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Bionanotechnology is a branch of science that has revolutionized modern science and technology. Nanomaterials, especially noble metals, have attracted researchers due to their size and application in different branches of sciences that benefit humanity. Metal nanoparticles can be synthesized using green methods, which are good for the environment, economically viable, and facilitate synthesis. Due to their size and form, gold nanoparticles have become significant. Plant materials are of particular interest in the synthesis and manufacture of theranostic gold nanoparticles (NPs), which have been generated using various materials. On the other hand, chemically produced nanoparticles have several drawbacks in terms of cost, toxicity, and effectiveness. A plant-mediated integration of metallic nanoparticles has been developed in the field of nanotechnology to overcome the drawbacks of traditional synthesis, such as physical and synthetic strategies. Nanomaterials' tunable features make them sophisticated tools in the biomedical platform, especially for developing new diagnostics and therapeutics for malignancy, neurodegenerative, and other chronic disorders. Therefore, this review outlines the theranostic approach, the different plant materials utilized in theranostic applications, and future directions based on current breakthroughs in these fields.

Medicinal plants are known to possess pharmacologically active compounds which have therapeutic properties and number of plants have been evaluated in disease management including venomous bites. Products of plant extracts are thus gaining importance because of their easy availability, low cost and less side effects and are evaluated for their antidote potential against Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom enzymes. In vitro enzyme inhibitions such as anti-proteolytic, anti-phospholipase, anti-hyaluronidase, anti-acetylcholine esterase and pharmacological studies (anti- hemolytic activity and anti-fibrinogenolytic activity) were evaluated for aqueous ethanolic extracts and organic extracts of Clerodendrum serratum, Azadirachta indica, Aegle marmelos, Aristolochia indica, Citrus limon, Calotropis gigantea, Cryptolepis buchanani and Butea monosperma on N. naja venom. Significant inhibitions were observed by both the extracts. However, it is interesting to note that aqueous extracts significantly inhibited phospholipase activity and organic extracts inhibited fibrinogenolytic activity of venom. The hyaluronidase activity was not observed in the venom. Indirect hemolytic assay revealed the potential of Butea monosperma extracts to completely neutralize the lysis of red blood cells (RBC) induced by cobra venom. The isolation of bioactive principles or a combination of these active principles, from the tested medicinal plants for ex vivo and in vivo anti-venom activity has to be validated by active isolated compound from extract which is responsible for neutralizing toxic snake venom enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitroinhibitory activity ofCarissa spinarumleaf extracts againstBungarus caeruleusandVipera russellitoxic snake venom enzymes was determined. The leaf extracts in non-polar and polar solvents were concentrated and were used for inhibitory activity determination. Methanol extracts (100 μg.mL−1) inhibited acetylcholinesterase, phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase, phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase,5′ nucleotidase enzymes of B. caeruleus and V. russelli venoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]