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Urease inhibition potential of compound (1), guaiane-type sesquiterpene (2), confertin (3) and scopoletin (4) was carried out with high throughout mechanism-based assay. These compounds were isolated from Hypochaeris radicata L., an Asteraceae family member. The pure compounds were screened for their urease and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activities. The ethyl acetate fractions were subjected to column chromatography, which resulted in the isolation and purification of four compounds (1–4). On evaluation, compounds (1–4) exhibited selective activity against urease enzyme with an IC50 value of 180.11 ± 2.00, 27.18 ± 0.80, 24.12 ± 0.2 and 30.12 ± 1.10 µM respectively. The compounds (1–4) were found to be inactive against carbonic anhydrase enzyme. Thiourea was used as standard inhibitor (21 ± 0.14 µM) of urease enzyme.

In the high mountains of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera (~2000–3000 m above sea level), at the Altiplano Cundiboyacense region and surroundings, beekeepers have specialised in pollen production with substantial harvests all year round. Despite this productive advantage, the knowledge about plants used by honeybees as pollen resources is still limited. Hence, the aim of this work was to identify the botanical origin of bee pollen from this region and to examine differences between five distinguished sub-regions: Sabana de Bogota, Fuquene, Marquez, Tundama and Norte-Gutierrez. By means of palynological analyses of 86 pollen samples produced between 2008 and 2010, we found a total amount of 126 pollen types, most of them belonging to the families Asteraceae and Fabaceae. Major pollen types correspond to the exotic taxa Hypochaeris radicata, Brassicaceae, Eucalyptus globulus, Trifolium repens, Trifolium pratense and the native taxa Quercus humboldtii and Weinmannia sp. Differences between sample gro...

The genus Hypochaeris was likely introduced into South America by a unique long-distance dispersal event from an ancestral Northwest African species, with subsequent radiation and diversification throughout the temperate zones of the continent. Hypochaeris catharinensis is an endemic species of Southern Brazil growing mostly in high-elevation grasslands with dry, rocky, and shallow soils. Here, we used nine microsatellite loci and a total sample of 441 individuals to assess genetic variability patterns within and among 13 H. catharinensis populations. The results showed a total of 215 alleles in the nine loci tested, the expected and observed heterozygosities average were 0.31 and 0.43, respectively, and allelic richness varied from 4.09 to 7.23. The levels of allelic richness showed that genetic variability is maintained by gene flow, thus ensuring that these populations are not genetically isolated. We found no correlation between geographic and genetic distances, with high levels of genetic variability within, rather than among, populations. The low levels of genetic structure in the species are consistent with recent evolutionary processes of the Hypochaeris genus in South America; after adaptive radiation and species differentiation, dispersal to similar habitats led to the establishment of new populations. Along with initial founder effects, the existence of gene flow explains the current genetic variation across the H. catharinensis populations. In addition, historic environmental changes reported for Southern Brazil may explain the current clustered distribution of the species.

The impact of blanching on the phytochemical content and bioactivity of Hypochaeris laevigata (HL), Hypochaeris radicata (HR), Hyoseris radiata (HRA), and Hyoseris lucida subsp. taurina (HT) leaves was studied and compared to fresh plant materials and residual blanching water. For this purpose, total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents were quantified. The antioxidant effect was investigated by using different in vitro tests (&beta, carotene, ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), 2,2&prime, Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), whereas the potential inhibitory activity of key enzymes linked to obesity was screened against lipase, &alpha, amylase, and &alpha, glucosidase. Generally, the phytochemical content followed the trend: fresh &gt, blanching water &gt, blanched samples. The same trend was observed in the antioxidant activity independently of the applied test as well as in the inhibition of lipase and carbohydrates-hydrolysing enzymes. In particular, fresh Hypochaeris laevigata (HL1) showed the lowest inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) values of 31.3 and 42.7 &mu, g/mL, against &alpha, glucosidase and &alpha, amylase, respectively, whereas fresh Hyoseris radiata (HRA1) showed the most promising hypolipidemic activity (IC50 value of 39.8 &mu, g/mL). Collectively, these results support the health effect of these wild plants and demonstrated that blanching water should be reused in food preparation since it is a good source of bioactive compounds and its consumption should be recommended in order to increase the uptake of micronutrients.

