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The use of biobased flame-retardant (FR) agents for reducing the flammability of polyester/cotton (T/C) blend fabrics is highly desirable. In this study, a novel and sustainable phosphorus/nitrogen-containing FR, namely, phytic acid–urea (PA-UR) salt, was synthesized. The PA-UR salt was further used to enhance the FR performance of T/C fabric through surface modification. We further explored the potential chemical structure of PA-UR and the surface morphology, thermal stability, heat release capacity, FR properties, and mode of action of the coated fabric. The coated fabric achieved self-extinguishing and exhibited an increased limiting oxygen index of 31.8%. Moreover, the coated T/C blend fabric demonstrated a significantly reduced heat release capacity, indicating a decreased fire hazard. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the anticipated decomposition of the coated T/C blend fabric and a subsequent increase in thermal stability. The burned char residues also maintained their fiber shape structures, suggesting the presence of condensed FR actions in the PA-UR-coated T/C blend fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyester/cotton (T/C) blend fabrics are highly flammable due to the particular "scaffolding effect". In this work, an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) agent containing P, N, and B was designed and synthesized using bio-based phytic acid, pentaerythritol, boric acid, and urea. The IFR compounds were deposited onto a T/C blend fabric by the surface-coating route. The chemical structure of IFR agent and its potential cross-linking reactions with T/C fibers were characterized. The morphology, thermal stability, heat-release ability, flame retardancy, and mechanism of coated T/C blend fabrics were explored. The self-extinguishing action was observed for the coated T/C blend fabric with a weight gain of 13.7%; the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value increased to 27.1% versus 16.9% for a pristine one. Furthermore, the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coating imparted T/C blend fabrics with high thermal stability and significantly suppressed heat release by nearly 50%. The char residue analyses on morphology and element content confirmed the intumescent FR action for coated T/C blend fabrics. The prepared IFR coating has great potential to serve as an eco-friendly approach for improving the flame retardancy of T/C blend textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flame-retardant (FR) properties of polyurethane (PU)-coated polyester fabrics used in outdoor settings are unsatisfactory. This study aimed to enhance the FR performance of PU-coated polyester fabrics by synthesizing a series of metallic phytate salts through the chelation of phytic acid and four metal ions (Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+). The flame retardancy, washing durability, mechanical properties, combustion performance, and FR mechanism of coated PET fabrics were investigated. Among the different metallic phytate salts, phytate aluminum salt exhibited stable FR efficiency without significantly affecting the mechanical performance of the fabric. The coated polyester fabric with 4 wt% phytate aluminum salt possessed a high LOI of 34.2 %, and achieved self-extinguishing action and met the requirements for B 1 classification. The coated fabric also displayed remarkable flame retardancy and durability, even after undergoing 50 washing cycles. Moreover, the addition of phytate aluminum salt resulted in a significant reduction of 34.3 % and 56.8 % in total heat and smoke release, respectively, indicating high fire safety. The phytate aluminum salt acted as a catalyst for the dehydration and carbonization of the PU-coated polyester in the condensed phase. This research introduces a novel approach for producing sustainable and long-lasting FR PU-coated polyester fabrics. [Display omitted] • Phytate salt is derived from resourceful plants or crops. • Phytate aluminum salt has high flame retardancy and washing durability on PU-coated polyester fabric. • Phytate aluminum salt significantly reduced the smoke and heat production of PU-coated polyester fabric. • Phytate aluminum salt offers an eco-friendly, long-lasting flame-retardant system for PU-coated outdoor polyester fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A water-soluble polyelectrolyte complex was prepared using phytic acid and polyethyleneimine. • Polyelectrolyte complex was applied to wool textile by a single dip coating technique. • Polyelectrolyte complex coating imparted good flame retardancy to wool textile. • Polyelectrolyte complex coating had appreciable washing resistance on fabric surface. The one-step polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) deposition approach shows great potential and feasibility to prepare flame retardant (FR) textile materials. This study developed a water-soluble PEC system by using phytic acid (PA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) at pH 1.5 to improve the flame retardancy of wool fabric. After being dipped in the PEC solution, the wool fabric was treated with the pH 4 buffer