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Three new species of Breynia are described for Malesia, B. longistyla from Borneo, B. papillosa from New Guinea, and B. suborbicularis from Sulawesi. They are primarily distinguished by characters of indumentum, leaves, and styles. Ten lectotypes and one neotype are designated, and one new synonym is proposed.

A revision of Leptopus and Notoleptopus (Phyllanthaceae tribe Poranthereae) in Malesia is presented. Both genera are present with a single species in Malesia, L. australis and N. decasnei, respectively. Phylogenetically the two genera are distinct, but morphologically their differences are minimal. Nomenclature, descriptions, distributions and various notes are presented, just as a technical drawing of both species.

Eighteen species of Decalobanthus are recognized in this concise revision of the genus. Two new combinations are made and one new name is proposed to accommodate a change in rank. The genus is centered in Southeast Asia and Malesia, with outlier species in the tropical Pacific and one species that reaches the Neotropics; a single wide-ranging species extends from eastern Tropical Africa and Madagascar in the west to the Hawaiian Islands in the east. Each species is provided with a diagnosis, summary of the species' ecology, compiled vernacular names, and uses. Distributions are mapped based on herbarium voucher specimens. Where appropriate, typifications and nomenclatural problems are explained and comments on morphological variation and the need for further study are highlighted. Selected species are illustrated with colour photos of living plants. An index of numbered collections examined is provided to aid in specimen identification and herbarium curation.

Ridsdalea philippinensis (Rubiaceae), a new species from the karst forest in El Nido (Palawan, Philippines), is described and illustrated. It is unique among Malesian Ridsdalea species in having a corolla tube that is distinctly inflated at the apex, a character state also displayed by R. sootepensis and R. thailandica from Laos and Thailand. Amongst others, R. philippinensis, however, differs from both of these species in having smaller flowers and anthers that do not emerge from the corolla tube. An updated key for Philippine Ridsdalea is also presented.

Dalechampia is a mainly South American genus of generally climbing shrubs with usually sharp stiff trichomes in some of the inflorescence parts. The bisexual inflorescences are very condensed and subtended by two, often showy, large bracts. The three pistillate flowers are separate from the staminate subinflorescence (both groups with their own bracts). The staminate subinflorescence contains groups of staminodial-like bractlets that provide resin for female bees or fragrance for male bees. In west Malesia (Sumatra and Java) one indigenous species is found, the climbing D. bidentata, and occasionally cultivars of the subshrub D. spathulata.

Vaccinium exiguum from the ultramafic summit of Mt. Victoria, Palawan Island, Philippines is here described as a new species of Ericaceae. It closely resembles V. hamiguitanense but is distinct by having much shorter petioles and leaves, longer and glabrous calyx lobes with serrate lobe margins, a larger corolla with deeper sulcations, and longer stamens with spurs oriented laterally. Vaccinium exiguum represents the third Vaccinium species found on the Island of Palawan and 36th in the Philippines.

The Setiu Wetlands, a unique area with nine interconnected habitats, comprises a considerable fraction of the total Peninsular Malaysia’s wetland flora. Although botanical collecting in the area has been active in the past 10 years, only a few studies dealing with the wetland flora have been published. Thus, a detailed checklist of this area is urgently needed to ensure the continuity of its inter-relating flora and fauna, as well as the livelihood of the local people. In this work we conducted a survey of the vascular plant flora of Setiu Wetlands and investigated the most important plants used by the local communities. Our checklist accounts for 406 taxa from 277 genera and 106 families, including 24 (6%) species of ferns and lycophytes, three gymnosperms, 257 (64%) dicotyledons and 122 (30%) monocotyledons. This comprehensive plant checklist will be a primary reference for the management of the newly gazetted Setiu Wetlands State Park covering more than 400 hectares of lands and water bodies.

Ardisia argentiana and A. nagaensis from subgenus Tetrardisia are herein described and illustrated as new species. They are endemic to Borneo and the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan and to the Malaysian state of Sarawak, respectively. Ardisia argentiana is unique in its linear-oblong leaves, with a long, acuminate-caudate apex, and finely serrulate margins, while A. nagaensis can be easily recognized by its elliptic-lanceolate leaves.

