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Copyright of American Journal of Potato Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of new seedless cultivar represents one of the most important goals in table grape breeding programmes worldwide. The most common technique to obtain new seedless cultivars is embryo rescue, an approach that allows the isolation of immature embryos and their cultivation in vitro. In this study, a total of 23 crosses (developed employing one seeded and one seedless parent) were performed during two seasons (2017 and 2018) for a total of 1140 seedlings. For each cross, the principal parameters related to the efficiency of the pollination were measured (harvested bunches, collected berries, recovered embryos/seeds and plants obtained). Based on these traits, statistical analyses were performed to calculate the female and male parental efficiency and to compare the two techniques of propagation employed: embryo rescue (7.8% of plants obtained) and gamic propagation (8.4%). Finally, the segregation of the SSR marker p3_VvAGL11 was evaluated on the progeny of four crosses in which the same cultivar was used alternately as female or male parent (SugxIta/ItaxSug and CrixIta/ItaxCri). The parameters measured showed a positive correlation between berries, seeds and plants obtained, exclusively in combination with a seeded female parent. The crossing combinations investigated indicate that some genotypes outperformed others when used as female parent in terms of embryos/seeds produced. Therefore, the efficiency in terms of seedlings obtained for the seedless female parents is actually balanced with those obtained for the seeded ones. The proposed research aims to provide useful information to guide the choice of genotypes used in the genetic improvement programs of seedless grapes, to increase their efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is an important center for plant genetic resources and genetic diversity. It is also one of the domestication centers where ancient agriculture started. Traditionally small-scale agriculture in Turkey has been important in bringing together some species that have hybridized causing increases in variation. The status of vegetable species germplasm, collection and characterization activities, cultivar breeding programs and utilization of the vegetable genetic resources in Turkey are detailed. Conservation and maintenance of these valuable genetic resources are necessary because these populations are important sources of diversity that could be used in future breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As the link between diet and health becomes increasingly characterized, the nutritional value of foods is being increasingly prioritized by the public. This can create both challenges and opportunities for plant breeding programs and food processing companies. This review will focus on the nutritional composition of potatoes and examine the role potatoes can play in providing global food security. The amounts of vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients in potatoes vary tremendously depending on the cultivar and are also influenced by environment. Potatoes are well known to be good sources of potassium and vitamin C. They also contain an array of other bioactives, including high amounts of phenylpropanoids, compounds known to have diverse health-promoting roles in humans. While potatoes already contain generous amounts of various phytonutrients, by taking advantage of the available extensive germplasm resources, future cultivars can be further improved and provide additional options that help satisfy rapidly evolving consumer preferences and changing market demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA fingerprinting is a powerful tool for plant diversity studies, cultivar identification, and germplasm conservation and management. In breeding programs, fingerprinting and diversity analysis provide an insight into the extent of genetic variability available in the breeding material, which in turn helps breeders to maintain a pool of highly diverse genotypes by avoiding the selection of closely related parents. Oblong-long tubers with russeting skin characterize Russet potato, a primary potato market class in the United States, and especially in the western production regions. The aim of this study was to estimate the level of genetic diversity within this market class potato, utilizing clones and varieties from various breeding programs across the United States. A collection of 264 Russet and non-Russet breeding clones and varieties was fingerprinted using 23 highly polymorphic genome-wide simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, resulting in 142 polymorphic alleles. The number of alleles produced per SSR varied from 2 to 10, with an average of 6.2 alleles per marker. The polymorphic information content and expected heterozygosity of SSRs ranged from 0.37 to 0.89 and 0.50 to 0.89 with an average of 0.77 and 0.81, respectively. Out of these 23 markers, we propose nine SSR markers best suited for fingerprinting Russet potatoes based on polymorphic information content, heterozygosity and ease of scoring. Diversity analysis of these clones suggest that there is significant diversity across the breeding material and the diversity has been