Plant traits such as phenological development, growth rate, stress tolerance and seeds production may play an important role in the process of acclimatisation to new environments for introduced plants. Experiments that distinguish phenotypic plasticity from ecotypic differentiation would allow an understanding of the role of plant traits in the invasion process. We quantified the variation in phenological and overall performance traits associated with the invasion process for three herbaceous species native to Spain and invasive to Chile (Trifolium glomeratum, Hypochaeris glabra and Leontodon saxatilis). We grew plants from native and exotic populations along rainfall gradients in outdoor common gardens, located in the native and the introduced ranges and measured plant survival, phenology (days to flowering), biomass and seed output. Days to flowering was positively correlated with precipitation of the origin population for T. glomeratum and the native populations of H. glabra, but this pattern was not adaptive, as it was not associated with an increase in performance traits of these species. Phenology may instead reflect ecotypic differentiation to the environmental conditions of the original populations. Comparison between ranges (i.e. performance in both common gardens) was only possible for L. saxatilis. This species showed little variation in phenology and both native and exotic populations had higher fitness in the introduced range. This suggests that plasticity enhances invasiveness through increased propagule pressure in the novel environment. Our findings highlight the utility of common garden experiments in examining patterns of phenological and performance traits that relate to species invasiveness., We thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the financial support received to carry out this study (CGL2009-08718) and the grants REMEDINAL (S2013/MAE-2719 REMEDINAL3-Comunidad de Madrid) and SPONFOREST (BiodivERsA3-2015-58, PCIN-2016-055) and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport, because of the pre-doctoral FPU scholarship of the main author (AP2009-0518). We thank the State Meteorological Agency for providing meteorological data (AEMET, http://www.aemet.es/es/portada). We are especially grateful for the advice and suggestions provided by Greg Guerin. We would like to acknowledge Teresa Aravena, María Elena Díaz, Teresa Moreno Vicente, Marta Avilés, Devayana Valero and Ricardo Prentice for their support in phenological observations and Laura Sánchez-Jardón and Carlos Ovalle for field support. Likewise, we would like to acknowledge the whole INIA-Cauquenes Institution, in central Chile and the team from the Faculty of Agronomy of the Polytechnic University of Madrid, especially Daniel de la Torre Llorente.

In order to avoid a disadvantageous nomenclatural change (Art. 56.1 of the ICN) entailed by the strict application of the rules, and to promote nomenclatural stability in the most parsimonious way, we here propose the rejection, under Art. 56, of the name Hypochaeris urens.

Seven species not previously reported for Lebanon and one species re-located after 183 years are reported here after their discovery during an ex situ seed conservation project in the country (Bombycilaena erecta (L.) Smoljan., Centaurea diffusa Lam.; Hypochaeris radicata L.; Gypsophila perfoliata L.; Euphorbia cheiradenia Boiss. & Hohen.; Stachys setifera C.A.Mey.; Stachys zoharyana Eig and Plantago maritima L.).

The genus Hypochaeris has a recent evolutionary history caused by long-distance dispersal in conjunction with adaptive radiation in the South American continent. Hypochaeris lutea is a perennial herb that grows mostly at altitudes of around 1000 m in cold swamps of the southern regions of Brazil. We investigated the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in 270 individuals representing 11 Brazilian populations of H. lutea to elucidate the population genetic structure of this species. The frequencies of polymorphic loci and gene diversity ranged from 83.42% to 91.66% and from 0.26 to 0.34, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that most of the genetic variability was found within (76.67%) rather than among (23.3%) populations, agreeing with the pattern of genetic distribution within and among populations observed in other allogamous species of Hypochaeris. A Mantel test showed no correlation between genetic and geographic distances when all populations were considered. Simulations performed using a Bayesian approach consistently identified two clusters with different admixture proportions of individuals, as also revealed by a UPGMA dendrogram of populations. The pattern of genetic structure observed in H. lutea is consistent with a process of successive colonization events by long-distance dispersal resembling the rapid and recent radiation that has been proposed to explain the origin of the South American species of Hypochaeris.

Four undescribed lignans and two undescribed sesquiterpenic acids, together with three known compounds (hypochoeroside C, hypochoeroside D, and 5- O -caffeoylshikimic acid) were isolated from the roots of Hypochaeris radicata subsp. neapolitana (Asteraceae, Cichorieae). The lignans were identified as 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxy- O -β-D-glucopyranoside, 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxy- O -β-D-glucopyranosyl-2′- O -methacrylate, (7 S ,8 R ,8′ R )-7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3′,4′-dihydroxy-7,8,7′,8′-tetrahydronaphtho [8,8′-c]furan-1(3H)-one, and (7 S ,8 R ,8′ R )-7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3′,4′-dihydroxy-8'-(hydroxymethyl)-7,8,7′,8′-tetrahydronaphthalen-8-carboxylic acid. The two sesquiterpenic acids were identified as the ring open precursors of hypochoerosides C and D. Structures were elucidated using NMR and HRMS. Absolute configurations of (7 S ,8 R ,8′ R )-7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3′,4′-dihydroxy-7,8,7′,8′-tetrahydronaphtho [8,8′-c]furan-1(3H)-one and (7 S ,8 R ,8′ R )-7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3′,4′-dihydroxy-8'-(hydroxymethyl)-7,8,7′,8′-tetrahydronaphthalen-8-carboxylic acid were determined using electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxy- O -β-D-glucopyranoside was evaluated for its anti-proliferative activity against myeloma cell lines MM1S, U266, and NCI-H929 and showed cytotoxicity at 100 mM against MM1S strain. No neurotoxicity was observed for major compounds 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxy- O -β-D-glucopyranoside, hypochoeroside C, and hypochoeroside D in a fluorescence assay measuring neurite outgrowth in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Additionally, compounds 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxy- O -β-D-glucopyranoside, hypochoeroside C, hypochoeroside D, and hypochoerosidic acid D were quantified in unstressed and drought-stressed plants using HPLC-DAD. Drought-stressed plants were found to contain lower concentrations of the lignan 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxy- O -β-D-glucopyranoside and sesquiterpene lactone hypochoeroside C.

The present contribution is related to the project “Italian loci classici census”, promoted by the Italian Botanical Society and aimed at typifying all the names of the taxa described from Italy and at increasing their systematic knowledge (Domina et al. 2012, Passalacqua et al. 2014, Peruzzi et al. 2015, Brundu et al. 2017).

