The species treatments include descriptions, full synonymy, geographical and ecological notes, vernacular names, and taxonomic notes. Distribution maps are presented of all species, and a complete identification list of exsiccatae examined is included.

Background and Aims: The phytochemistry study of Annonaceae has intensified in the last decades due to the discovery of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities. The inhibitory activities of extracts and compounds from these species for phytopathogens are less known. The antifungal activity of Sapranthus microcarpus was determined in vitro against six fungal pathogens of important crops. Methods: Hexane, methanol, and alkaloid extracts of the leaves and root and stem bark of S. microcarpus were evaluated to determine whether they could inhibit the mycelial growth of the phytopathogens. The combined activity of the most active extracts for each phytopathogen was also determined. The alkaloid liriodenine was isolated and identified as an antifungal principle. Key results: All extracts inhibited the growth of the six phytopathogens to some extent. The root bark alkaloid extract showed the highest activity. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Curvularia lunata were the most sensitive phytopathogens. Liriodenine was active against all the plant pathogens (minimum inhibitory concentrations of 125-500 nmol ml -1 ). Conclusions: Sapranthus microcarpus is a native natural resource with great phytochemical potential.

Two new species of Annonaceae, Sapranthus viridiflorus G. E. Schatz and Unonopsis stevensii G. E. Schatz, are described from Mesoamerica. Color photographs of the new species can be accessed over the World Wide Web by searching the name in WZTROPICOS at http://www.mobot.org/ Pick/Search/pick.html. RESUMEN. Se decriben dos especies nuevas de Annonaceae, Sapranthus viridiflorus G. E. Schatz y Unonopsis stevensii G. E. Schatz, de Mesoambrica. Fotograffas a color de las especies nuevas son accesibles buscando el nombre en las piginas de Internet de WZTROPICOS en la siguiente direcci6n: http://www.mobot.org/Pick/Search/pick.html. In anticipation of the upcoming publication of the Flora de Nicaragua, I provide here names and descriptions for two undescribed species of Annonaceae from Mesoamerica. Sapranthus viridiflorus G. E. Schatz is the southernmost of seven species in a genus extending from the states of Sinaloa and Veracruz, Mexico, to the province of Los Santos, Panama. In contrast to the other species of Sapranthus B. C. Seemann, which occur in seasonally dry deciduous forest and possess membranaceous reddish to deep purple petals with evident venation, S. viridflorus occurs in moist to wet evergreen forest and exhibits thick, fleshy green petals lacking venation at maturity. Unonopsis R. E. Fries is a genus of ca. 40 species distributed from Belize to Bolivia in wet, evergreen forest, with 6 species currently known from Mesoamerica, and an additional 4-5 new species awaiting description. Although not yet known from Nicaragua, Unonopsis stevensii G. E. Schatz is to be expected in the southeastern region of the country along the Rio San Juan just to the north of Cerro Coronel and Barra del Colorado in Costa Rica, the sole locality for the new species. Sapranthus viridiflorus G. E. Schatz, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Heredia: La Selva Biological Station of the Organization for Tropical Studies, 4 km S of Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, 10026'N, 84001'W, 35 m, 15 Feb. 1984 (fl), G. E. Schatz 963 (holotype, MO; isotypes, CR, WIS). Figures 1, 2, and http://hoya.mobot.org/ mobot/research/image/01602308O001.jpg, http: //hoya. mobot. org/mobot/research/image/ 01602308002.jpg A speciebus aliis Sapranthi petalis enervibus carnosis viridibus et carpellis 2-5 differt. Tree to 12 m tall, the young branches brownish gray tomentose. Leaves membranaceous, the petiole 0.4-1.0 cm long, shallowly canaliculate, brownish gray tomentose; lamina elliptic to oblong-obovate, 5.6-29.8 cm long, 2.7-12.1 cm broad, the base cuneate to rounded and somewhat truncate, the apex acuminate to cuspidate, the upper lamina surface sparsely white velutinous, the lower surface white velutinous, the margins finely ciliate; venation weakly brochidodromous with 8-15 lateral veins per side, the midrib slightly impressed and densely white velutinous above, especially toward the base, prominently elevated and short white hirsute below, drying purplish black, the slender lateral veins elevated and short white hirsute below. Flowers solitary, pendent, terminal but appearing leaf-opposed (or rarely cauliflorous and borne on older wood), with a fruity fragranice, albeit with a slightly fetid component; pedicel 1.0-1.7 cm long, sparsely tomentellous, bearing a lanceolate-ovate to rounded bract near the base to 0.8 cm from the base, 0.50.9 cm long, 0.3-0.5 cm broad, the apex acute to obtuse, the base decurrent along the pedicel, the margins revolute. Sepals triangular, 0.7-0.8 cm long, 0.5-0.7 cm broad, the apex acute, slightly reflexed, the base truncate, tomentellous outside. Petals 6, in 2 subequal imbricate whorls, membranaceous and with venation evident in bud, becoming fleshy and lacking any evident venation at anthesis when fresh, revealing faint venation when NovoN 8: 436-440. 1998. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.128 on Wed, 07 Sep 2016 05:04:21 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 8, Number 4 Schatz 437 1998 New Species of Annonaceae ,,? ?r:: ~ r. r r??

