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Microgreens, also called superfoods, emerge because of their high levels of nutrients, diverse flavour profiles, and sustainable cultivation methods, which make them culinary delights and valuable to a healthy and flavorful diet. The present study investigated Brassicaceae family microgreens, proposing a novel system (quality indices) that allows scoring among them. Fourteen Brassica microgreen species were morphological, phytochemical, and sensorial investigated. The morphological assessment revealed that radish microgreens exhibited the highest leaf area (p < 0.05), while red mizuna demonstrated superior yield. Cauliflower microgreens contained the highest concentrations of ascorbic acid (HPLC-DAD) and total phenolic content (p < 0.05). Phytochemical analysis using HPLC-MS/MS identified over 18 glucosinolates and phenolic compounds. Red mustard and red cabbage showed the highest glucosinolate content (p < 0.05). Watercress exhibited the highest phenolic compound content (p < 0.05), primarily flavonoids, while broccoli and radish contained the highest isothiocyanate levels. Cauliflower microgreens resulted in the most consumer-accepted variety. Appling quality indices scoring system identified radish, cauliflower, and broccoli microgreens as the most promising species. This study underscores the potential of Brassica microgreens as an excellent source of health-promoting phytochemicals with favorable market acceptance, providing valuable insights for both nutritional research and commercial applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cruciferous sprouts are rising in popularity as a hallmark of healthy diets, partially because of their phytochemical composition, characterized by the presence of flavonols and cinnamates. However, to shed light on their biological activity, the ability to assimilate (poly)phenols from sprouts (bioaccessible fraction) during gastrointestinal digestion needs to be studied. In this frame, the present work studies the effect of the physicochemical and enzymatic characteristics of gastrointestinal digestion on flavonols and cinnamoyl derivatives, by a simulated static in vitro model, on different cruciferous (red radish, red cabbage, broccoli, and white mustard) sprouts. The results indicate that, although the initial concentrations of phenolic acids in red radish (64.25 mg/g fresh weight (fw)) are lower than in the other sprouts studied, their bioaccessibility after digestion is higher (90.40 mg/g fw), followed by red cabbage (72.52 mg/g fw), white mustard (58.72 mg/g fw), and broccoli (35.59 mg/g fw). These results indicate that the bioaccessibility of (poly)phenols is not exclusively associated with the initial concentration in the raw material, but that the physico-chemical properties of the food matrix, the presence of other additional molecules, and the specific characteristics of digestion are relevant factors in their assimilation.

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a perennial herb from the Cichorium genus, Asteraceae family, and is worldwide cultivated. So far, chicory has been used mainly in animal feed, but also in several cases in the food industry: as salad, for teas and tea blends, for coffee supplementation, and as a source for the inulin production. Nowadays there is an increasing interest in chicory utilization for food production and supplementation. Some compounds present in chicory, such as polyphenols, inulin, oligofructose and sesquiterpene lactones may be considered as potential carriers of food functionality. This review describes nutritional, mineral and bioactive composition of the chicory plant and summarized the main biological activities associated with the presence of bioactive compounds in the different plant parts. Finally, the review explores possibilities of uses of chicory and its implementation in food products, with intention to design new functional foods., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to analyze physicochemical characteristics and phenolic profile of twenty-three sweet cherry cultivars from Fundão region, Portugal. The average length and width ranged between 1.9 and 2.6 and 2.1-2.8 cm, respectively. Weight varied between 4.9 and 11.8 g, firmness ranged from 7.3 to 20.1 N, moisture and ash contents ranged from 75.1 to 88.6% and 0.4 to 2.9%, respectively. Sunburst and Sweetheart presented high values of CIEL∗, a∗ and b∗, and low values regarding total soluble solids and maturity index. A total of 46 phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS n and quantified by HPLC-DAD, namely 19 hydroxycinnamic acids, 2 hydroxybenzoic acids, 13 flavonols, 5 flavan-3-ols, 2 flavanones, 1 flavanonol and 4 anthocyanins. Sunburst and Brook's were the richest in non-colored phenolics, while Garnet and Tavora were the richest ones in anthocyanins. Therefore, our results revealed that sweet cherries represent a supply