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Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The whole plant of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall.ex Nees is used traditionally in different forms by the local people of Asian countries owing to its myriad medicinal properties. Its use as an anthelmintic has been mentioned in literature but has not been well elucidated., Aim of the Study: To determine anthelmintic effects of extracts from leaves of A.paniculata against human hookworm species based on a standard assay system and to establish the effects of major active compounds responsible for the effects., Materials and Methods: Ovicidal and larvicidal activities of extracts of leaves of A.paniculata in different solvents ethanol (Et), methanol (Met), ethyl acetate (EA) and petroleum ether (PE) was studied against field isolates of Ancylostoma duodenale collected and cultivated from hookworm infected human stool samples by egg hatch and larval motility assays. Major active compounds namely andrographolide (AP1), neoandrographolide (AP2) and andrograpanin (AP3) were estimated quantitatively in all the extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Anthelmintic effects (ED 50 , LC 50 ) and presence of the marker compounds in each extract was statistically analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). Further, biological activities of pure compounds of AP1, AP2, AP3 were assessed to validate the results of the study., Results: Extracts in ethanol and methanol showed highest activity in inhibition of egg hatching with lowest ED 50 values (0.017 and 0.02 mg/mL respectively) while ethyl acetate extract had the highest activity against larval motility (0.001 mg/mL) followed by ethanol (0.019 mg/mL). On HPLC analysis, andrographolide content (%), the major diterpene compound, in Met and Et was 0.85 and 1.43 respectively. On PCA, andrographolide component in the extracts was associated with significant inhibitory effects both on egg hatching and larval motility. Pure compound AP1 also showed significant ovicidal and larvicidal activities at concentrations 0.125 µg/mL and 0.019 mg/mL respectively., Conclusion: Andrographolide is one of the main phytochemical responsible for significant ovicidal and larvicidal activity against field isolates of A.duodenale from human infections and can be developed as a potential therapeutic choice., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nutmeg (NM) and citrus peel (CP) extracts are potential sources of phytochemicals high in antioxidant activity. The synergistic effect of the extracts when incorporated as a binary mixture (NM-CP) demonstrated high antioxidant activity, exceeding the expected values indicating possible interactive synergism. This effect prompted us to investigate the potential of NM, CP and NM-CP extracts in imparting oxidative stability to meat balls during frozen storage. NM-CP was evaluated at two concentrations 0.5% (NMCP) and 1.0% (NMCP1). Meat balls with added salt (MS) and control (without any salt and antioxidant) served as control. Binary mixture (NM-CP) at 1% showed a stronger inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation in comparison to the NMCP and individual extracts NM and CP. However, with respect to protein oxidation, both concentrations (NMCP and NMCP1) exhibited higher inhibitory activity than the individual counterparts. Color, flavor and sensory scores further confirmed the efficacy of NM-CP in extending the storage life of frozen meat. Synergistic effect of binary extract NMCP in retarding lipid and protein oxidation in meat balls could be of practical value for meat processors., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)