evenly distributed among all the regional breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene pyramiding is a breeding method used to combine multiple useful genes. Although several genes have been pyramided in certain crops, gene pyramiding has not previously been applied to forest trees. In this study, we used the markers closely linked to the two male-sterile genes MS1 and MS2 for the effective development of individuals doubly heterozygous for these two genes. This is the first example of gene pyramiding through marker-assisted selection (MAS) in forest trees. The markers gSNP06239, which is closely linked to the MS1 gene, and estSNP00695, which is closely linked to MS2, were used in MAS. On the basis of the linkage phase between the markers and male-sterile loci, we selected five F individuals (S3-64 from Shindai-3 × Kamikiri-31, S3-70 from Shindai-3 × Kamikiri-38, S3-77 from Shindai-3 × Kamikiri-47, S1-22 from Shindai-1 × Nakakubiki-4, and S1-56 from Shindai-1 × Setsugai-20) as parents for artificial crossing. The 268 seedlings obtained from six artificial cross combinations were used in this study. Chi-squared tests showed no significant deviation from the expected Mendelian ratios of genotypes, indicating that MAS using markers closely linked to the male-sterile genes worked very well. Fifteen individuals that showed unexpected genotypes were probably recombinants, because the map distances between the male-sterile locus and the DNA markers were 4.1 cM (gSNP06239 to MS1) and 6.9 cM (estSNP00695 to MS2). Development of markers more closely linked to the male-sterile loci will facilitate precise gene pyramiding in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybridisation was carried out between stenospermocarpic seedless grape cultivars (female parents) and Chinese wildVitis amurensisor its hybrids with cold-resistance alleles (male parents). The aim of this paper was: (1) to evaluate the effects of the addition of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to the embryo development medium MM3 + 500 mg L−1casein hydrolysate + 1 mmol L−1serine; (2) to obtain a batch of seedless hybrid grape offspring by embryo rescue; and (3) to screen suitable genotypes for embryo rescue. The results indicated that adding 1.75 mg L−1IAA promotes embryo development, germination and plantlet formation in the combinations of ‘Ruby Seedless’ × ‘00-1-5’ and ‘Beauty Seedless’ × ‘Beichun’. However, it inhibits the combinations ‘Perlette’ × ‘00-1-5’ and ‘Neptune’ × ‘00-1-5’. ‘Crimson Seedless’, ‘Ruby Seedless’ and ‘Flame Seedless’ were more suitable as female parents than ‘Neptune’, ‘Perlette’, ‘Beauty Seedless’, ‘Heshen Seedless’, ‘Jupiter’ and ‘Su-67’. The Hybrid ‘00-1-5’ performed best as the male parent for cold-resistant seedless grape embryo rescue. A total of 267 new hybrid progenies derived from 11 cross combinations were obtained by embryo rescue. GLSP1 and SCF27, two special primers of the molecular marker linked to seedless gene in grape, were employed to screen the progenies of five cross combinations for possible seedlessness. Five of 22 strains obtained from two cross combinations had the marker GLSP1-569; 43 of 89 strains obtained from three cross combinations had the marker SCF27-2000. These marked strains were preliminarily identified as being seedless. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of American Journal of Potato Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of American Journal of Potato Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We identified haplotype-tagging insertion/deletions (InDels) for downy mildew resistance (Rpv3-1) in grapevine and converted them into InDel markers. InDel-25,941 and InDel-26,032 were validated by fragment analysis via capillary electrophoresis in 174 varieties of Vitis vinifera, 50 resistant varieties of the ‘Seibel 4614’ lineage that share Rpv3-1 by descent, and in 83 Vitis accessions. Amplicon sequencing of ancestral and derived alleles revealed that both mutations were caused by deletions. The 25,941-deletion is most likely recent. The derived allele is present only in resistant varieties obtained from ‘Seibel 4614’ and has originated in North American populations through two successive deletions within a predicted multiple stem-loop ssDNA structure, consisting of three nearby short inverted repeats, which shortened the ancestral DNA stepwise. The 26,032-deletion is more ancient. The derived allele is always present in resistant varieties of the ‘Seibel 4614’ lineage, completely absent from V. vinifera, not found in other North American accessions, and rarely present in Asian species. It may have originated in a common ancestral population before the continental disjunction, followed by incomplete lineage sorting, or in either lineage followed by introgression via secondary contacts. Genotyping with these markers does not require special instruments or chemistry for routine screening in breeding practice. Differences in amplicon size between grapes that carry or do not carry Rpv3-1 are detectable via standard agarose gel electrophoresis, or classical melting curve analysis using nonsaturating fluorescent dyes. The recombination rate between each marker and the trait locus is 0.118% for InDel-25,941 and 0.071% for InDel-26,032. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]