Summary Different species of beetles and bees were observed to visit and probably pollinate the tropical dry forest, cauliflorous tree Sapranthus palanga (Annonaceae) in Costa Rica. The flower had a carrion or dung-like smell. The reward to visiting beetles was a fan structure made up of nutdtive tissue at the base of each inner petal. Most of the flowers, however, aborted due to different kinds of herbivory, e.g., a pyralid moth larva mined the fan and sometimes the stamen and ovary disc too. This activity was a major cause of flower abortion.

In addition to the known alkaloids 9 S -sebiferine and liriodenine the stem bark of Sapranthus palanga has yielded the novel acetylenic lactone sapranthin. Primarily on the basis of spectral data sapranthin has been identified as 3-(hexadeca-11,15-diena-7,9-diynyl)4-hydroxy-5-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-one.

Background and Aims: In Mexico, the Neotropical genera of Annonaceae tribe Miliuseae, including Sapranthus, Stenanona and the Mexican endemic genus Tridimeris, are particularly diverse and many of their species are endemic to this country. This diversity is not fully documented and many new species have been discovered as a result of recent botanical explorations in southern Mexico. Here, we describe a new species of Stenanona.Methods: We collected a new species of Stenanona during field work in a little known karst forest area located in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. The new species was recognized using the unique combination of features through comparisons with morphologically similar species and literature review. We assessed its conservation status by calculating its extent of occurrence (EOO) and its area of occupancy (AOO) using the GeoCAT tool and applying the IUCN Red List Categories and criteria.Key results: A new species of Annonaceae, namely Stenanona morenoi, endemic to karstic forests of southern Mexico, is described and illustrated. According to the criteria established by the IUCN, it is possible to tentatively determine the species as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab (iii)).Conclusions: Based on its general floral morphology, S. morenoi is hypothesized to belong to subclade A of the Desmopsis-Stenanona clade. Within this lineage, S. morenoi shares several morphological features with S. migueliana, S. stenopetala and S. zoque.

The phylogenetic relationships among members of the Neotropical clade of Miliuseae were inferred using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and parsimony on a dataset of six plastid regions (ndhF, matK, psbA-trnH, rbcL, rps16-trnQ, and trnL-F). The phylogenetic hypothesis obtained indicate that the Neotropical clade of Miliuseae is a monophyletic group, composed of two distinct lineages: the first comprises the genera Sapranthus and Tridimeris, and the second is composed of Desmopsis, Stenanona, and two potentially new taxa, which together form the Desmopsis-Stenanona clade. However, the relationships within the Desmopsis-Stenanona clade are not fully resolved; the phylogenetic results indicate that Desmopsis and Stenanona, as currently circumscribed, are not monophyletic. The morphological characteristics that distinguish each genus and potential synapomorphies are discussed. We conclude that the observed variation in floral and fruit characteristics among the members of the Desmopsis-Stenano...