Hydnophytum (Psychotrieae Hydnophytinae) is revised. A key is provided, and an informal infrageneric grouping is proposed. Variation in tuber structure is discussed. Fifty-five species are recognised, of which 19 are described as new. For one species a number of varieties are also described. Forty-four species are found in New Guinea, of which 41 are endemic. The recent transfer of a number of taxa into an expanded concept of Squamellaria based on a molecular phylogeny is addressed. Three taxa of Squamellaria are included in this revision to complete the series of papers on the tuberous epiphytes of the Rubiaceae.

Pratami, MP Chikmawati T, Rugayah. 2019. Short Communication: Further morphological evidence for separating Mukia Arn. from Cucumis L.. Biodiversitas 20: 211-217. Mukia Arn. is closely related to Cucumis L. based on molecular data, nevertheless, they have high morphological differences resulting in different opinion on taxonomical status of the two genera. Mukia Arn. has many similarities in pollen and leaf anatomical characters to Cucumis L., but both genera differ in seven seed characters, i.e color, shape, size, surface pattern, seed edge, transverse section at seed neck, and the markings of the inner seed coat surface. So, based on seed characteristics, Mukia Arn. is separated from Cucumis L.Keywords: Cucurbitaceae, leaf anatomy, Malesia

Maesa brevipedicellata, a new species of Maesa ( Primulaceae-Maesoideae) from Papua New Guinea, is described and illustrated based on herbarium specimen observations. The collections of this species resemble M. rufovillosa and were previously determined as that species. Maesa brevipedicellata is unique with its self- supporting habit, hispid hairs throughout and paniculate inflorescences with very short pedicels. This new species mainly differs from M. rufovillosa by the habit (tree/shrub in M. brevipedicellata vs climber in M. rufovillosa) and the inflorescence structure (panicles in M. brevipedicellata vs simple racemes in M. rufovillosa).

During the environmental impact study for a proposed nickel mine near Weda Bay on Halmahera in North Moluccas (Maluku Utara Province), Indonesia, two unknown Euphorbiaceae were discovered. Morphological comparisons and molecular phylogenetic analyses using four markers (plastid trnL-F and rbcL, and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and external transcribed spacer) indicated that they should be recognized as constituting a new, distinct genus of two species, which are described and illustrated here as Weda fragarioides and Weda lutea. The new taxa are members of the Australasian tribe Ricinocarpeae in subfamily Crotonoideae, and they are most closely related to Alphandia. In contrast with the otherwise mostly sclerophyllous Ricinocarpeae, Weda possesses stellate to dendritic hairs, large, long-petiolate, glandular leaves, and inflorescences with a pair of large, leafy, subopposite bracts. The two narrowly distributed species are distinguished from each other by vegetative and floral features, molecular data, and elevational preferences. Leaf elemental analysis of Weda indicated manganese, but not nickel, accumulation. Newly resolved generic relationships and potential morphological synapomorphies within Crotonoideae are discussed, and the circumscription of Ricinocarpeae is expanded from 7 to 11 genera.

Trigonostemon is taxonomically revised for Malesia based on herbarium collections and field observations. Thirty-eight species are recognized in Malesia, of which four of uncertain status and four newly described. The previous infrageneric classifications are briefly reviewed, but none is accepted. Some useful characters are discussed. An identification key, nomenclature, descriptions, typification, geographic distributions and taxonomic notes are provided.

Alangium Lam. sect. Conostigma Bloemb. is largely confined to the Malesian area and contains 19 species. By using the characters as found in the original species-descriptions, and with emphasizing the nature of the indument of the leaf bud, the confusingly variable Alangium javanicum s.l.-complex could be dismantled for a great part. Four new species: A. ledermannii, A. pallens, A. plumbeum, and A. subcordatum, and two new varieties: A. meyeri var. macilentum and A. ebenaceum var. insignis are recognised. Two taxa are raised to specific status: A. nobile subsp. denudatum to A. denudatum and A. javanicum var. minahassicum to A. minahassicum. A key to the species is presented, and the concerned taxa are enumerated, referenced, described and some are figured.

A systematic treatment of the genus Dalbergia for the Flora Malesiana (FM) region is presented. The treatment includes a genus description, two keys to the species, an enumeration of the species present in the FM-area with names and synonyms, details of distribution, habitat and ecology and where needed some notes, three new species (D. minutiflora, D. pilosa, D. ramosii) are described. A new name for D. polyphylla is proposed (D. multifoliolata). The paper also contains an overview of the names, a list of collections seen and references to the literature.