of high-value bioactive compounds, being greatly influenced by the cultivar., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory, hormone-dependent disease characterized by histological lesions produced by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Despite the fact that an estimated 176 million women are affected worldwide by this gynecological disorder, risk factors that cause endometriosis have not been properly defined and current treatments are not efficient. Although the interaction between diet and human health has been the focus of many studies, little information about the correlation of foods and their bioactive derivates with endometriosis is available. In this framework, Brassica crops have emerged as potential candidates for ameliorating the chronic inflammatory condition of endometriosis, due to their abundant content of health-promoting compounds such as glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products, isothiocyanates. Several inflammation-related signaling pathways have been included among the known targets of isothiocyanates, but those involving aquaporin water channels have an important role in endometriosis. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight the promising effects of the phytochemicals present in Brassica spp. as major candidates for inclusion in a dietary approach aiming to improve the inflammatory condition of women affected with endometriosis. This review points out the potential roles of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates from Brassicas as anti-inflammatory compounds, which might contribute to a reduction in endometriosis symptoms. In view of these promising results, further investigation of the effect of glucosinolates on chronic inflammatory diseases, either as diet coadjuvants or as therapeutic molecules, should be performed. In addition, we highlight the involvement of aquaporins in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. In brief, glucosinolates and the modulation of cellular water by aquaporins could shed light on new approaches to improve the quality of life for women with endometriosis.

Brassica vegetables and their components, the glucosinolates, have been suggested as good candidates as dietary coadjutants to improve health in non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Different preclinical and clinical studies have been performed in the last decade; however, some concerns have been posed on the lack of established and standardized protocols. The different concentration of bioactive compounds used, time of intervention or sample size, and the lack of blinding are some factors that may influence the studies' outcomes. This review aims to analyze the critical points of the studies performed with Brassica -related biomolecules and propose some bases for future trials in order to avoid biases.

Brassicaceae vegetables are important crops consumed worldwide due to their unique flavor, and for their broadly recognized functional properties, which are directly related to their phytochemical composition. Isothiocyanates (ITC) are the most characteristic compounds, considered responsible for their pungent taste. Besides ITC, these vegetables are also rich in carotenoids, phenolics, minerals, and vitamins. Consequently, Brassica's phytochemical profile makes them an ideal natural source for improving the nutritional quality of manufactured foods. In this sense, the inclusion of functional ingredients into food matrices are of growing interest. In the present work, Brassicaceae ingredients, functionality, and future perspectives are reviewed.

Mango is a commercially important tropical fruit. During its processing, peel and seed kernel are discarded as waste but they could be recovered as an excellent and cost-effective source of health-promoting ingredients. This study aimed to characterize some of them, including carotenoids like the provitamin A β-carotene and lutein, with an interest beyond its role in eye health. Other health-promoting compounds like tocopherols and polyphenols were also evaluated, as well as the in vitro antioxidant capacity of mango by-products. Regarding isoprenoids, α-tocopherol was mainly found in the peels and carotenoids concentration was higher in the pulps. β-carotene was the most abundant carotene in pulp and seed kernel, whereas peel was the only source of lutein, with violaxanthin the most abundant xanthophyll in the different mango organs tested. With regard to polyphenols, peels exhibited greater variability in its phenolic composition, being the total content up to 85 and 10 times higher than the pulp and seed kernels, respectively. On the other hand, peels also stood out for being a very rich source of mangiferin. Seed kernels and peels showed higher antioxidant capacity values than the pulps. These results contribute to the valorization of mango by-products as new natural ingredients for the pharma and food industries.