The aim of this work was to elucidate the various secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids in the methanolic leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata, a most important traditional medicinal plant species in Nilgiris, the Western Ghats, India, using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). This study was carried out using CAMAG HPTLC system equipped with LINOMAT 5 applicator, TLC scanner 3, Reprostar 3, and winCATS 1.3.4 software. A comprehensive assortment of phytoconstituents in methanolic extracts through HPTLC fingerprinting profiles displayed the existence of alkaloids (3 in leaf and 1 in root extract), flavonoids (4 in leaf extract and 5 in root extract), glycosides (1 in leaf extract and 3 in root extract), saponins (1 in root extract), and terpenoids (1 in leaf and root extracts, resp.). The current study overlays boulevard for H. radicata to provide a direction for further exploration in precluding communicable and noncommunicable ailments.

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY We sought to better understand the impacts and mechanisms underpinning a successful invasion of resource-poor sites by a nonnative plant on Mount St. Helens volcano (MSH). • METHODS We investigated the short-term effects of the nonnative plant Hypochaeris radicata on growth of native species colonizing drought-prone primary successional surfaces under N-limited and N-augmented conditions. To understand the success of H. radicata, we compared its resource use efficiency to that of a closely related native colonist, Hieracium albiflorum, under the same conditions. • KEY RESULTS Removing H. radicata did not affect growth of the most common colonists, but N addition demonstrated strong N limitation to growth in H. albiflorum, H. radicata, and Agrostis spp. Nonnative H. radicata exhibited lower water-use efficiency than H. albiflorum but did not differ in efficiency of N use. H. radicata biomass increased faster in response to an N pulse than did the native H. albiflorum, as did the pool of N held in H. radicata tissues. • CONCLUSIONS Our findings contrast with results from Hawaiian volcanic sites, where higher short-term resource use efficiency was reported for invasive species, including H. radicata. Our results suggest that at MSH, the success of H. radicata relies on rapid uptake and utilization of N rather than on higher efficiency. This strategy is especially advantageous at MSH because N pulses commonly occur as a consequence of herbivore-induced mortality of Lupinus lepidus (Fabaceae).

Hypochaeris brasiliensis (Brazilian cat's ear or "almeirao do campo" in Portuguese) belongs to the family Asteraceae and is a weed in cultivated fields in Brazil. Plants of H. brasiliensis with severe mosaic were…

In order to elucidate the biotic diversification of Asteraceae inhabiting the South American Transition Zone, we undertook a panbiogeographic analysis (based on a parsimony analysis of endemicity) and a cladistic biogeographic analysis. The study units were the six biogeographic provinces of this zone plus the seven subregions of the Neotropical and Andean regions, considered as “outgroups”. Species analyzed belonged to the genera Arnaldoa, Barnadesia, Belloa, Berroa, Chevreulia, Chuquiraga, Cuatrecasiella, Dasyphyllum, Doniophyton, Duseniella, Facellis, Fulcaldea, Gamochaetopsis, Huarpea, Hypochaeris, Jalcophila, Lucilia, Luciliocline, and Schlechtendalia. A parsimony analysis of endemicity, based on presence/absence data of the 66 individual tracks ranged on two or more areas, allowed to identify four generalized tracks: (1) Coastal Peruvian Desert and Puna provinces; (2) Central Chilean, Patagonian, and Subantarctic subregions; (3) Amazonian, Chacoan, and Parana subregions; and (4) Puna province and Parana and Chacoan subregions. The Puna and Parana provinces, connected with two different generalized tracks each, constitute nodes. A cladistic biogeographic analysis, based on the paralogy–free subtrees extracted from the taxonomic area cladograms of Barnadesia, Chuquiraga, Dasyphyllum, Hypochaeris, and the Lucilia group, allowed obtaining a general area cladogram, which indicates a basic separation between the Atacama, Monte, and Prepuna provinces closely related to the Andean region, and the North Andean Paramo, Coastal Peruvian Desert, and Puna provinces closely related to the Neotropical region. Our results corroborate once again the transitional character of the provinces assigned to the South American Transition Zone, and allow speculating on their close affinities with the Andean and Neotropical regions. Fil: Urtubey, Estrella. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Stuessy, Tod F.. Universidad de Viena; Austria Fil: Tremetsberger, Karin. Universidad de Sevilla; España Fil: Morrone, Juan José. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México

The Hypochaeris sessiliflora complex (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) consists of nine species of the genus from South America (all in section Achyrophorus Scop.) that have sessile or nearly sessile flowering heads surrounded by a rosette of leaves. They occur at 1430–5100 m in elevation along the Andean chain from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina. Two species, H. sessiliflora Kunth and H. meyeniana (Walp.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Griseb., are extremely polymorphic, and they vary conspicuously in the shape of the external phyllaries and presence or absence of different types of trichomes. They have the widest distributions (Venezuela to central Peru, and Peru to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina, respectively), they flower throughout the year, and they also are primarily associated with dry and sunny habitats. Hypochaeris meyeniana is characterized by retrorsely pinnatifid leaves (rarely lobate) and slightly narrower cypselar apices. Hypochaeris hohenackeri (Sch. Bip.) Domke and H. taraxacoides Ball...