Identifications are given for 713 specimens of Hymenophyllaceae collected on Ambon and Seram islands, the Moluccas, Indonesia, during 1983–86. The collection is composed of forty-seven species and one variety belonging to seven genera. The dataset is deposited in GBIF and available at https://www.gbif.jp/ipt/resource?r=seram_hymen.

A phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus Dendrochilum s.l. (including Bracisepalum) is based on nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS and two plastid regions (matK, ycf1). The trees based on parsimony analysis of the nrITS and plastid partitions, respectively, are largely congruent, the only strongly supported conflict being the exact position of D. arachnites. Maximum likelihood analysis of the combined molecular matrix resulted in a tree with very high topological congruence to the parsimony consensus tree and to a fossil-calibrated Bayesian inference tree that was used for dating. Our results confirm that monophyly of Dendrochilum is only supported if Bracisepalum is included in the former. They also suggest that only two subgenera (Dendrochilum, Platyclinis) should be recognized, whereas all other subgenera and sections previously proposed on a morphological basis should be treated as synonyms of subg. Platyclinis. Indeed, mapping of five vegetative and nine floral characters of alleged systematic value, using DELTRAN and ACCTRAN optimization, demonstrates pronounced morphological homoplasy. Molecular time calibration dates the origin of the genus to the Miocene and contradicts the hypothesis that most extant Dendrochilum species did not evolve until the Holocene. Inferred phylogenetic relationships between extant species, in combination with previously identified hotspots of narrow endemism, suggest that species endemism in Dendrochilum is predominantly centric.

The genera Bischofia and Hymenocardia both have a single species in Malesia. The two genera were always difficult to classify, both once formed their own family, but are now firmly embedded in the Phyllanthaceae. Of both genera a more complete nomenclature and biogeography is presented.

Jatropha, a widespread, species rich genus, ranges from the Americas and Caribbean to Africa and India. In Malesia five species occur, all of which were introduced and originated in Central and South America. The five species are revised and an identification key, nomenclature, descriptions, distributions, ecology, vernacular names, uses and notes are provided. Special attention is given to the uses of J. curcas, because it is steadily gaining popularity as a potential biofuel plant and, because of that, is being cultivated more often.

The genus Cnidoscolus, a species rich genus in the Americas, has been introduced in the Philippines. A cultivar of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius is used as vegetable and has been collected from gardens in Manila and Pasay City and two times near Cebu City. It cannot be excluded that it has escaped cultivation there, but the species does not appear to be invasive.

A new species, Goniothalamus palawanensis C.C.Tang & R.M.K.Saunders, sp. nov. (Annonaceae), is described from Palawan, Philippines. Goniothalamus palawanensis is most closely related to G. amuyon (Blanco) Merr., but differs in its shorter inner petals, hairy ovaries, and funnel-shaped stigmas. A new nomenclatural combination, G.angustifolius (A.C.Sm.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, comb. nov., is furthermore validated to reflect the phylogenetic affinities of a Fijian species previously assigned to Polyalthia.

We analyze the geographical and elevational ranges and the habitats of 30 species and two varieties of Lejeunea Lib. recorded from Malaysia. The greatest diversity of Lejeunea in Malaysia is found on Mt. Kinabalu with 27 species. The majority of the species are Malesian in distribution with a high number (8) belonging to the West Malesian element. Widely distributed species are often autoicous and produce spores freely; those with narrow distributions are more often dioicous and rarely produce spores. Dispersal of dioicous species seems to be promoted by asexual reproduction, being more common in wide-ranging dioicous species than in narrow-ranging ones. Endemism is 10% with three species being known only from Mt. Kinabalu. Range sizes of species decrease towards higher elevation and endemic species occur exclusively in the mountains. About half of the species occur in the lower montane rainforest belt, which is the elevational zone with the highest diversity of Lejeunea in Malaysia. The majority of the species are epiphytes, either corticolous or ramicolous. One species (L. dimorpha) is an obligate epiphyll. The new species Lejeunea tamaspocsii G. E. Lee is described and two new combinations, L. dipterota (Eifrig) G. E. Lee and L. exilis var. abnormis (Herzog) G. E. Lee, are proposed.