Background: Guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes.) leaves, native of the Ecuadorian Amazon, are popularly used for preparing teas. This study aimed to assess the influence of leaf age on the phenolic compounds and carotenoids and the bioactivity and digestibility (in vitro) of aqueous and hydroalcoholic leaf extracts., Results: In total, 14 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified. Chlorogenic acid and quercetin-3-O-hexose were the main representatives of the hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols respectively. Seven carotenoids were quantified, lutein being the main compound. Ripening affected phenolic content significantly, but there was no significant difference in carotenoid content. Antioxidant capacity, measured by the DPPH • method, was also significantly affected by leaf age. The measurement of in vitro digestibility showed a decrease in phenolic content (59%) as well as antioxidant capacity, measured by the ABTS •+ method, in comparison with initial conditions of the guayusa infusion. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities were assayed with young leaves owing to their higher phenolic contents. Guayusa did not show any antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 or Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Finally, the hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts exhibited high in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (>65%)., Conclusion: Young guayusa leaves have potential applications as a functional ingredient in food and pharmaceutical industries. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) L.H. Bailey is an exotic fruit native to South America, known as taxo in Ecuador. This paper characterizes its flavonoid and carotenoid composition and antioxidant capacity and evaluates the effect of the spray-drying process on its phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity. A total of 18 flavonoid compounds, nine proanthocyanidins and nine flavan-3-ol monomers, were identified and quantified. Glycosides of (epi)-afzelechin stood out as the most abundant flavonoid. Three carotenoids were identified, with β-carotene having the highest concentration. The DPPH · and ORAC assay methods indicated a high antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, the bioactive content showed a positive and direct correlation with antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, the spray-drying process produced a stable phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of taxo . These results demonstrate the potential applicability of microencapsulated taxo as a functional ingredient in the food industry.

Rocket salad is an important vegetable for the ready-to-eat sector, normally cultivated under greenhouse conditions, either in soil or soilless systems. In the latter case, as well as in the nurseries, its cultivation is usually carried out by using peat as a growing medium—a non-renewable substrate—for which it is urgent to find a replacement. Similarly to peat, compost may be used as a growing medium; however, depending on its origin, the chemical and physical characteristics may not bet suitable for plants' cultivation. In this study, we propose the use of agro-industrial compost as a substitute for peat for rocket salad cultivation. Plants grown in compost, alone or in combination with the second cut of rocket salad, gave better results in several biometric parameters, without negatively affecting yield and dry weight percentage. As a mechanistic approach to further understand how compost can affect plants' stress, the qualitative profile of phytochemicals (glucosinolates and (poly)phenols)—recognized markers of biotic and abiotic plant stress—were monitored and exhibited a decreasing trend in plants grown using compost relative to those cultivated with peat. The analysis of vitamin C provided information on the achievement of an enhanced concentration by the compost, especially in the second cut. It can be inferred from the results obtained that the compost used as a growing medium may be used as a peat-free substrate for rocket crop cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid blood cells mainly treated with chemotherapy for cancer remission, but this non-selective treatment also induces numerous side effects. Investigations with bioactive compounds from plant-derived foods against cancer have increased in the last years because there is an urgent need to search for new anti-leukemic agents possessing higher efficacy and selectivity for AML cells and fewer negative side effects. In this study, we analyzed the anti-leukemic activity of several phytochemicals that are representative of the major classes of compounds present in cruciferous foods (glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins) in the human acute myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60. Our results revealed that among the different Brassica-derived compounds assayed, sulforaphane (SFN) (an aliphatic isothiocyanate) showed the most potent anti-leukemic activity with an IC50 value of 6 µM in dose-response MTT assays after 48 h of treatment. On the other hand, chlorogenic acid (a hydroxycinnamic acid) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (an anthocyanin) also displayed anti-leukemic potential, with