†Background and Aims Changes in chromosome structure and number play an important role in plant evolution. A system well-suited to studying different modes of chromosome evolution is the genus Hypochaeris (Asteraceae) with its centre of species’ diversity in South America. All South American species uniformly have a chromosome base number of x ¼ 4 combined with variation in rDNA number and distribution, and a high frequency of polyploidy. The aim of this paper is to assess directions and mechanisms of karyotype evolution in South American species by interpreting both newly obtained and previous data concerning rDNA localization in a phylogenetic context. †Methods Eleven Hypochaeris species from 18 populations were studied using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 35S and 5S rDNA probes. A phylogenetic framework was established from neighbour-net analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprint data. †Key Results A single 5S rDNA locus is invariably found on the short arm of chromosome 2. Using 35S rDNA loci, based on number (one or two) and localization (interstitial on the long arm of chromosome 2, but sometimes lacking, and terminal or interstitial on the short arm of chromosome 3, only very rarely lacking), seven karyotype groups can be distinguished; five of these include polyploids. Karyotype groups with more than one species do not form monophyletic groups. †Conclusions Early evolution of Hypochaeris in South America was characterized by considerable karyotype differentiation resulting from independent derivations from an ancestral karyotype. There was marked diversification with respect to the position and evolution of the 35S rDNA locus on chromosome 3, probably involving inversions and/or transpositions, and on chromosome 2 (rarely 3) concerning inactivation and loss. Among these different karyotype assemblages, the apargioides group and its derivatives constitute by far the majority of species.

Hypochaeris is thought to have arrived in South America by dispersal over the Atlantic Ocean from NW Africa during the Pliocene or Pleistocene. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to unravel specific limits and relationships in the South American group of Hypochaeris (c. 45 species). The Moroccan endemic Hypochaeris angustifolia, which is sister to the entire South American group, was used as outgroup. Our AFLP analysis comprises 415 individuals from 32 South American species and is based on six primer combinations with 670 fragments scored. It provides important information for the delimitation of species and detection of closely related species pairs or groups. Most species are monophyletic and supported with > 90% bootstrap proportion. Hybridization is suggested between Hypochaeris chillensis and H. microcephala in Brazil. The internal nodes (or "backbone") of the tree are not highly supported, but six major phylogenetic groups (also showing similarity in distribution and growth form) center around Hypochaeris apargioides, H. chondrilloides, H. microcephala, H. pampasica, H. sessiliflora, and H. tenuifolia. These results suggest that rapid migration into different geographical regions played an important role in the initial diversification of Hypochaeris in South America.

We studied the relationships between self-incompatibility mechanisms and floral parameters in the genus Hypochaeris L. sect. Hypochaeris (consisting of H. glabra, H. radicata, H. arachnoidea, and H. salzmanniana). We assessed at intra- and interspecific levels (1) the self-incompatibility (SI) mechanism and its distribution among populations, (2) the relationship between SI and floral parameters, and (3) the relationship of SI to reproductive success. Hypochaeris salzmanniana is semi-incompatible, H. glabra is self-compatible, and H. arachnoidea and H. radicata are self-incompatible. Floral parameters differed among populations of H. salzmanniana: plants in self-compatible populations had fewer flowers per head, a smaller head diameter on the flower, and a shorter period of anthesis than self-incompatible populations. We also detected this pattern within a semi-compatible population of H. salzmanniana, and these differences were also found between species with different breeding mechanisms. Fruit to flower ratio in natural populations was generally high (>60%) in all species, regardless of breeding system. It is hypothesized that self-compatibility may have arisen through loss of allelic diversity at the S locus due to bottleneck events and genetic drift.

The genus Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) contains ten species in Europe, three in Asia, and approximately 50 in South America. Previous cytotaxonomic studies have shown two groups of taxa: (1) European species with different basic chromosome numbers and differentiated karyotypes, and (2) South American species with x=4 and uniform asymmetric and bimodal karyotypes. Karyotypic data are synthesized for South American species of Hypochaeris with new information for six Chilean species: H. acaulis, H. apargioides, H. palustris, H. spathulata, H. tenuifolia and H. thrincioides. Four main groups can be distinguished based on presence and localization of secondary constrictions – SCs (bearing Nucleolar Organizer Regions – NORs) on chromosomes 2 and 3, and 18S–25S and 5S rDNA loci number, localization, and activity. We propose karyotypic evolution of South American Hypochaeris (x=4) from H. maculata-like (x=5) European ancestors. The original South American karyotype would have possessed two SCs, one on the long arm of chromosome 2, and the other on the short arm of chromosome 3 (in terminal position). Further evolution would have involved inversion within the short arm of chromosome 3 and inactivation/loss of the SC on chromosome 2.

Bacchetta, G., Brullo, S. & Terrasi, M. C.: A new species of Hypochaeris L. (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) from Sardinia. — Willdenowia 33: 71–78. 2003. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2003 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. Hypochaeris sardoa, belonging to H. sect. Metabasis, is described as a species new to science and illustrated. It occurs on siliceous rocks in southern Sardinia. Its karyology, ecology, chorology and relationship are examined. A key to the species of H. sect. Metabasis is provided.