International audience; In the past, the circumscription of the large genus Psychotria (Rubiaceae) was difficult, until molecular phylogenetic studies revealed its considerable paraphyly, enabling the delimitation of its major lineages and the grouping of related genera, and most notably the separation of Psychotria and its relatives (former Psychotrieae) into two tribes: Psychotrieae and Palicoureeae. The genus Margaritopsis, which is included in Palicoureeae, encompasses 27 Neotropical species, and in previous studies these have been shown to be close relatives of a group of eight Psychotria species that occur over a large region extending from South-East Asia to tropical South Pacific through Malesia (= the AMP region, defined as including South-East Asia, Malesia, tropical Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, New Caledonia and Polynesia). A molecular phylogenetic study, using one nuclear DNA region (ITS) and four plastid DNA regions (ndhF, rps16, trnH-psbA, trnT-F), is undertaken in order to test the placement of 17 AMP Psychotria species within Palicoureeae. The phylogenetic results show that they form a monophyletic clade (= clade G), which also includes the monotypic Fijian genus Readea and Hodgkinsonia frutescens from Australia. Clade G is embedded in a well-supported grade with five Neotropical representatives of Margaritopsis. A morphological survey based on twenty characters, with the potential to circumscribe generic entities, shows that the monophyly of clade G is supported by a character combination that is similar to species of Neotropical Margaritopsis, confirming their inclusion in this genus. Taxonomic and nomenclatural work on these species is required to formalize nomenclatural implications. Based on the same set of morphological characters, but in absence of molecular data, 28 other Psychotria species from the AMP region were detected as likely candidates for inclusion in Margaritopsis, allowing the estimation of species richness of clade G to be a minimum of 47 species. Within clade G, five well-supported subclades and a Readea lineage are delimited and each of these is generally supported by unique morphological features. Phylogenetic topologies reveal biogeographical patterns, including a main route of dispersal from western to eastern parts of the AMP region, with subsequent dispersals between archipelagos in the region.

A new species of Hoya R.Br. from Sulawesi (Indonesia), H. isabelchanae Rodda & Simonsson, is described and illustrated. It is one of the largest flowered species in Hoya section Acanthostemma (Blume) Kloppenb. Its flowers are of comparable size to those of Hoya benchaii Gavrus et al., Hoya kloppenburgii T.Green, Hoya rundumensis (T.Green) Rodda & Simonsson and Hoya sigillatis T.Green ssp. sigillatis, all from Borneo. Among Sulawesi species it is compared with the vegetatively similar Hoya brevialata Kleijn & van Donkelaar and Hoya pallilimba Kleijn & van Donkelaar.

Sabahister esmeraldae, new genus and new species from Malaysia (Coleoptera, Histeridae). Description of the genus Sabahister and of S. esmeraldae. Pachycraerus philippinensis Thérond is transferred to the new genus Sabahister., Sabahister esmeraldae, nuovo genere e nuova specie di Malesia (Coleoptera, Histeridae). Viene descritto il genere Sabahister gen. nov e la specie Sabahister esmeraldae sp. nov. di Malesia. Viene trasferito al nuovo genere Pachycraerus philippinensis Thérond, 1963., Les auteurs décrivent le genre Sabahister gen. nov. et l'espèce Sabahister esmeraldae sp. nov. de la Malaisie. Ils transfèrent Pachycraerus philippinensis Thérond, 1963 dans le genre Sabahister nov., Gomy Yves, Vienna Pierpaolo. Sabahister esmeraldae, nouveau genre et nouvelle espèce de Malaisie (Coleoptera, Histeridae). In: Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon, 77ᵉ année, n°9-10, Novembre-décembre 2008. pp. 183-190.

The general aim of conservation is to ensure persi- stence of biodiversity value. Given certain measures (financial, logistic, etc.) the specific goal must be to maximize the amount of biodiversity value to be secured by these means. Several area selection met- hods are available for such purpose, and they repres- ent very different conservation philosophies (Williams et al. 1996; Humphries 2006). Two funda- mentally different approaches exist: (1) locating hot- spots of species richness or narrow endemism, and (2) designating conservation areas according to com- plementarity methods. The general aim of conservation is to ensure persi- stence of biodiversity value. Given certain measures (financial, logistic, etc.) the specific goal must be to maximize the amount of biodiversity value to be secured by these means. Several area selection met- hods are available for such purpose, and they repres- ent very different conservation philosophies (Williams et al. 1996; Humphries 2006). Two funda- mentally different approaches exist: (1) locating hot- spots of species richness or narrow endemism, and (2) designating conservation areas according to com- plementarity methods.

