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The climatic changes have great threats to sustainable agriculture and require efforts to ensure global food and nutritional security. In this regard, the plant strategic responses, including the induction of plant hormones/plant growth regulators (PGRs), play a substantial role in boosting plant immunity against environmental stress-induced adversities. In addition, secondary metabolites (SMs) have emerged as potential 'stress alleviators' that help plants to adapt against environmental stressors imposing detrimental impacts on plant health and survival. The introduction of SMs in plant biology has shed light on their beneficial effects in mitigating environmental crises. This review explores SMs-mediated plant defense responses and highlights the crosstalk between PGRs and SMs under diverse environmental stressors. In addition, genetic engineering approaches are discussed as a potential revenue to enhance plant hormone-mediated SM production in response to environmental cues. Thus, the present review aims to emphasize the significance of SMs implications with PGRs association and genetic approachability, which could aid in shaping the future strategies that favor agro-ecosystem compatibility under unpredictable environmental conditions. [Display omitted] • SMs induce plant defense mechanisms under environmental stresses. • PGRs-mediated SMs production could aid in developing stress resilient crops. • Genetic manipulation of PGRs could assist in SMs modulation to confer stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is one of the major constraints to plant growth and development across the globe that leads to the huge crop productivity loss. Salinity stress causes impairment in plant's metabolic and cellular processes including disruption in ionic homeostasis due to excess of sodium (Na+) ion influx and potassium (K+) efflux. This condition subsequently results in a significant reduction of the cytosolic K+ levels, eventually inhibiting plant growth attributes. K+ plays a crucial role in alleviating salinity stress by recasting key processes of plants. In addition, K+ acquisition and retention also serve as the perquisite trait to establish salt tolerant mechanism. In addition, an intricate network of genes and their regulatory elements are involved in coordinating salinity stress responses. Furthermore, plant growth regulators (PGRs) and other signalling molecules influence K+-mediated salinity tolerance in plants. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have also been found several implications in plants with respect to their roles in mediating K+ homoeostasis during salinity stress in plants. The present review describes salinity-induced adversities in plants and role of K+ in mitigating salinity-induced damages. The review also highlights the efficacy of PGRs and other signalling molecules in regulating K+ mediated salinity tolerance along with nano-technological perspective for improving K+ mediated salinity tolerance in plants. • Salinity is a global threat for food security. • Potassium homeostasis plays a significant role in mitigating salinity stress. • Potassium interacts with PGRs for coordinating salinity stress responses. • Nanoparticles are emerging in K-mediated improving salinity tolerance in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural sufficient productivity is of paramount importance for ensuring food security and conserving soil health to support the world's agronomy. Climatic abruptions have been emerging as one of the most nerve‐pressing issues for the sustainment of the planet Earth in the twenty‐first century. Among the various environmental constraints, drought stress stands out as a potent factor restricting crop growth and productivity. It triggers a myriad of intricate responses in plants to combat the underlying stress‐mediated adversities. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the key physiological and molecular mechanisms that enable plants to withstand drought stress is crucial for developing effective strategies to enhance crop resilience. Ethylene, a gaseous plant hormone, influences the adaptive measures adopted by plants subjected to drought stress by regulating the drought stress‐mediated signal transduction‐associated responses. The present review article provides an in‐depth understanding of the critical roles of ethylene in enhancing plants' ability to restrain the severity of drought stress. It also highlights the significance of ethylene signaling components in regulating plant survival and drought stress tolerance. Additionally, we have illustrated the additive and antagonistic interactions of ethylene with other plant growth regulators, which instigate the tolerance responses. Conclusively, this review emphasizes the significance of complex networks involved in ethylene‐mediated drought tolerance, providing valuable insights for future research and uncovering novel studies in the field of ethylene biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]