AFLP variation has been assessed within and among populations of Hypochaeris acaulis (Asteraceae), a species isolated in moist seeps and rivulets throughout its range in the southern Andes. Plants in seven papula-dons were sampled with six pairs of primer combinations. Genetic affinities were calculated by Nei-Li distance, and relationships were determined by neighbor-joining. All individuals, except two, clustered with other members of their same population. These results suggest restricted gene flow among populations, perhaps resulting from limited dispersal capability. It was estimated that a migrant is exchanged between two randomly chosen populations approximately once in eight generations, a low level of genetic exchange. A correlation of geographic and genetic distances is seen among populations, corresponding to isolation by distance. Genetic variation largely resides among populations (67.9%) rather than within (32.1%). No deep genetic divisions larger than those seen among the populations were revealed, suggesting no major biogeographic impacts, except for possible isolation of individual populations due to recent local Pleistocene glaciation. A positive correlation of genetic variation exists with population size, and a strong correlation exists with observed flowering and fruiting behavior. Pollen/ovule ratios were used to suggest that the species is facultatively autogamous, a breeding system that would be consistent with the observed pattern of genetic variation.

Nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and chloroplast trnL intron and trnL/trnF spacer and matK sequences were used from 86 accessions to assess relationships among 31 European and South American species of Hypochaeris plus 18 representatives of related genera of tribe Cichorieae. The ITS tree shows high resolution compared to that of the maternally inherited trnL intron, trnL/F spacer, and matK sequences. The ITS and the combined tree reveal clades that agree well with sections of the genus established previously on morphological and cytological grounds, except for H. robertia, which groups with Leontodon helveticus and L. autumnalis. Monophyly of species of Hypochaeris from South America is strongly supported by both ITS and the joint matrix of ITS, trnL, and matK data. European species lie basal to South American taxa, which suggests that species in South America evolved from a single introduction from European progenitors and not from H. robertia as suggested previously. Low levels of sequence divergence among South American taxa suggest a pattern of rapid speciation, in contrast to much greater divergence among European representatives. Different species of Leontodon form two different clades that are also supported by chromosome numbers and morphology. Both nuclear and chloroplast markers suggest that Helminthotheca, Leontodon, and Picris are closely related to each other as well as to Hypochaeris.

Karyotypes of nine Brazilian taxa of genus Hypochoeris were studied utilizing root-tip mitotic metaphases. Two distinct groups were found. One group includes six species that showed high asymmetric bimodal karyotypes, while the second group has two species that have a karyotype similar to those observed in European species. All the species have karyotypes with 2n = 8 that are very uniform within each group, with only small morphological differences. Nucleolar organizing region and C-band patterns are shown for H. brasiliensis.

Chromosome number knowledge of the Italian vascular flora is stored in the online database Chrobase.it, which includes 6723 records, referable to 3428 taxa, 2799 accepted species and subspecies (about 35% of the national flora), and 3410 different chromosome countings (cytotypes). Appropriate queries to Chrobase.it allowed us to calculate mean, modal and median chromosome numbers for the Italian vascular flora, for geographical subgroups (islands, south, centre, north) and for selected orders, families and genera. Chromosome number data were available for 41 out of 55 orders (74%) and 107 out of 428 families (67%), represented by 664 out of 1297 genera (51%). The most studied administrative regions are Sicily (844 taxa), Tuscany (592 taxa), and Sardinia (390 taxa), while the most studied families are Asteraceae (465 taxa), Fabaceae (266 taxa), Brassicaceae (158 taxa), and Poaceae (144 taxa). Chromosome numbers range from 2n = 6, occurring in several species of Hypochaeris (Asteraceae), to 2n = 24...

The genus Hypochaeris offers an excellent model for studies of recent adaptive radiation in the South American continent. We used karyotype analysis with chromomycin A3 (CMA3)/4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting to investigate for the first time the Brazilian endemic H. catharinensis and define its position within the South American group of species. Strong CMA-positive signals were seen at the end of both arms of chromosome 3 and at the end of the long arm of chromosome 4. DAPI bands were only detected in subterminal position on short arm of chromosome 4. FISH with 5S and 35S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probes revealed a single 5S rDNA locus on short arm of chromosome 2, typical for all other South American Hypochaeris taxa analyzed to date. The 35S rDNA locus was identified at subterminal position on the short arm of chromosome 3, as reported so far for only two of the known species (H. lutea and H. patagonica). The AFLP study included 55 individuals, comprising nine species of the South American Hypochaeris plus their putative ancestor H. angustifolia. Eleven AFLP primer combinations generated a total of 401 fragments, of which 388 (96.7%) were polymorphic. High genetic similarities were observed among taxa, with all South American Hypochaeris species falling into one main cluster [100% bootstrap (BS)]. Hypochaeris catharinensis is closely related to H. lutea (82% BS), forming a well-separated subcluster within the South American species. Taken together, the karyological and AFLP data contribute to the placement of H. catharinensis within the phylogenetic framework of South American species of Hypochaeris and allow the definition of a novel and well-resolved phylogenetic group (the Lutea group). Fil: Reck, Maikel. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Brasil Fil: Benício, Lucas M.. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Brasil Fil: Ruas, Eduardo Augusto. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Brasil Fil: Alves Rodrigues, Luana. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Brasil Fil: Ruas, Paulo Maurício. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Brasil Fil: Ortiz, María A.. Universidad de Sevilla; España Fil: Talavera, Salvador. Universidad de Sevilla; España Fil: Urtubey, Estrella. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Stuessy, Tod. Universidad de Viena; Austria Fil: Weiss Schneeweiss, Hanna. Universidad de Viena; Austria Fil: Tremetsberger, Karin. Universidad de Viena; Austria. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Austria Fil: Michelan, Vanessa S.. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Brasil Fil: Matzenbacher, Nelson Ivo. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Vanzela, André L. L.. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Brasil Fil: Terrab, Anass. Universidad de Sevilla; España Fil: Samuel, Rose. Universidad de Viena; Austria Fil: Ruas, Claudete Fátima. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Brasil