IC50 values of 7 µM and 17 µM after 48 h of incubation, respectively. Importantly, these compounds did not show significant cell toxicity in macrophages-like differentiated cells at 10 and 25 µM, indicating that their cytotoxic effects were specific to AML cancer cells. Finally, we found that these three compounds were able to induce the NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner, highlighting SFN as the most potent NRF2 activator. Overall, the present evidence shed light on the potential for using foods and ingredients rich in anticancer bioactive phytochemicals from Brassica spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The native Chilean white strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis f. chiloensis) is a semi-domesticated crop that has a characteristic aroma and flavor and a low production in southern Chile. However, edaphoclimatic conditions can influence on fruit quality attributes and its health benefits. Establishing a link between seasonal changes and aroma or biological activity require detailed research in exploring bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVE: The present work assessed how seasonal and local changes varied the content of bioactive compounds and therefore change their aromatic quality and the response of biological activity. METHODS: White Strawberry from two seasons and two locations were investigated; FCC1, FCC2 (Fragaria chiloensis from Contulmo, 2017 and 2018 season, respectively), FCP1, FCP2 (F. chiloensis from Purén, 2017 and 2018 season, respectively). Measurement of changes on volatile compounds were studied by SPME/GC-MS. Analyses of variations on phenolic compounds were investigated by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn with total polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity by using DPPH• and ORAC assays by spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods. The relationship between different concentrations of compounds and in vitro biological activity including inhibitory tests for α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase were analyzed. RESULTS: In the fruit extracts, 38 volatiles and 27 phenolic compounds were identified detecting differences among the samples, being affected by climatic conditions and location. The total content of ellagic acid and its derivatives was 6.54 mg 100 g–1 FW for FCC1, showing statistical differences with respect to the rest strawberries. Nonetheless, the antioxidant capacity tests revealed high antioxidant capacity for all samples, being FCP2 the significantly highest activity (3314μmol Trolox 100 g–1 FW by DPPH• assay) compared to the rest of locations and seasons. Additional inhibitory tests α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase showed statistically differences due to seasonal and location changes where was observed higher ellagic acid derivates content and bioactivity. The Chilean white strawberry extracts were effective inhibitors of α-glucosidase (non-competitive) and acetylcholinesterase (competitive) activities, respectively, presenting FCC1 the most potent inhibitory effects. CONCLUSIONS: A higher ellagic acid content in Chilean white strawberry, affected by seasonal and location changes, influenced on the biological activity potential. Therefore, the relatively high antioxidant capacity, phytochemical composition and biological activity potential, of these aromatic fruits, offer a great opportunity for the rural developments, however it will be necessary to implement good practices that would guarantee batch-to-batch replicability for quality and composition of these foods for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactivity potential of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) juice and pomace was explored by performing four different antioxidant in vitro assays and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition assay on their lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts. The content of major phytochemicals responsible for bioactivity was determined using HPLC-DAD and HPLC/UV-PAD/ESI-MSn. Rutin was found in higher quantity in pomace, while juice was richer in caffeoyl-hexosides. Ferric ion reducing ability (FRAP) of both pomace extracts was significantly higher than those of juice, while juice hydrophilic extract showed higher nitric oxide radical scavenging capacity. Tomato carotenoids were shown to be more efficient superoxide anion scavengers than phenolic compounds which, in turn, showed higher activity in FRAP assay. ACE inhibitory activity of pomace hydrophilic extract was significantly higher than that of juice at extract concentration of 10 mg/mL. This gives the tomato pomace a new possible utilization for economic and eco-friendly tomato juice and paste production. Practical Applications During industrial processing of tomato into juice, a by-product - tomato pomace is formed, consisting mainly of skin and seeds. Tomato pomace could be extracted consecutively with hexane and ethanol as environmentally preferable solvents, giving extracts which contain carotenoids and phenolic compounds. These extracts possess bioactivity potential and could be used as ingredients for value added food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elicitation is a good strategy to induce physiological changes and