Based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence, Tridimeris chiapensis Escobar-Castellanos & Ortiz-Rodr., sp. n. (Annonaceae), a new species from the karst forest of southern Mexico, is described and illustrated. The new species differs from Tridimeris hahniana, the only described species in the genus, in that the latter has flowers with sepals densely tomentose outside, one (rarely two) carpel(s) per flower and fruits densely covered with golden-brown hairs, while Tridimeris chiapensis has flowers with glabrous sepals outside, two to five carpels per flower and glabrous fruits. Furthermore, a shallow triangular white patch at the base of the inner petals is found in Tridimeris chiapensis, a morphological character shared with the sister genus Sapranthus but absent in Tridimeris hahniana. Geographically, both species occur allopatrically. With just one known locality and seven individuals of Tridimeris chiapensis recorded in one sampling hectare, and based on application of the criteria established by the IUCN, we conclude tentatively that the species is critically endangered.

Premise of the study: Tribe Miliuseae (~25 genera and ~510 species) includes a substantial part of the species and generic diversity in the pantropical flowering-plant family Annonaceae (~108 genera and ~2400 species). Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have failed to resolve the backbone phylogeny of the tribe, impeding biogeographical and evolutionary studies. We use a dense generic taxon sample (~89% of generic diversity in Miliuseae) and plastid DNA sequence data (~7 kb) to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of and within the tribe. Methods: Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions and ancestral character-state reconstructions of several reproductive characters were performed. Key results: Dendrokingstoniae, Monocarpieae, and Miliuseae are recovered in a strongly supported clade, and each tribe is strongly supported as monophyletic. Miliuseae are characterized by a synapomorphic cryptoaperturate/disulculate pollen apertural system. Stenanona is shown to be nested within the paraphyletic genus Desmopsis. The only Neotropical clade (Sapranthus, Tridimeris, Desmopsis, and Stenanona) in the predominantly Asian Miliuseae is shown to be closely related to an undescribed genus from continental Southeast Asia and the Indo-Malayan and Austral-Pacific genus Meiogyne. Ancestral character-state reconstructions of several reproductive characters that are diagnostically important at the generic level indicate a considerable degree of homoplasy. Conclusions: The results improve our understanding of the relationships of and within Miliuseae, but parts of the backbone of the phylogeny remain poorly supported. Additional data from variable nuclear markers or reduced-genome-representation approaches seem to be required to further resolve relationships within this recalcitrant clade

Within the large palaeotropical genusPolyalthia so far five different pollen types are described (two monosulcate types, two disulcate types, and a single omniaperturate type). One of the disulcatePolyalthia types is similar to the disulcate neotropical genusSapranthus. All the newly described types differ predominantly not in exine but rather in intine characters. From this it can be concluded that seemingly “inaperturate” grains are disculcate in function, generally with two clearly recognizable germination zones, or omniaperturate, with the whole sporoderm capable of germination. The functions of the intine layers within the germination zones and within the nongerminating areas are very different and cooperate during the first germination steps in bursting the exine. It is difficult clearly to define the germination zones of pollen grains if the exine exhibits no modifications. Based on our and other results a more precise definition is suggested.

Antecedentes y Objetivos: El estudio de las selvas tropicales es de gran interés debido a su alta biodiversidad, relacionada con la variabilidad del ambiente, que incrementa la diversidad y la especificidad de sus componentes. Este estudio presenta una evaluación de la estructura, riqueza y diversidad de especies de angiospermas leñosas de la selva mediana subcaducifolia (SMsC) en el centro de Veracruz, con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de sus características e identificar áreas de alto valor para la conservación de los escasos fragmentos de vegetación primaria que aún existen en la zona.Métodos: Se delimitaron 67 parcelas de muestreo de 100 m2, distribuidas en cinco sitios de estudio en los municipios Jalcomulco y Tlaltetela. En cada parcela se registraron y midieron todos los individuos con DAP ≥5 cm y se estimaron sus valores de cobertura, densidad, área basal y altura, así como los valores de diversidad α (riqueza total, riqueza por parcela e índice α de Fisher) y los valores de diversidad β (matriz de similitud con coeficiente de Jaccard y porcentaje de similitud), además de la importancia ecológica de las especies mediante el Valor de Importancia Relativa de Curtis (VIR).Resultados clave: Se registraron 98 especies de plantas leñosas, agrupadas en 83 géneros y 35 familias de angiospermas. Las familias más diversas fueron Fabaceae y Euphorbiaceae. La forma biológica predominante (75.5%) fueron los árboles. La selva tropical mostró una alta riqueza y elevada tasa de recambio de especies. Las especies dominantes de acuerdo con el VIR fueron Resinanthus aromaticus y Brosimum alicastrum, aunque el conjunto de las seis especies dominantes fue muy variable entre los sitios de estudio.Conclusiones: La presencia de especies clave como Brosimum alicastrum, Resinanthus aromaticus y Sapranthus microcarpus permitió identificar los elementos característicos de la SMsC y sus ecotonos con la selva mediana subperennifolia y la selva baja caducifolia.