 Premise of the study : Hypochaeris is considered a biological model to understand evolutionary processes in the vascular fl ora of South America, particularly from the temperate portion of the continent. We report the development and characterization of microsatellite markers for H. chillensis to assess the genetic variability and patterns of population structure of the species.  Methods and Results : Twelve microsatellite primers were isolated using a CT- and GT-enriched genomic library. PCR amplifi cation detected one to fialleles, with 2.91 alleles per locus on average. Tested for cross-amplifi cation, all primer pairs were successfully amplifi ed in 10 South American species and in the putative ancestor of the group, H. angustifolia.  Conclusions : The microsatellites can be used to assess genetic diversity and population structure of H. chillensis. Application in other species will focus on the elucidation of adaptive radiation of the genus in South America.

The plastid matK gene, trnL/F spacer, and nuclear rDNA ITS were sequenced for 36 species of Leontodon and 29 taxa of related genera of tribe Lactuceae. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from the independent and combined data are largely congruent and reveal that Leontodon sensu lato (s.l.) as presently defined is diphyletic: L. subgenus Leontodon forms a clade with Helminthotheca, Picris and Hypochaeris as sister genera, whereas L. subgenus Oporinia appears as a separate clade with strong bootstrap support and is thus better treated as a separate genus. Previous sectional classifications of Leontodon s.l. are considered in the light of DNA and additional morphological and karyological data. Support is presented for a core group of Hypochaeridinae sensu stricto (s.s.) with the two clades of Leontodon s.l., Helminthotheca, Picris, and Hypochaeris, whereas Urospermum, Hyoseris, Aposeris, and Rhagadiolus appear to be positioned more distantly.

Leafflavonoid chemistrywas examined from the three subgenera and 1 1 species ofthe endemic genus Dendroseris (Compositae, Lactuceae) of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile. Eight of the species are restricted to the older island (Masatierra, ca. 4 million years old), which is also closer to the mainland. Three species, one from each subgenus, are restricted to Masafuera, which is younger geologically (1-2 million years old) and 145 km further west of Masatierra. A total of 16 compounds was identified, with the 7-0-glucosides of the flavones apigenin and luteolin accounting for 12 of the constituents. Two glucosides of the flavonol quercetin were detected. Despite considerable interpopulation variation within species, six of the taxa have distinctive flavonoid profiles. Although there are few absolute differences among the subgenera, they can be distinguished chemically. Subgenus Rea contains the greatest number of compounds, and a previous cladistic analysis based on morphological features suggested this subgenus as most primitive. Subgenus Phoenicoseris is considered highly derived morphologically, and it has a reduced flavonoid chemistry. Very little reduction in flavonoid diversity was seen in the morphologically specialized subg. Dendroseris as compared to subg. Rea. A trend in reduction of numbers of compounds was seen for two of the three species on the younger island of Masafuera when compared to their presumed ancestors on Masatierra. Flavonoids of selected species of Hieracium and Hypochaeris, presumptive mainland progenitors of Dendroseris, reveal a close chemical affinity with the former genus.

The novel sesquiterpenoid 8alpha-hydroxyhypoglabric acid (1) was isolated from a methanolic extract of whole plants of Hypochaeris achyrophorus L. The compound was isolated by silica gel column chromatography (CC), repeated Sephadex LH-20 CC, and semi-preparative RP-HPLC. Structure elucidation was accomplished by high resolution mass spectrometry and by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. The chemosystematic significance of the new compound is discussed in the context of sesquiterpenoids from other members of the Hypochaeridinae and in the light of recent molecular data on the phylogeny of this group.

One hundred and thirty-seven new chromosome counts are reported from 104 populations of 26 native South American taxa of Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae), together with two invasive Mediterranean species: H. glabra and H. radicata. First reports are provided for seven taxa (H. alba, H. cf. eremophila, H. caespitosa, H. hookeri, H. parodii, H. patagonica and H. pinnatifida) and one new ploidy level is reported (diploid for H. incana, so far known only as a tetraploid). Including the results of this study, the chromosomes of 39 of the c. 50 Hypochaeris species known from the New World have now been counted. Most species are diploid with 2n = 2x = 8 and have bimodal, asymmetrical karyotypes. Tetraploidy (2n = 4x = 16) is reported here for the first time in H. caespitosa. Infra-specific polyploidy (probably autopolyploidy) is reported in H. incana and H. taraxacoides, both cases including infra-populational cytotype mixtures (2x and 4x). Polyploidy is now known from eight South American Hypochaeris species (c. 16%). Basic karyotype analyses allow the placement of the newly counted taxa into previously proposed but slightly modified groupings and provide the framework for further molecular cytogenetic analyses. The reported findings suggest that chromosomal change in South American Hypochaeris, in contrast to Old World species, has not involved aneuploidy, but polyploidy and/or more subtle changes in chromosome length, perhaps via satellite DNA amplification/deletion or activity of retroelements, and rDNA reorganization., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