solution to form a water-insoluble coating on the fabric surface. The coated wool substrates had superior inflating ability during the thermal radiation and flammability tests, giving rise to the greatly suppressed heat and smoke generation performance, and increased FR efficiency of wool fabrics through an intumescent charring mechanism. The coated wool fabric with the PEC consisting of 15% PA and 15% PEI was still able to self-extinguish after 10 washing cycles, demonstrating its good FR ability and durability to washing. The appreciable washing durability of the coated wool could be attributed to the abilities of PA and PEI to combine with each other to form insoluble coating on wool fiber surface and to ionically and covalently cross-link with wool fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A water-soluble polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) consisting of bio-resourced phytic acid and chitosan was fabricated at pH 1.3 and used to improve the flame retardancy of wool fabric by the repeated coating technique. Citric acid was used as a solvent for chitosan and a cross-linker. The PEC coated wool fabric was treated in a pH 4 buffer solution to yield a water-insoluble coating on the fabric surface. The flame retardant efficiency and durability to washing of the PEC coating on wool fabric were discussed. The growing deposit times with the PEC caused an increase in flame retardancy of wool fabric. One coating deposition with the PEC consisting of 10% phytic acid and 2% chitosan effectively ceased the fabric burning. Five depositions could still extinguish the flame on the fabric after ten washings, indicating good washing durability of the treated wool. Both the insolubilization treatment of the PEC coating and the cross-linking action of citric acid between chitosan and wool fiber were highly beneficial to the appreciable washing durability. The morphological structure of char residues revealed a significant intumescent charring mechanism for the treated wool. This study reveals that the PEC coating by bio-resourced materials can be used to prepare flame retardant wool textiles, and exhibits less processing steps and lower cost than the layer by layer assembly. Image 1 • A polyelectrolyte is prepared using bio-resourced phytic acid and chitosan. • Polyelectrolyte is an eco-friendly flame retardant. • Polyelectrolyte is applied by the repeated coating. • Polyelectrolyte imparts durable flame retardancy to wool textile. • Polyelectrolyte acts as an intumescent flame retardant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bio-derived phytic acid exhibits great potential to improve the flame retardancy of textile materials, but it has poor washing durability. In order to address this problem, an efficient, reactive, and phosphorus-containing flame retardant (FR) HPPHBTCA was synthesized using phytic acid, pentaerythritol and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid, and the chemical structure of HPPHBTCA was characterized. HPPHBTCA was applied to develop FR functional wool fabric, and its FR efficiency and washing durability were evaluated. The wool fabric treated with 0.14 mol/L HPPHBTCA had self-extinguishing performance even after 20 washing cycles during the vertical burning test, presenting good FR ability and resistance to washing. The catalytic char-forming effect of HPPHBTCA contributed to the enhanced FR and smoke suppression properties of wool fabric, and the ester bonds formed between HPPHBTCA and wool fiber resulted in the good washing durability. The HPPHBTCA treatment had a negligible effect on the whiteness, tensile strength and handle of wool fabric. This study offers a novel route to prepare the eco-friendly and durable FR agent using natural and phosphorus-containing compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of sustainable, efficient and durable flame-retardant (FR) coating for silk fabric using plant-derived phytic acid is of great interest. This work synthesized a novel and reactive intumescent FR agent namely glycidyl phytate isocyanurate (GPIC) through ring-opening addition reaction using phytic acid and 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate. Then, the durable FR coated silk fabric was developed with GPIC through the surface coating route. The chemical structure of GPIC, and its cross-linking mechanism with silk, the smoke and heat generation performance, flame retardancy and washing durability of coated silk were studied. The coated silk fabric with a weight gain of 13.6 % could self-extinguish and possessed a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 32.5 %. GPIC coating would be covalently cross-linked onto silk fabric and the coated silk fabric could withstand 30 washing cycles, displaying high washing durability. GPIC coating also significantly suppressed the smoke and heat generation of silk fabric during combustion. The coated silk fabrics had high thermal stability and left significant inflated char residues after the burning tests. The intumescent FR performance of GPIC was beneficial from the synergistic effect of phytate and triazine-trione groups. [Display omitted] • Sustainable and reactive glycidyl phytate isocyanurate (GPIC) intumescent flame-retardant is synthesized. • GPIC coating is grafted on silk surface through covalent reaction. • GPIC coating has high flame retardancy and durability on silk textile. • GPIC coating functions by taking advantage of synergistic action of phytate and triazine-trione groups. • GPIC coating offers an eco-friendly and durable flame-retardant approach for silk in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and durable organic-inorganic flame retardant (FR) system for wool fabric was fabricated using natural phytic acid (PA), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). In order to address the diffusion barrier action of wool fiber to the FR agents, an additional exhaustion process was employed ahead of the traditional pad-dry-cure procedure. The flame retardancy, smoke generation, thermal stability, and washing durability of the treated fabrics were discussed. The PA/TiO 2 /BTCA system endowed wool fabric with excellent flame retardancy and washing durability. The treated fabric was still able to self-extinguish after 30 washing cycles. Moreover, the FR system effectively reduced the smoke generation capacity. Thermogravimetry test shows that the FR system altered the thermal decomposition behavior of wool, and the formation of thermal protective intumescent char mainly contributed to the improved flame retardancy, revealing a significant condensed-phase FR mechanism of the treated wool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel phosphorus-rich hybrid organic-inorganic silica coating for improving the flame retardancy of silk fabric was prepared using naturally occurring phytic acid as phosphorus precursor and catalyst for the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane. In addition, three silane coupling agents, namely 3-aminopropyldimethoxymethylsilane, 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, were added in the hybrid sol as cross-linkers with the aim of developing hydrophobic coatings and improving the washing durability of the treated silk fabric. The condensation degree of the hybrid sol was characterized by solid-state 29 Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The flammability and thermal degradation properties of the treated silk fabrics were determined in terms of limiting oxygen index, vertical burning, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses. The surface morphology and hydrophobicity of the treated silk fabrics were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and water contact angle tests. The flammability tests revealed that the silicon sol could endow silk fabric with excellent flame retardancy when doped with phytic acid, and the treated silk fabrics self-extinguished immediately when the ignition source was removed. The silk fabrics treated with the modified hybrid sols exhibited hydrophobic surface and also better durability to washing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work reported a novel approach to develop flame retardant silk fabric using naturally occurring phytic acid (PA) rich in phosphorus and TiO 2 nanoparticles through a pad-dry-cure technique. A polycarboxylic acid [1,2,3,4–butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA)] was employed to stabilize and improve the adhesion of TiO 2 on silk surface. The flame retardancy of the treated silk fabric was determined in terms of limiting oxygen index, vertical burning, and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry, and the durability of flame retardancy to washing was discussed. PA and TiO 2 were found to have a joint flame retardant effect. The combination of PA, TiO 2 and BTCA was able to endow silk fabric with excellent flame retardancy, and the good flame retardant ability was kept even after 25 times of washing. The reasons for the good washing durability of the treated silk fabric were discussed. Finally, a significant condensed-phase flame retardant mechanism of the silk fabric treated with the PA/TiO 2 /BTCA system was revealed by the analyses of thermogravimetry and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sustainable and reactive pentaerythritol phytate ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ester (PPEDTE) intumescent flame-retardant is synthesized. • PPEDTE coating is grafted on silk surface through covalent reaction. • PPEDTE coating has high flame retardancy and durability on silk textile. • PPEDTE coating offers an eco-friendly and durable flame-retardant approach for silk in practical applications. The exploitation of plant-derived phytic acid as effective and durable flame retardant (FR) for textiles is of great significance for developing novel and ecological functional textile products. In the present study, a reactive and phytate-based FR namely pentaerythritol phytate ethylenediaminetetraacetic ester (PPEDTE) prepared by the esterification of phytic acid, pentaerythritol and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was investigated as intumescent FR agent for silk fabric. The chemical structure of PPEDTE and its potential grafting mechanism on silk were studied. The thermal stability, heat and smoke suppression property, flame retardancy and washing resistance on silk fabric were studied. The deposition and covalently cross-linked PPEDTE on silk fabric enabled it to self-extinguish in vertical burning test. The coated silk fabric with an add-on of higher than 10.7% could withstand 15 washing cycles, displaying good washing durability. The intumescent FR coating remarkably decreased the release of heat and smoke of silk during burning. The coated silk had high thermal stability and left significant combustion residues after the burning tests. These results demonstrate that the synthesized PPEDTE warrant potential as efficient and reactive intumescent FR approach for silk. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-based phytic acid as a nontoxic naturally occurring compound has a promising prospect in the field of the flame retardant modification of polymers because of its high phosphorus content. Bio-based and bio-degradable poly(lactic acid) has aroused considerable interest and its use is growing, but its flame retardancy needs to be improved when it is used as a flame retardant material. In this work, phytic acid was used to improve the flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid) nonwoven fabric by a pad-dry-cure technique, and the effect of phytic acid dosage on the flammability as well as the flame retardant mechanism of the treated fabric was discussed. The limiting oxygen index and vertical burning tests revealed that the treated fabric exhibited good flame retardancy. The microscale combustion calorimetry analysis showed that the treated fabric had significantly decreased heat release rate, total heat release and heat release capacity compared with the untreated fabric. The char residue formation of the treated fabric during thermal degradation, and the high phosphorus content of the burned fabric residue suggested that a significant condensed-phase mechanism contributed to the flame retardancy of the treated fabric. The flame retardant system in the present study is applicable to the poly(lactic acid) fabrics without the durability requirement. The use of phytic acid provides an opportunity for producing the flame retardant poly(lactic acid) materials using a sustainable and cleaner flame retardant agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploitation of resourceful plant derivatives for fabricating durable flame retardant (FR) textiles is of great interest. Herein, this study offers a novel and facile approach for developing FR wool fabric by covalently grafting bio-based ammonium phytate (APH) onto wool fibers. The potential grafting action of APH with wool fibers, the flame retardancy and washing durability, smoke and heat emission performance and FR mechanism of modified wool fabrics were explored. The modified wool fabrics could pass the vertical burning B 1 classification with a reduced char length of approximately 10.0 cm from 30.0 cm, and they also had an increased LOI of approximately 32.0% from 23.6%. The modified wool fabrics possessed increased tensile strength; they also self-extinguished during the vertical burning test after 15 washing cycles, which was attributed to the cross-linking action of APH with wool fibers. Besides, a significant reduction in smoke and heat release of wool fabric was achieved after FR grafting. The investigations on char residue confirmed the intumescent FR mechanism for APH modified wool fabrics. In general, the present study provides an industrial feasible strategy to prepare sustainable and durable FR wool fabrics using phytate derivatives. [Display omitted] • Phytate derivative APH is obtained from resourceful crops. • APH covalent grafting approach is a green, sustainable and promising technique. • APH covalent grafting approach shows high flame-retardant efficiency and durability on wool fabric. • APH covalent grafting approach offers a cleaner and industrial feasible way to minimize fire hazards of wool textile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Highly sticky functional coating is in-situ fabricated on silk surface. • The functional coating is grafted on silk surface through covalent reaction. • The functional coating has high flame retardancy and thermal stability on silk textile. • The functional coating pyrolyzes through intumescent charring mechanism. • The functional coating offers an effective and durable strategy to minimize fire hazards of silk textile. The novel strategies for fabricating durable flame retardant (FR) silk fabric with biomass phytic acid (PA) is of interest. In this study, a highly sticky coating was in-situ developed on the surface of silk fabric by adsorption of PA, 1,4-Phthalaldehyde and followed by adsorption of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550). The Schiff base reaction would occur between 1,4-Phthalaldehyde and silk fiber/KH550, and thus the sticky coating could be firmly grafted on silk surface. The thermal degradation, smoke and heat emission properties, flame retardancy, and washing durability of coated silk were explored. The FR coating displayed high functional efficiency and thermal stability by taking advantage of synergistic effect with phosphate groups and silica networks. The modified silk fabrics also possessed lower fire hazards as suggested by significantly reduced smoke and heat generation. The coated silk fabrics self-extinguished and obtained a char length of 13.5 cm after 20 washing cycles. The improved washing resistance should be ascribed to the covalently grafted sticky coating on silk surface. In general, this work reports a novel and feasible strategy to develop durable silk textile using bioderived PA. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phytic acid and taurine are derived from different crops. • Phytate taurine salt (PTS) is successfully synthesized by ion reaction. • PTS coating displays high flame retardant efficiency and anti-dripping ability on PA6 fabric. • PTS coating mainly works in condense- and gas-phase. • PTS coating offers an effective and cleaner strategy to minimize fire hazards of PA6 textiles. Eco-friendly and sustainable flame retardant (FR) approaches derived from natural products for polyamide 6 (PA6) fabrics are of interest. Therefore, a novel biomass phytate taurine salt (PTS) was synthesized using phytic acid and taurine, and then it was coated onto PA6 fabric. The chemical structure of PTS, and the flame retardant performance and mechanism, the washing durability and physical properties of coated PA6 fabrics were explored. The damaged length of coated PA6 fabrics reduced to 12.0 cm without droplets during the vertical burning test, achieving a UL94 V-0 level. The LOI increased from 23.0% to 31.8% after PTS coating. The results of cone calorimetry showed that the pHRR of PA6-PTS sample decreased by about 11.0% with a char residue of 12.0%. The investigations on violates and char residues confirmed that PTS coating improved the flame retardancy of PA6 fabric through a combined gas-phase and condensed-phase action. In addition, the coated PA6 fabrics could still maintain V-0 level after 15 washing cycles. The tensile strength of PA6 fabrics was also slightly improved after PTS coating. In general, this work developed a durable and sustainable PTS coating with excellent flame retardancy for PA6 fabric. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Phytic acid and tartaric acid are derived from resourceful plants or crops. • Tartaric acid phytate ester (TAPE) is a reactive flame retardant. • TAPE could react with silk fiber to form ester and amide covalent bonds. • TAPE shows high flame retardant efficiency and durability on silk fabric. • TAPE offers a sustainable and durable strategy to minimize the fire hazards of silk textiles. The development of effective and reactive flame retardant (FR) using natural products is of interest for sustainable FR textiles. This study focused on the synthesis of a reactive phosphorus-based FR agent (tartaric acid phytate ester (TAPE)) using plant-derived phytic acid and tartaric acid. We further studied its potential applications in durable FR modification of silk fabric. The chemical structure of TAPE and its potential bonding mechanism with silk fibers were explored. The thermal stability, smoke and heat generation performance, and flame retardancy of the modified silk fabrics were investigated. Char residue analyses were also performed to study the FR mechanism of TAPE on silk fabric. The results revealed that TAPE imparted higher thermal and flame resistance to silk and remarkably inhibited the smoke and heat generation of silk through a condensed charring mechanism. The introduction of TAPE to silk was driven by ester and amide covalent bonds and electrostatic attraction. This leads to good washing durability of the modified silk as reflected by the self-extinguishing action of modified silk after 20 washing cycles. In general, this research provides a novel strategy to develop a reactive FR agent as well as sustainable and durable FR functional silk textiles using bio-based plant extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Naturally occurring phytic acid was used to prepare phosphorus-rich hybrid silica sol. • Sodium alginate served as anti-agglomeration agent and stabilizer for the hybrid sol. • Hybrid sol coating imparted good flame retardancy to cotton textile. • Flame retardant mechanism of hybrid sol involved a condensed-phase activity. • The present hybrid sol approach is eco-friendly and sustainable. The high flammability of cellulosic materials somewhat limits their practical application. The introduction of an environmentally benign flame retardant coating for cotton fabric was achieved by hydrolyzing tetraethoxysilane and doping the silica sol with phytic acid in the presence of sodium alginate. The hybrid silica sol had high condensation degree and the modified silica particles had a spherical structure. The coated cotton fabrics with the hybrid PA/silica sol systems showed enhanced thermal stability at high temperatures, and displayed significantly suppressed heat and smoke generation ability, compared with the uncoated one. The hybrid silica sol coatings influenced the combustion performance of cotton via a charring action, and endowed the cotton fabrics with self-extinguishing ability during the vertical flammability test, demonstrating the improvement in fire resistance. The coated cotton fabrics displayed enhanced char yields, whilst maintained their texture structures after burning. Besides, the