stimulate defense or stress-induced responses in plants. The elicitor treatments trigger the synthesis of phytochemical compounds in fruits, vegetables and herbs. These metabolites have been widely investigated as bioactive compounds responsible of plant cell adaptation to the environment, specific organoleptic properties of foods, and protective effects in human cells against oxidative processes in the development of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. Biotic (biological origin), abiotic (chemical or physical origin) elicitors and phytohormones have been applied alone or in combinations, in hydroponic solutions or sprays, and in different selected time points of the plant growth or during post-harvest. Understanding how plant tissues and their specific secondary metabolic pathways respond to specific treatments with elicitors would be the basis for designing protocols to enhance the production of secondary metabolites, in order to produce quality and healthy fresh foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Phytochemical and biological evaluation of Latin-American fruits. [•] Maqui berry performed best in alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay. [•] Maqui and acai berries showed high antioxidant capacity. [•] Latin-American fruits are rich sources of pigments and bioactives. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Members of the Brassicaceae are known for their contents of nutrients and health-promoting phytochemicals, including glucosinolates. The concentrations of these chemopreventive compounds (glucosinolate-degradation products, the bioactive isothiocyanates) may be modified under salinity. In this work, the effect of the aliphatic glucosinolate sinigrin (2-propenyl-glucosinolate) on plant water balance, involving aquaporins, was explored under salt stress. For this purpose, water uptake and its transport through the plasma membrane were determined in plants after NaCl addition, when sinigrin was also supplied. We found higher hydraulic conductance (L0) and water permeability (Pf) and increased abundance of PIP2 aquaporins after the direct administration of sinigrin, showing the ability of the roots to promote cellular water transport across the plasma membrane in spite of the stress conditions imposed. The higher content of the allyl-isothiocyanate and the absence of sinigrin in the plant tissues suggest that the isothiocyanate is related to water balance; in fact, a direct effect of this nitro-sulphate compound on water uptake is proposed. This work provides the first evidence that the addition of a glucosinolate can regulate aquaporins and water transport: this effect and the mechanism(s) involved merit further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to design new isotonic drinks with lemon juice and berries: maqui [ Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz], açaí ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa L.), following on from previous research. Quality parameters - including colour (CIELab parameters), minerals, phytochemical identification and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector, total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, the antioxidant capacity (ABTS+, DPPH• and assays) and biological activities ( in vitro alpha-glucosidase and lipase inhibitory effects) - were tested in the samples and compared to commercially available isotonic drinks. The new isotonic blends with lemon and anthocyanins-rich berries showed an attractive colour, especially in maqui samples, which is essential for consumer acceptance. Significantly higher antioxidant and biological effects were determined in the new blends, in comparison with the commercial isotonic beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Broccoli has risen as rich in bioactive phytochemicals (glucosinolates and phenolic compounds) closely linked with the reduction of cancer risk. Green tea infusion is a beverage that also contains anticarcinogenic compounds, mainly represented by flavanols. The compounds present in new broccoli-enriched green tea drinks and their potential antitumoral activity in vitro were evaluated. The distinct compounds present in the prepared beverages were identified by HPLC–PAD–ESI-MSn and quantified by HPLC–PAD. Caco-2 and CCD-18Co cell lines were exposed to growing percentages (0.2–5%) of infusions of distinct combinations of plant material. The time-dependent cytotoxicity on the malignant cells was also achieved. Cell death was evaluated by trypan blue dye exclusion and a more efficient specific cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cells was observed on the cells incubated with the mixture of broccoli and green tea than on cells exposed to control infusions. Broccoli added to green tea resulted in a combination of phytochemicals with antitumoral activity with potential for further developments in mechanistic models and the design of novel foods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Determining ontogenic diversity in vegetables, in general or Brassicas in particular, regarding the bioactive content, is an interesting task since the most promising Brassicaceae foods could have the highest nutritional and health-promoting properties. Therefore, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, glucosinolate content, and