The genus Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) contains twelve species in Europe, three in Asia, and approximately 50 in South America. In this paper, we worked with mitotic chromosomes of three different species of Hypochaeris from Chile: H. acaulis, H. incana and H. scorzonerae. The species are very different in morphology and geographic distribution. The aim of this work was to compare the chromosome morphology of these species. We found that the chromosomes are different in size and morphology in H. acaulis (smaller than 6 μm and only chromosome 3 having a secondary constriction on the short arm). In H. incana and H. scorzonerae the chromosomes are very similar in size, and chromosomes 2 (on the long arm) and 3 (on the short arm) contain secondary constrictions. A tetraploid is reported for H. scorzonerae BBVA Fundación Alexander von Humboldt (Georg Foster Stipendium)

Item does not contain fulltext The ecological and evolutionary implications of dispersal are many. Pollination type and maternal effects may affect plant fitness traits, including life-cycle traits as well as dispersal ability. This study investigated the joint influence of pollination type and maternal effects on both life-cycle traits and dispersal ability in the herb Hypochaeris radicata. We conducted experimental crosses to obtain selfed and outcrossed progeny. Individual seeds and their pappuses were measured to determine seed terminal velocity. Seed size was also used to assess maternal effects. Selfing dramatically decreased seed set, indicating that H. radicata is self-incompatible. However, the few selfed seeds produced outperformed outcrossed seeds in seed size and flowering probability, surely as a result of an effective reallocation of resources among selfed seeds. None of the life-cycle traits was affected by seed size, the estimate of maternal effects. Selfed seeds were larger and bore a smaller pappus than outcrossed seeds. As a result, dispersal ability was lower for selfed than outcrossed seeds. Several factors, such as the low proportion of plants that produced selfed seeds, the low number of selfed seeds produced per plant, and the lack of self-fertility mechanisms might act in concert to prevent the evolution of selfing in H. radicata. (C) 2004 The Linnean Society of London.

Karyotypes of two Chilean taxa of genus Hypochaeris were studied utilizing root-tip-mitotic metaphases. All the populations have karyotypes with 2n = 8 that are very uniform within each species. H. apargioides has a chromosome set 4m + 4st and H. radicata 4m + 2m-sat + 2sm

In the period 1986–1988, sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi were counted in 53 plots in roadside verges planted with common oak in Drenthe, The Netherlands, belonging to three vegetation types. Twenty five plots were Hypochaeris radicata-Quercus communities, comprising roadside verges in open landscapes on dry, acid, sandy soils, poor in nutrients. In each plot, the trees were even-aged but varied between 10 and 140 years. The relationship between tree age and numbers of ectomycorrhizal species and sporocarps was studied. The species composition of roadside verges was compared between young trees (10–20 years), medium-old trees (20–50 years) and old trees (50–140 years). The species composition in roadside verges in open landscape with old trees was also compared with the ectomycorrhizal fungi in two further different types of roadside verges with old oak trees, viz the Anthriscus sylvestris-Quercus type, comprising open to half-open plots on soil richer in nutrients, and the Mnium hornum-Quercus type, comprising shady plots surrounded by forest. The data reveal a distinct succession of ectomycorrhizal fungi with increasing tree age. The results are compared with data on succession of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest stands. It is concluded that the succession cannot be modeled simply as suggested by some authors. Instead, changes in species composition and diversity showed much variation in relation to different environmental conditions. The factors relevant to the course of ectomycorrhizal succession are discussed. The concepts of early- and late-stage fungi are critically considered. It is concluded that this classification is not appropriate for the description of the ectomycorrhizal succession during stand development. A new, provisional classification of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the basis of their appearance during forest succession is proposed.

Eighty-nine new chromosome counts are reported from 85 populations of 15 species of Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) from South America, including first reports from nine taxa (H. apargioides, H. clarionoides, H. palustris, H. scorzonerae, H. setosa, H. sonchoides, H. spathulata, H. tenuifolia, H. thrincioides). Most are 2n = 8 with bimodal and asymmetric karyolype. Tetraploidy (2n = 16) is documented for the first time in some populations of H. meyeniana, H. scorzonerae, and H. tenuifolia. A summary of previous and new counts reveals that only two uniformly tetraploid species are known (H. incana and H. stenocephala). Five taxa also show infraspecific polyploidy: H. chondrilloides, H. meyeniana, H. scorzonerae, H. sessiliflora, and H. tenuifolia. Polyploidy, therefore, occurs in about 10% of the South American taxa. The South American representatives of the genus are all based on x = 4 in contrast to more conspicuous karyotypic differences among European taxa (2n = 6, 8, 10, 12). This pattern of greater cytological uniformity among many species of the New World (ca. 50 known, 32 now counted chromosomally) suggests that the group was derived from European ancestors rather than the reverse. It appears that Hypochaeris in South America radiated explosively into many habitats from sea level to over 3000 m, but that this radiation has not often been accompanied by conspicuous chromosomal change. The absence of aneuploidy and relatively low frequency of polyploidy, plus few known cases of present interspecific hybridization, suggest a weakened role for hybridization as an evolutionary mechanism in the group. Data so far suggest diploid recombinational speciation as the dominant mode accompanied by genetic rather than dramatic cytological alterations, plus occasional polyploid derivatives.

