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Increasing labor and input costs have driven wine grape (Vitis vinifera) growers’ attention to mechanized equipment to assist in vineyard operations. This study evaluates the financial feasibility of investing in vineyard mechanization, in addition to the released intelligent sprayer in hypothetical wine grape vineyards of varying sizes. Our comparative analysis illustrates how mechanization of vineyard practices affects costs and financial metrics. We conducted a cost–benefit analysis for seven investment scenarios and examined the economic performance of four metrics. Our findings suggest that investing in a mechanized trimmer is most effective for growers exposed to labor shortages and high wages. A retrofitted intelligent sprayer is superior for reducing input use and associated costs.

The production of grapes in the Midwest U.S.A. is not free of challenges. Growers are presented with a long list of strategic and operational decisions when planning a vineyard. This article uses survey data and secondary data to prepare sample budgets and examine costs, expected returns, and economic feasibility of grape vineyards under different production systems. Departing from two sample budgets that resemble the reality of American-hybrid and vinifera grape growers in the Midwest, we examine the economic feasibility of 24 plausible production scenarios by simulating changes in operational and technical parameters of production. Our results show that economies of scale, level of automation, and adequate balance between capital and labor use are determining factors for economic feasibility. Small-scale hybrid vineyards (10 acres or less) are seldom feasible as a stand-alone project. Vinifera vineyards tend to reach superior performance due to scale, decisions regarding automation, and efficiency of field operations. Following the feasibility analyses and results, our discussion helps explain why grape vineyards are frequently integrated with wineries and other business units across the Midwest.

Os marmeleiros sempre foram propagados comercialmente através de enraizamento de estacas. Devido à falta de vigor das mudas, principalmente nos primeiros anos após o plantio, uma série de trabalhos foram desenvolvidos no Brasil a fim de viabilizar a utilização do marmeleiro 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) como porta-enxerto para marmelos. Frente à falta de informações, desenvolveu-se este experimento com o objetivo de verificar o desenvolvimento de diferentes cultivares de marmeleiros enxertadas sobre esse porta-enxerto. Os marmeleiros 'Japonês', 'MC', 'Adams', 'Van Deman', 'Provence', 'Cheldow', 'Smyrna', 'Rea's Mamouth', 'De Patras', 'De Vranja', 'Lajeado', 'Champion', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Alongado', 'Meech Prolific', 'Bereckzy', 'Alaranjado', 'Kiakami', 'Du Lot', 'Radaelli', 'CTS 207', 'D'Angers', 'Zuquerinetta', 'BA 29', 'Constantinopla', 'Marmelo Pêra', 'Apple', 'Portugal', 'Füller', 'Meliforme' e 'Pineapple' foram enxertados através de garfagem em mudas de 'Japonês', pelo método em fenda cheia. Foram utilizados garfos com três gemas, coletados de plantas-matrizes. As mudas foram mantidas em viveiro, sendo avaliadas, após 60 dias, a porcentagem de garfos brotados. O comprimento e diâmetro médio do enxerto foram avaliados aos 60; 90; 120 e 150 dias após a realização da enxertia. Concluiu-se que os marmeleiros apresentaram boa afinidade com o porta-enxerto 'Japonês'. As cultivares 'Van Deman', 'Japonês', 'Smyrna', 'De Vranja', 'Lajeado', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Alongado', 'Meech Prolific', 'Meliforme', 'Cheldow', 'Champion', 'Bereckzy' e 'De Patras' foram as que tiveram o maior vigor na fase de viveiro.The quinces have always been commercially propagated by means of rooting stem cuttings. Due to the lack vigor of the seedlings, especilly afer the first years whih followed the planting season, a sequency of studies were developed in Brazil aiming to permit the use of 'Japanese' quinces (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) as a rootstock for the quinces. Beacuse of lack of information, this experiment was developed with the aim of verifying the development of different rootstock cultivars. The 'Japanese' quinces, 'MC', 'Adams', 'Van Deman', 'Provence', 'Cheldow', 'Smyrna', 'Rea's Mamouth', 'De Patras', 'De Vranja', 'Lajeado', 'Champion', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Alongado', 'Meech Prolific', 'Bereckzy', 'Alaranjado', 'Kiakami', 'Du Lot', 'Radaelli', 'CTS 207', 'D'Angers', 'Zuquerinetta', 'BA 29', 'Constantinopla', 'Marmelo Pêra', 'Apple', 'Portugal', 'Füller', 'Meliforme' and 'Pineapple' were grafted by means of clevis process in 'Japanese' seedlings, by the full slit method. Clevis with three gems were used, collected from parent plants. The seedlings were kept in greenhouse, and the percentage of sprout clevis was evaluated after 60 days. The length and medium diameter of the graft were evaluated in the 60; 90; 120 e 150 days after the grafting. It was concluded that the quinces presented good affinity. with the 'Japanese' rootstock. The cultivars 'Van Deman', 'Japonês', 'Smyrna', 'De Vranja', 'Lajeado', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Alongado', 'Meech Prolific', 'Meliforme', 'Cheldow', 'Champion', 'Bereckzy' and 'De Patras'were the ones that had the highest vigor in the greenhouse phase.