Recent molecular and morphological studies have clarified generic circumscriptions in Annonaceae tribe Miliuseae and resulted in the segregation of disparate elements from the previously highly polyphyletic genus Polyalthia s.l. Several names in Polyalthia nevertheless remain unresolved, awaiting assignment to specific genera, including Polyalthia litseifolia . Phylogenetic analyses of seven chloroplast regions ( atpB-rbcL , matK , ndhF , psbA-trnH , rbcL , trnL-F , ycf1 ; ca. 8.3 kb, 116 accessions, including representatives of all currently accepted genera in subfamily Malmeoideae) unambiguously placed Polyalthia litseifolia in a clade with three accessions from Thailand, which have previously been shown to represent an undescribed genus sister to the Neotropical clade ( Desmopsis , Sapranthus , Stenanona , Tridimeris ) in the predominantly Asian tribe Miliuseae. The collective clade is sister to Meiogyne . Polyalthia litseifolia shares several diagnostic characters with most species in the Neotropical genera and Meiogyne , including: petals that are similar in shape and size in both whorls; multiple ovules per ovary in one or two rows; and lamelliform endosperm ruminations. It is distinct in being deciduous, bearing subpetiolar buds and having inflorescences growing from the leaf scar of the dropped leaves. Morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses corroborate its recognition as a new genus, which is formally described and illustrated here as Wuodendron . Polyalthia litseifolia is furthermore found to be conspecific with Desmos praecox , and the latter name is used as the basis for the name of the type. Molecular divergence time estimates under an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock place the Wuodendron -Neotropical clade split within the Miocene (ca. 14–12 Ma), highlighting the importance of post-boreotropical dispersal and vicariance in shaping intercontinental tropical disjunctions in Annonaceae.

Se describe la estructura, la composición florística y la diversidad de especies leñosas (árboles y arbustos) de un bosque mesófilo de montaña en Cuzalapa, Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco. Para ello se seleccionaron las localidades El Durazno y La Pareja, y en cada una de ellas se establecieron cuatro parcelas de 2,500 m2. En ellas se determinaron y se registraron las especies presentes y se midió el diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) y la altura de todos los individuos con DAP ? 3 cm. La estructura de cada sitio se describió con los valores relativos de densidad y área basal; además, se elaboró un perfil esquemático de cada parcela. La similitud florística entre las parcelas se valoró con el Índice de similitud de Sørensen. La diversidad de especies se estimó con los Índices de Shannon-Wiener, Simpson y ? de Fisher. En las dos hectáreas se registraron 2,086 individuos de 101 especies (que incluyen a dos nuevos registros para la Sierra de Manantlán: Sapranthus foetidus y Alchornea latifolia), repartidas en 75 géneros y 44 familias. Las familias con más especies fueron: Leguminosae (8), Solanaceae y Fagaceae (7 cada una), Moraceae y Compositae (6 cada una), Lauraceae (5) y Rubiaceae (3). La semejanza florística para las ocho parcelas varió entre 17.8 % Y 61.9 %. La densidad en El Durazno y La Pareja ascendió a 1,084 Y 1,002 individuos ha-', y el área basal a 38.7 m2 ha-' y 31.9 m2 ha-', respectivamente. En ambos localidades Styrax radians fue la especie con mayor valor de importancia. La estructura, la composición y la diversidad -esta última una de las mayores registradas para los bosques mesófilos de montaña de México-, estuvieron representadas por una fase serial de transición, de inicial a intermedia, producto de disturbios naturales y antropógenos recurrentes, como los aprovechamientos forestales de hace más de 50 años, las cuales han sido determinantes en el mantenimiento del bosque estudiado.