The NW African Hypochaeris arachnoidea is reinstated, a detailed description of this annual, a full synonymy including lectotypifications, and a key to the Moroccan species of Hypochaeris are provided. Chromosome numbers and karyotype information for six Moroccan Hypochaeris species from ten populations (including one population from Ireland) are presented and compared with literature data on karyotypes in the genus.

FiveHypochoeris spp. from Sicily have been investigated:H. glabra L. (2n=10),H. radicata L. (2n=8),H. cretensis L. (2n=6),H. laevigata L. (2n=12),H. robertiaFiori (2n=8). Basic chromosome numbers are very variable, x = 3, 4, 5, 6. The karyotype of each species is presented. Geographical origin (S. America or Mediterranean region) of the genusHypochoeris and the taxonomic position ofH. robertia are discussed.

dGrowth habits of four basal rosette composites, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), catsear (Hypochaeris radicata L.), hawkbit (Leontodon taraxacoides Vill. Merat), and daisy (Bellis perennis L.). were studied in two mowed, three heavily grazed, three lightly grazed, and two uncut grasslands near Palmerston North. With increasing degree of defoliation: (1) plant radius and longest leaf decreased, (2) root length generally decreased, (3) leaf number increased, (4) plant form changed from mainly upright (46-90°) to mainly slanting (1-45°) and appressed (0°). Leaf and root dry weights of dandelion were highest in uncut swards and of catsear and hawkbit were highest in grazed swards; daisy biomass was unrelated to management. In all species absolute and relative dry weights of floral structures were highest in lightly grazed swards. Relative root dry weight varied from 17% to 57% and decreased with increasing relative floral biomass. Distance to nearest neighbour relative to plant radius was hig...

Root respiration of the tap root forming species Hypochaeris radicata L. was measured during tap root formation. A comparison was made of two subspecies: H. radicata L. ssp. radicata L., a subspecies from relatively rich soils, and H. radicata L. ssp. ericetorum Van Soest, a subspecies from poor acidic soils. Root respiration was high and to a large extent inhibited by hydroxamic acid (SHAM) before the start of the tap root formation, indicating a high activity of an alternative non-phosphorylative electron transport chain. The rate of root respiration was much lower and less sensitive to SHAM when a considerable tap root was present. However, root respiration was also cyanide-resistant when a tap root was present, indicating that the alternative pathway was still present. A decreased rate of root respiration coincided with an increase of the content of storage carbohydrates, mainly in the tap root. The level of reducing sugars was constant throughout the experimental period, and it was concluded that the activity of the alternative oxidative pathway was significant in oxidation of sugars that could not be utilized for purposes like energy production, the formation of intermediates for growth or for storage. Root respiration decreased after the formation of a tap root. This decrease could neither be attributed to a gradual disappearance of the alternative chain, nor to a decreased level of reducing sugars. No differences in respiratory metabolism between the two subspecies have been observed, suggesting that a high activity of the alternative oxidative pathway is not significant in adaptation of the present two subspecies to relatively nutrient-rich or poor soils.

Hypochaeris setosus contains desacetoxymatricarin, achillin, 1-hydroxy-6β,7α,11β-H-eudesm-4-en-6,12 olide, jacquinelin and hypochaerin, a new guaianolide, established as 3-oxo-4β,5α,6β,7α,11β-H-guai-1(2)-en-6,12 olide.

A taxonomic, ecological, and phytogeographical revision of the Hypochaeris alliatae group is made. As a result, the name of H. alliatae (vs H. laevigata) is proposed. The recent taxa H. leontodontoides var. glauca and H. rutea are synonymised with H. alliatae, and H. leontodontoides var. atlantica var. nov., is described. Using chromosomal counts, morphological and histological characters, H. angustifolia is excluded from the H. alliatae group. A phylogenetic and phytogeographical assay has been made in the context of geologic phenomena from the Miocene and Pliocene in the western Mediterranean Basin.

Chromosome counts are reported for 60 collections of Peruvian Compositae representing 59 species in 31 genera. Most of these are first reports for a taxon concerned, including the genera Ascidiogyne (n - 10), Diplostephium (n - 9), Oriotrophium (n - 9), Achyrocline (n = ca 14), Gynoxys (n = 40), Loricaria (n = ca 14), Monopholis (n - ca 30) and Pappobolus (n - 17). Supernumerary or "B" chromosomes have been found in Baccharis and Monopholis, and an unusual aneuploid series has been detected in Liabum (x = 9, 12, 14, and ca 18). Chromosome counts for 60 collections of Peruvian Compositae are presented in Table 1. Bud material was collected in the field by Dr. John Wurdack and airmailed to the senior author in Austin, Texas, where the counts were made by the usual squash techniques (Turner & Johnston, 1959). Since most of these collections were from remote areas, it was often several weeks before the fixed material could be mailed. These delays and the high temperatures to which the meiotic material was exposed probably account for the numerous approximate counts reported in this paper. (Label-data on the voucher specimens-deposited TEX, US-give approximate counts, plus or minus 1 or 2 chromosomes; in Table 1 we have listed all such counts as approximations only.) Identifications were made by J. Cuatrecasas except for those of Bidens and Coreopsis (by the late E. E. Sherff), Hypochaeris (by A. L. Cabrera) and Liabum rugosum (by R. Ferreyra); chromosome counts were made by Powell and Turner, either singly or in combination.