Os marmeleiros sempre foram propagados comercialmente através de enraizamento de estacas. Devido à falta de vigor das mudas, principalmente nos primeiros anos após o plantio, uma série de trabalhos foram desenvolvidos no Brasil a fim de viabilizar a utilização do marmeleiro 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) como porta-enxerto para marmelos. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, mas frente à falta de informações sobre o melhor método de enxertia, desenvolveu-se este experimento com o objetivo de verificar o desenvolvimento de cultivares de marmeleiros enxertados sobre esse porta-enxerto por dois métodos de enxertia. Os marmeleiros 'Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Portugal', 'Smyrna' e 'Japonês' foram enxertados através de garfagem em mudas de 'Japonês', pelos métodos fenda cheia e inglês complicado. Foram utilizados garfos com três gemas, coletadas de plantas- matrizes do Instituto Agronômico (IAC). As plantas foram mantidas em viveiro, sendo avaliadas após 60 dias a porcentagem de garfos brotados. O comprimento e o diâmetro médio do enxerto foram avaliados aos 60; 90; 120 e 150 dias após a realização da enxertia. Concluiu-se que os marmeleiros 'Japonês' e 'Provence' devem ser enxertados pelo método de garfagem através de fenda cheia, os marmeleiros 'Smyrna' e 'Mendoza Inta-37' através de inglês complicado, e 'Portugal' independe do método.The quince tree has always been commercially propagated by cuttings. Due to low vigor of the young plants, mainly in the first years of the orchard, a series of works was developed in Brazil in order to make possible the use of the 'Japonês' quince (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) as a rootstock. The results were satisfactory but the lack of other best grafting method developed this work to verify the performance of quince cultivars grafted on 'Japonês, by two different grafting methods. The 'Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Portugal', 'Smyrna' and 'Japonês' quinces were grafted by the cleft grafting method onto 'Japonês', by 'full rift' and 'complicated English' methods in the dormant period. The scion sticks used had three buds each and were collected from the mother plants at the Agronomic Institute (IAC). The young plants were maintained in the nursery and evaluated after 60 days for the percentage of sprouted grafts. The length and the diameter of the grafts were measured 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after grafting. It was concluded that the 'Japonês' and 'Provence' quince tree were grafted by the cleft grafting method through 'full rift', the 'Smyrna' and 'Mendoza Inta-37' through the 'complicated English' and the 'Portugal' independently of the method.

O presente trabalho tee como objetivo estudar a emergência e o desenvolvimento de plantas de marmeleiro, com potencial para serem utilizadas como porta-enxertos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Centro APTA Frutas/IAC, de maio/05 a janeiro/06. Sementes dos marmeleiros 'Mendoza INTA-37', 'Provence', 'Portugal' e 'Japonês' foram extraídas de frutos maduros, lavadas em água corrente, secas à sombra por 48 h e estratificadas a frio por 20 dias. Em seguida, foram semeadas em bandejas de poliestireno (72 células, capacidade de 120 cm³/célula) contendo a vermiculita como substrato. Foi feito contagem da porcentagem de emergência após 30 dias da semeadura, a cada 10 dias, em um total de quatro coletas. Em seguida, foi retirada uma amostra de 10 plântulas por repetição e avaliados a altura média da parte aérea, nº de folhas, massa seca média da parte aérea e das raízes. Foram ainda separados 10 plântulas uniformes e representativos de cada repetição e transplantados para sacos plásticos (capacidade de 3 L) contendo como substrato solo + esterco de curral curtido + areia (1:1:1 v/v). As plântulas permaneceram em viveiro telado (sombrite 50%), sendo irrigadas periodicamente. A cada 30 dias, foram mensurados a altura e o diâmetro das plântulas até o final da sexta avaliação (após 180 dias do transplantio). Concluiu-se que o marmeleiro 'Japonês' apresenta maior porcentagem de emergência (70%), altura das plântulas (111,83 cm) e diâmetro (0,7 cm), possuindo maior performance e uma excelente alternativa como porta-enxerto para marmeleiros.The present work has as objective to study the emergency and development of quince seedlings with potential to be used as rootstock. The work was developed in the APTA Center Fruits/IAC, from May/05 to January/06. Seeds of 'Mendoza INTA-37', 'Provence', 'Portugal' and 'Japonês' quince were collected from mature fruits, washed in water, dried under shade for 48 h, and stratified in cold for 20 days. After that, these seeds were sowed in polystyrene trays (72 cell of 120 cm³/cell), containing vermiculite as substrate. The percentage of emergency was determined after 30 days, at intervals of 10 days, in a total of four collections. On the end of this period, 10 seedlings were removed from each replication and evaluated the height of the aerial part, the number of leaves, and the medium dry mass of aerial and root parts. Also, 10 uniform representative seedlings of each replication were separeted and transplanted to polyethylene bags (capacity of 3 L) containing substrate composed by soil + cattle manure + sand (in the volumetric proportion of 1:1:1) fertilized with 191 g CaHPO3, 10 g KCl and 100 g CaCO3 in 100 L substrate. Then plants were maintained under shading sieve (50% shading), being irrigated periodically. The height and diameter of seedlings were evaluated at intervals of 30 days until the end of the sixth evaluation (after 180 days of transplanting). The 'Japonês' quince presented greater emergency percentage (70%), shoot length (111,83 cm) and diameter (0,7 cm), showing it has greater performance and an excellent alternative as quince rootstocks.