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Background: Despite the increasing interest in endoscopic techniques for pituitary surgery, little has been published on the endoscopic approach for recurrent and/or residual pituitary adenomas. We report the outcome of purely endoscopic endonasal surgery for a series of recurrent and/or residual pituitary tumors after a previous microscopic resection. Methods: We reviewed all of the patients in our institution who underwent endoscopic resection for recurrent and/or residual pituitary tumors after previous microscopic resection. All patients had clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of at least 3 months postoperatively. Careful attention was given to the operative reports documenting the degree of previous microscopic exposure. Our results were compared with published reports of surgery for recurrent and residual pituitary tumors. Results: Thirty-nine patients met our inclusion criteria. The mean follow-up was 21 months. Tumors were comprised of 19 nonfunctional, 10 adrenocorticotropic hormone, 9 growth hormone, and 1 prolactin-secreting adenoma. The endoscopic procedure revealed limited previous exposure of the sphenoidal and sellar structures in 30 cases (76%). Sphenoidotomy and sellar opening, in terms of working area and angle of view, were significantly restricted in 64% and 61% of the cases, respectively. Gross total removal was achieved in 46% of cases. Seventeen patients had frank cavernous sinus invasion. Conclusions: The restricted exposure of sphenoidal and sellar structures by the microscopic approach may be a contributing factor to incomplete tumor resection. The results observed in this setting make the endoscopic technique a valid option in recurrent and residual pituitary adenomas treated initially by microscopic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on study conducted by Ceccato et al. who tried to explain clinical, pathologic, and radiologic factors involved in the clinical behavior and response to treatment of aggressive pituitary adenomas. Topics discussed include selected patients who had undergone treatment for the conditions, the classification of pituitary tumors based on the World Health Organization and the limitation of categories used by Ceccato et al. The use of surgery in adenoma treatment is mentioned.

Background The endoscopic endonasal approach for pituitary neoplasms has shown similar efficacy compared with the microscopic approach. However, outcomes and complication rates with larger macroadenomas is not as well documented. This study addresses the efficacy and outcome of the fully endoscopic endonasal approach for large and giant pituitary adenomas. Methods Endoscopic endonasal resection was performed in 39 patients with large (>3 cm) or giant (>4 cm) pituitary macroadenomas. Outcomes were assessed using formal visual examinations, endocrine status, and neurologic examinations. Statistical analyses of multiple variables were addressed for correlation to visual, endocrine, and neurologic outcomes. Results Gross total resection of the pituitary macroadenoma was achieved in 22 of 39 (56.4%) patients based on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Higher Knosp grade was associated with near-total resection or subtotal resection ( P = 0.0004). All patients had improved or stable visual symptoms. Time to diagnosis, preoperative visual deficit, and tumor size were not significant predictors of visual outcome. Of patients, 34 (87.1%) had a “good” endocrine outcome, whereas 5 did not. Among the 5 patients who did not have a good outcome, 1 had new hypopituitarism, and 4 required increased dosages of pharmacologic therapy. All patients with recurrent tumors had stable visual and good endocrine outcomes. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred in 4 patients; lumbar drainage resolved the leak in 3, and reoperation was performed in 1 patient. There were no new cranial nerve deficits, new neurologic deficits, or mortality. Conclusions Endoscopic endonasal resection of large and giant pituitary macroadenomas is safe and efficient. Postoperative complications, including cerebrospinal fluid leak, are low. Surgical efficacy of the fully endoscopic endonasal approach for large and giant macroadenomas makes the technique a preferable option in this subset of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]