A taxonomic revision of the Old-World representatives of the fern genus Orthiopteris is presented. We recognize eight species, one of which is newly described (Orthiopteris samoensis), and five varieties, of which two are newly described (Orthiopteris campylura var. insularis and Orthiopteris campylura var. laxa). Orthiopteris acuminata, Orthiopteris caudata, Orthiopteris minor and Orthiopteris kingii are all reduced to varieties of Orthiopteris campylura.

Pimelodendron comprises five species. Four species were already known (P. amboinicum, P. griffithianum, P. macrocarpum, P. zoanthogyne). One Sumatran species is to separate in the rest of Pimelodendron without naming it (Pimelodendron spec. nov.?). One name is excluded (P. dispersum = Actephila excelsa var. javanica), while P. naumannianum is regarded as a synonym of P. amboinicum.

The sections of Ficus subg. Sycomorus are described and their Malesian species listed and keyed out. Six new species are described in the subgenus: Ficus albomaculata, F. biakensis, F. boanensis, F. limosa, F. manuselensis, F. morobensis, F. remifolia, F. rubrosyce, F. scopulifera; and one new subspecies: F. botryocarpa Miq. subsp. hirtella C.C. Berg. The new combinations F. botryocarpa Miq. subsp. subalbidoramea (Elmer) C.C. Berg, F. porrecta (Corner) C.C. Berg, F. trichocerasa Diels subsp. pleioclada (Diels) C.C. Berg are also made. The following new sections and subsection are proposed: Subg. Sycomorus sect. Bosscheria (Teijsm. & de Vriese) C.C. Berg, sect. Dammaropsis (Warb.) C.C. Berg, sect. Papuasyce (Corner) C.C. Berg, and subsect. Neomorphe (King) C.C. Berg.

The sections of Ficus subg. Sycidium are described and their Malesian species listed and keyed out. Six new species are described in the subgenus: F. floresana, F. funiculicaulis, F. kuchinensis, F. myiopotamica, F. sandanakana, and F. stellaris. The combination F. stellaris subsp. pallida (Corner) C.C. Berg is made.

The sections of Ficus L. subg. Ficus are described and their Malesian species listed and a key to their identification is provided. One new subsection is established: Ficus subg. Ficus sect. Eriosycea subsect. Auratae. Four new species and two new subspecies are described: F. auricoma, F. glabristipulata, F. kofmanae, F. subglabritepala, F. oleifolia subsp. monantha, and F. hirta subsp. ochracea. Some new combinations and changes of rank are made: F. deltoidea subsp. motleyana, F. oleifolia subsp. intermedia, F. hirta subsp. dumosa and subsp. roxburghii, and F. tricolor var. robusta.

The sections and subsections of Ficus subg. Synoecia are described and their Malesian species listed and keyed out. Six new species are described or established in the subgenus: F. cavernicola, F. colobocarpa, F. jacobsii, F. jimiensis, F. sohotonensis, and F. submontana. The combination F. disticha Blume subsp. calodictya (Summerh.) C.C. Berg is made and the lectotypes for F. alococarpa Diels and F. simiae H.J.P. Winkl. are designated.

The position of Ficus subg. Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea and its subdivision are briefly discussed. A new subsection Glandulosae C.C. Berg is established. Five new species are described for the Malesian region: F. carinata, F. matanoensis, F. saruensis, F. sclerosycia, and F. subcaudata. Ficus pubinervis Blume and F. minor King are reduced to subspecies of F. nervosa Roth.

A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae – Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand showed that 11 species and 2 varieties occur. The suggestion that there would be a drought plant refuge in SE Borneo near Banjarmasin is supported.