total antioxidant capacity were evaluated in commercial cultivars of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica; cv. Nubia, cv. Marathon and cv. Viola) seeds and during the sprouting period. Vitamin C was not detected in dormant seeds and its content increased with the germination, reaching values ranging from 53 (cv. Nubia) to 64 (cv. Marathon) mg/100g FW, at the end of the monitored period (14days). The total glucosinolate content in seeds and 3-day-old sprouts was higher in cv. Marathon (1005 and 556mg/100g FW, respectively), however cv. Viola sprouts registered the highest glucosinolate content 7 and 14days after sowing (235 and 208mg/100g FW, respectively). Aliphatic glucosinolates were more affected by genetic factors than the indolic glucosinolates, being glucoraphanin the predominant glucosinolate in cv. Nubia and cv. Marathon, whereas glucoiberin was the major glucosinolate in cv. Viola. The flavonoid and total phenolic content was significantly higher in cv. Viola. Also, seeds of this cultivar showed the highest antioxidant capacity (2.7mg Trolox/g FW). This study confirmed that the potential value of edible broccoli sprouts for human health depends largely on the genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Broccoli is a nutritious vegetable and a good source of vitamins and minerals. It also contains important antioxidant phytochemicals like β-carotene and α-tocopherol, indoles and isothiocyanates. On the other hand, edible sprouts are novel nutritive plant-derived foods, good source of flavonoids and other polyphenols (). Anthocyanins have also been previously isolated from the Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) presenting unusually complex structures with one or more cinnamic acids but, as far as we are aware, never reported for broccoli sprouts. For this purpose, we studied the sprouts of commercial broccoli destined for head productions (‘Marathon’ and ‘Nubia’), a variety produced for edible sprouts (‘Intersemillas’ sprouts) and a purple broccoli sprouts (‘Viola’). Using HPLC–UV photo-diode array detection (PAD)–electrospray ionisation (ESI)-MS/MS (HPLC–PAD–ESI-MS/MS), acylated anthocyanins were characterised. The main peaks were cyanidin-3-O-diglucoside-5-O-glucoside acylated and double acylated with p-coumaric, sinapic, caffeic, ferulic or sinapic acids, with at least three predominant anthocyanins isomers of cyanidin 3-O-(acyl)diglucoside-5-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-(acyl1)(acyl2)diglucoside-5-O-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-O-(acyl1)(acyl2)diglucoside-5-O-(malonyl)glucoside, within the 17 different anthocyanins characterised in broccoli sprouts for the first time. The qualitative and quantitative differences in the anthocyanin composition between the ‘green head’ broccoli cultivars (Marathon, Nubia), the green variety-for-sprouts (Intersemillas), and the richest variety in anthocyanins, the early purple sprouting broccoli sprouts (‘Viola’), showed the dependence on cultivar to drive the phytochemical load of vegetable foods. The broccoli sprouts could be potential naturally-healthy functional foods at the seedling stage for delivering significant levels of bioactive compounds besides other flavonoids, glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates, together with vitamins and minerals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Brassica rapa rapa group is widely distributed and consumed in northwestern Spain. The consumption of Brassica vegetables has been related to human health due to their phytochemicals, such as glucosinolates and phenolic compounds that induce a variety of physiological functions including antioxidant activity, enzymes regulation and apoptosis control and the cell cycle. For first time in Brassica crops, intact glucosinolates and phenolic compounds were simultaneously identified and characterized. Twelve intact glucosinolates, belonging to the three chemical classes, and more than 30 phenolic compounds were found in B. rapa leaves and young shoots (turnip greens and turnip tops) by LC–UV photodiode array detection (PAD)–electrospray ionization (ESI). The main naturally occurring phenolic compounds identified were flavonoids and derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acids. The majority of the flavonoids were kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin glycosylated and acylated with different hydroxycinnamic acids. Quantification of the main compounds by HPLC-PAD showed significant differences for most of compounds between plant organs. Total glucosinolate content value was 26.84μmolg−1 dw for turnip greens and 29.11μmolg−1 dw for turnip tops; gluconapin being the predominant glucosinolate (23.2μmolg−1 dw). Phenolic compounds were higher in turnip greens 51.71μmolg−1 dw than in turnip tops 38.99μmolg−1 dw, in which flavonols were always the major compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study was to determine the grain composition and (poly)phenolic profile of pollen from Abrantes (Portugal), as well as its antioxidative and antidiabetic properties, and abilities to protect human erythrocytes against induced hemoglobin oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and hemolysis. The phytochemical profile of the Abrantes' bee pollen revealed twenty phenolic