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The purpose of this research was the development of functional edible oils with potential health promoting effects, enriched with phenolic-rich extracts obtained from pistachio and walnut. A high phenolic content, 10860 mg/kg and 7030 mg/kg in walnut and pistachio kernels respectively, with a corresponding strong radical scavenging effect (DPPH, 106 and 20 mmol/kg Trolox) were found. The remarkable antioxidant capacity of the phenolic-rich extracts prepared form walnut (255 mol/kg Trolox, measured by DPPH, 1500 times higher than its kernel) and pistachio (13 mol/kg, 630 times higher) makes them good candidates to evaluate their potential as bioactive ingredients. In the different enriched edible oils studied, a phenolic concentration of 340-570 mg/kg has been reached, showing the functional oils a great antioxidant activity, which was apparently much higher when walnut extracts were employed (e.g. 54 mmol/kg Trolox, as DPPH)., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Modern agriculture allows farmers to choose among different cultivars of the same fruit to fulfill their agronomic needs and consumers' demands; however, there are only a few studies that describe and compare key functional and sensory properties of different pistachio cultivars. The main objective of this study was to compare eight pistachio cultivars by analyzing key functional properties (phenolic compounds, polymeric procyanidins, antioxidant activity, and inhibition of α-amylase and β-glucosidase), aromatic compounds with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and by examining their sensory properties with a trained panel., Results: A combination of LC-PDA-MS-QTof (liquid chromatography photodiode array quadrupole time-off flight mass spectrometry) and electrospray ionization was used to determine two phenolic acids, nine flavonols, one anthocyanin, and three flavan-3-ols in pistachio cultivars, with a total concentration ranging from 500 to 6065 mg 100 g -1 dry weight (dw). The total polymeric procyanidins concentrations oscillated between 348 and 5919 mg 100 g -1 dw, (-)-epicatechin being the major monomer contributor. Pinene was the most abundant volatile compound (∼200 mg kg -1 dw), and, in the sensory analysis of samples, 23 sensory attributes were found to differ significantly among the cultivars., Conclusion: The cultivar 'Larnaka' stood out as having the best functional profile (high polyphenolic content, high antioxidant activity, and high values of α-amylase and β-glucosidase inhibition), and the cultivars 'Kastel' and 'Kerman' showed the most attractive sensory properties, mainly the most intense flavor. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Phenolic compounds of eight pistachio ( Pistacia vera L.) cultivars and their residual cakes and virgin oils (screw pressing) were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 25 compounds were identified and quantified for pistachio nuts and residual cakes, with the presence of five flavonols, six flavanols, and one gallotannin being reported for the first time. Total phenolics in pistachio nuts showed a concentration from 1359 mg/kg (Kastel) to 4507 mg/kg (Larnaka). Flavanols were the most abundant phenolics, at about 90%, with resulting procyanidin B1 and gallocatechin being the main phenolics, depending upon the cultivar. Other phenolic groups, such as anthocyanins (from 54 to 218 mg/kg), flavonols (from 76 to 130 mg/kg), flavanones (from 12 to 71 mg/kg), and gallotannins (from 4 to 46 mg/kg), were also identified. Residual cakes presented the same phenolic profile but with a concentration almost double because of the concentration effect caused by the oil separation. Virgin pistachio oils showed a very low phenolic content, with eriodyctiol being the only compound identified.