Recently, N. baramensis and N. rafflesiana var. subglandulosa were described from Borneo as new taxa closely related to N. rafflesiana. However, comparison of new collections made in Borneo with N. baramensis and N. rafflesiana var. subglandulosa indicated a synonymy. Furthermore, they were identical to N. hemsleyana, an older taxon formerly treated as synonym of N. rafflesiana. Acknowledging the taxonomic differences to N. rafflesiana, the name N. hemsleyana is reinstated following the priority rule. New evidence is presented that strengthens the interpretation to split N. rafflesiana and N. hemsleyana.

A revisional study on Ficus glandulifera and allied species was carried out, resulting in emended descriptions of F. glandulifera and F. lamponga and the description of a new species, F. lumutana.

The genus Inocarpus J.R. & G. Forst. is revised. Three species are recognized of which one is new (I. glabellus Adema). A key to the species is provided.

The genus Labisia (Myrsinaceae) is revised for the Flora Malesiana region. Seven species are recognised. Several earlier described species are synonymous to L. pumila and reduced to varieties of that species: var. alata, var. lanceolata, var. neriifolia and var. sessilifolia. A new record of L. longistyla is mentioned. Labisia malouiana and L. obtusifolia are excluded from the genus.

A revision of the Malesian species in the genus Cleidion is presented. Cleidion javanicum is shown to be the correct name for the widespread type species (instead of the name C. spiciflorum). A new species, C. luziae, resembling C. javanicum, is described from the Moluccas, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. In addition, C. salomonis is synonymised with C. papuanum and C. lanceolatum is treated as a variety of C. ramosii. In total 7 Malesian Cleidion species are recognized. Cleidion megistophyllum from the Philippines cannot reliably be confirmed to belong to the genus due to lack of information and specimens and is treated as a doubtful species.

Boraginaceae is expanded to comprise seven subfamilies, two of which are based on Hydrophyllaceae and Lennoaceae, respectively. The type species of Tournefortia sect. Tournefortia is transferred to Heliotropium, as are its Malesian–Australian representatives.

Ms. Amshoff (1945) coined the combination Syzygium gracile (korth.) Amshoff, based on Jambosa gracilis korth. (1847). she cited an apparently earlier place where the combination would have been made: the ‘Noodflora voor Java’ (1944). However, all new taxa and combinations found there must be regarded as invalid, as the Noodflora was prepared to safeguard Backer’s manuscripts in a number of places. Hence the publication in 1945 was necessary to validate some new names and taxa. However, Amshoff also cited Myrtus glabrata Blume (1826–1827: 1083, ‘1088’), which is a later homonym of M. glabrata sw. (1788). she was apparently not aware that Blume’s taxon was given a valid name, Jambosa glabrata, by de Candolle (1828), i.e. older than korthals’ name. Syzygium gracile (korth.) Amshoff is superfluous: ‘glabratum’ should have been used, as there seems to be no Syzygium glabratum then and now (IPNI, May 21, 2003).

Derris Lour. is revised for the Flora Malesiana region. In the introduction comments are given on some characters and the seedlings of D. trifoliata Lour. are described. The introduction is followed by a section ‘Notes on species’ in which the varieties of D. elegans Graham ex Benth. are described, including a new one from Celebes (var. celebica Adema) and a new one from Malaysia, Java, Borneo, the Philippines and the Moluccas (var. korthalsiana (Blume ex Miq.) Adema). Several other species are discussed at some length. A key to the species of Derris in Malesia is presented. The paper concludes with notes on aberrant specimens and excluded species.

The Malesian genus Koilodepas Hassk. has been revised based on the morphological and anatomical character using available herbarium collection in Herbarium Bogoriense and loan specimens from Kew Herbarium and Leiden Rijksherbarium. The present study is based on the observation of 176 specimens. Eight species has been recognized, namely K. bantamense, K. cordifolium, K. frutescns, K. homalifolium, K. laevigatum, K. longifolium, K. pectinatum, and two varieties within K. brevipes. The highest number of species is found in Borneo (5 species), three of them are found endemically in Borneo, K. cordisepalum endemically in Aceh, and K. homalifolium endemically in Papua New Guinea. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus, with Cephalomappa as outgroup, show that the species within the genus Koilodepas isin one group, starting with K. brevipes as a primitive one and K. bantamense occupies in an advance position.© 2004 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKeyword: Koilodepas Hassk., Malesia, outgroup, phylogenetic analysis, outgroup