compounds, identified by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with photodiode array detection. Among them, quercetin derivatives were the most abundant. Concerning the biological potential, the pollen extract showed notable capacity for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, and superoxide radicals, as well as for inhibition of α-glucosidase action, and protection of human erythrocytes against oxidative damage. Non-cytotoxic effects regarding the NHDF normal cell line, human adenocarcinoma Caco-2, and human liver HepG2 cells were observed. The results obtained contributed to further research on modes of action related to oxidative damage and metabolic health problems, to generate deeper knowledge of potential health-promoting effects to develop novel pharmaceutical drugs, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effect of microwave-bag cooking method on main bioactive compounds of broccoli was evaluated for the first time. • Microwave-bag cooking preserved total glucosinolate content and antioxidant capacity compared to conventional microwaving. • In microwave cooking the volatilization phenomenon could predominate over the thermal degradation of glucosinolates. • Hydroxycinnamic acids content was reduced during cooking, regardless of microwaving method applied. • The microwave-bag cooked florets showed indeed a greater reduction in the microbial counts than conventionally cooked. Cooking vegetables in microwave bags is becoming a popular domestic cooking method, being relevant to know how this cooking method affects health-promoting phytochemicals of staples such as broccoli. The aim of this work was to study the effect of microwave bag cooking versus conventional microwaving on bioactive compound content (glucosinolates and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives) and other quality parameters (such as antioxidant capacity, mineral content and microbial load) of broccoli florets. The influence of cooking time on bioactive compounds content was also evaluated. The study was carried out in two independent experiments; using intact broccoli and broccoli preprocessed in industry. Microwave bag cooked broccoli for 5 min (following label recommendation) showed higher glucosinolate content retention compared to conventional microwaving. Results suggest that volatilization could be an important phenomenon in reduction of glucosinolates during microwave cooking of broccoli florets. Glucosinolate profile did not change after cooking, regardless of cooking method applied. Furthermore, microwave bag cooked broccoli presented higher antioxidant capacity (by DPPH assay) than conventional microwaved broccoli. Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives content was reduced in microwave cooking, regardless of method applied. Altogether, the use of microwave bags for microwaving is a novel method that retains main bioactive components of broccoli. This option is a fast, easy and considerably clean cooking option to fulfill modern consumer needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cruciferous sprouts (e.g. broccoli and red radish) are rich source of health-promoting phytochemicals that are more concentrated than in the adult plant edible organs; however, these tiny microgreens need cold storage conditions to preserve their quality to reach the consumers in microbiologically safe conditions, maintaining their composition and acceptability. In this work, the microbiological status and phytochemical composition of broccoli and radish sprouts were evaluated at harvest (Day 0), and after seven and fourteen days of storage at 5 and 10 °C. Pathogenic microorganisms were absent during shelf-life; nevertheless, the slight growth of Enterobacteriaceae organisms, aerobic mesophilic and psychotropic bacteria, molds and yeasts was assessed. The storage temperature influenced the quality and content of bioactives in the sprouts, and for practical applications, storage at 5 °C is the most suitable option. Moreover, these fresh crucifers remain acceptable for consumers after 14 d storage period, being an interesting option for consuming fresh and naturally-functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn deficiency is currently listed as a major risk factor for human health. Recently, a complimentary solution to mineral malnutrition termed ‘biofortification’ has been proposed. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of a Zn-biofortification program on Zn levels, amino acidic profile and the phytochemicals content in an edible leafy vegetable, such as Brassica oleracea cv. Bronco. Our results indicate that supplementation of 80–100 μM Zn is optimal for maintaining the normal growth of plants and to promote the major Zn concentration in the edible part of B. oleracea . Any further increase of Zn supply induced an accumulation of total amino acids, and increased the enzymatic activities involved in sulfur assimilation and synthesis of phenols, finally resulting in a foliar accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds. Thus, it could be proposed that the growth of B. oleracea under 80–100 μM Zn may increase the intake of this micronutrient and other beneficial compunds for the human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for and availability of blueberries has increased substantially over recent years, driven in part by their health-promoting properties. Three blueberry varieties (‘Rocío’, V2, and V3) were grown under two cultivation systems (open-field and plastic tunnels) and subjected to two irrigations regimes (100% and 80% of crop evapotranspiration) in two consecutive years (2011–2012). They were evaluated for their phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity. Genotype influenced the antioxidant capacity and the content of the three groups of phenolics in the blueberries. The antioxidant activity and total flavonols content increased when the blueberries were grown under open-field conditions. Deficit irrigation conditions led to additional positive effects on their phenolics (delphinidn-3-acetilhexoside content was increased under plastic tunnel with deficit irrigation). In conclusion, the amount of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity of blueberries were not negatively affected by water restriction; Moreover, several changes were recorded due to growing system and genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winery industry is a major agro-economic activity in Southern European countries, which entails the production of high amounts of by-products with environmental/economic consequences in the local area. New potential resources of phytochemicals with biological activity are being claimed to substitute used drugs and synthetic protective compounds. The present study describes the phenolic content of grape ( Vitis vinifera L.) stems from red ( n 4) and white ( n 3) cultivars grown in Northern Portugal under continental climate. The HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS n analysis revealed the presence of six proanthocyanidins, five flavonols, three anthocyanins, two hydroxycinnamic acids, and one stilbene. Nine compounds are described for the first time in grape stems. Caftaric acid, quercetin-3- O -glucuronide, malvidin derivatives, and epicatechin were the main metabolites, representing from 54% to 75% of the total phenolic content, in all cultivars analyzed. The quantitative analysis showed that red varieties were richer in proanthocyanidins, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and anthocyanins than the white cultivars, whereas white varieties presented the higher content in quercetin-3- O -rutinoside and Σ-viniferin (resveratrol dimer). Both red and white stem extracts proved to be strong radical scavengers by DPPH , ABTS + , FRAP, ORAC FL , and O 2 − antioxidant assays, with stems of red varieties displaying better results for all tests developed. These data point out that grape stems are a rich source of health-promoting phytochemicals for feed, food or nutraceutical developments after further processing and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broccoli is considered one of the healthiest vegetables due to its high content of beneficial biologically active compounds, i.e. the breakdown products of glucosinolates (GLSs), the isothiocyanates (ITCs). The aim of this work was to characterize the production of ITCs (sulforaphane and iberin and related metabolites) from different sources of GLSs by means of comparison between different broccoli cultivars and commercial samples in terms of their composition and in vitro bioavailability. Differences in the major intact GLSs were observed between the different experimental and commercial samples, showing lower concentrations of GLSs in the latter. The simulation of digestion reduced the concentration of the parent phytochemicals (GLSs), producing via hydrolysis the biologically active ITCs. The commercial samples showed lower levels of ITCs than the experimental broccoli cultivars. Measurement of GLSs by UPLCQqQ- MS/MS allowed for exact quantification of these compounds, particularly ITCs, which will help in future cancer chemoprevention studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, black chokeberry concentrate was added (5% w/v) to lemon juice, since previous reports suggested potential health benefits of this blend. The phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity (scavenging of DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, and hypochlorous acid), and inhibitory activity against cholinesterase of the new blend were determined and compared with those of lemon juice and chokeberry in citric acid (5%). The chokeberry concentrate, rich in cyanidin-glycosides, quercetin derivatives, and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and lemon juice, possessing flavones, flavanones, quercetin derivates, and hydroxycinnamic acids, were characterised. The new drink showed a higher antioxidant effect than the chokeberry or lemon controls for all the tested methods, except for hypochlorous acid, in which lemon juice displayed higher activity. Both the lemon juice and chokeberry controls inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, and this effect was increased in the new mixtures. The results of the different radical scavenging assays indicate that the lemon–black chokeberry (5% w/v) mixture was more antioxidative than the respective controls separately. Moreover, their inhibition of cholinesterase is of interest regarding neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, or senile dementia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]