silicon- and phosphorus-containing components were also found to have a synergistic flame retardant action on cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Because of the urgent needs for eco-friendly textiles and environmental protection, the development and application of sustainable flame retardant (FR) agents have become a research hotspot. In this work, naturally occurring and phosphorus-rich phytic acid (PA) was used to improve the FR ability of silk/wool blend using an adsorption technique, and comparative studies were conducted on the application conditions, FR effect, smoke suppression, heat release capability, catalytic char forming, and FR mechanism of PA and conventional FR agents (K 2 TiF 6 and K 2 ZrF 6). The application of PA at pH 1.3–2.0, moderate temperature, and proper concentration remarkably improved the FR ability of the blend as per the limiting oxygen index and vertical burning assessments. Although the PA treated blend was inferior to the K 2 TiF 6 treated blend in initial FR ability, it exhibited better FR effect after repeated washing. Among three FR agents used, PA had the best smoke suppression, lowest heat release capability, highest ability to inhibit the thermal oxidation of the degraded products of fibers, and best catalytic char forming effect. PA acted as an effective FR in the solid phase. However, the application of PA had a shortcoming of decreasing the whiteness of the blend. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Phytic acid was used as flame retardant for silk/wool blend. • Applications of phytic acid and conventional metal complexes were compared. • Phytic acid showed the best catalytic char forming effect. • Phytic acid exhibited the best smoke suppression. • Treated silk/wool blend exhibited the lowest heat release capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The facile development of a sustainable and durable flame-retardant approach for protein silk is of interest. Inspired by silk tin-weighting technology, this study developed a novel and sustainable in-situ deposition strategy based on biomass phytic acid to impart durable flame-retardant performance to silk fabrics. The chemical structure of insoluble chelating precipitation, and the surface morphology, thermal stability, combustion behavior, flame-retardant capacity, laundering resistance, and flame-retardant mode of action of the tin-weighting silk samples, were explored. The Sn-, P-, Si-containing insoluble chelating precipitation formed within the fiber interior and combined with silk fibers through electrostatic attraction and metal salt chelation. As a result, the tin-weighting silk displayed excellent self-extinguishing capacity, with the damaged length reduced to 9.2 cm and the LOI increased to 31.6 %; it also achieved self-extinguishing after 30 washing cycles, demonstrating high flame-retardant efficacy and laundering resistance. Moreover, the tin-weighting silk also showed the obvious suppression in smoke and heat generation by 55.6 % and 35.7 %, respectively. The synergistic charring action of phosphate groups, tin metal salts, and silicates was beneficial for enhancing the fire safety of silk. The tin-weighting treatment also displayed a minor impact on mechanical performance of silk fabrics. [Display omitted] • The tin-weighting treatment involves the stepwise adsorption of tin chloride, phytic acid and sodium silicate. • Insoluble chelating precipitations are in-situ deposited inside silk fiber interior. • The tin-weighting treatment exhibits excellent flame retardancy and good washing durability on silk fabrics. • The tin-weighting treatment exerts a minor impact on mechanical property of silk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane (PU)-coated polyester fabrics are commonly used in outdoor settings, but their flame-retardant properties are somewhat lacking. In this study, biomass phytate salt was applied to improve the flame retardancy and anti-dripping properties of PU-coated polyester fabrics. This study also explored the hydrostatic pressure, mechanical performance, heat release capacity, flame retardancy, washing durability, and mode of action of coated polyester fabrics. The polyester fabric coated with 4 % phytate salt-modified PU exhibited impressive self-extinguishing properties without any dripping. Additionally, the coated polyester fabric showed a low damaged length of 12.2 cm and a high LOI of 33.8 %, satisfying the requirements for the B 1 level. The coated polyester fabric proved to withstand 50 washing cycles, highlighting its remarkable flame retardancy efficiency and durability. It also exhibited a significant reduction in heat release, suggesting the fire safety performance. Analysis of the thermal resistance and char residue revealed a condensed flame-retardant mechanism attributed to the phytate-based system. Overall, phytate salt shows promising potential as a long-lasting flame-retardant system for outdoor PU-coated polyester fabrics. [Display omitted] • Phytate salt is derived from resourceful plants or crops. • Phytate salt has high flame retardancy and washing durability on PU-coated polyester. • Phytate salt exhibits excellent compatibility with polyurethane. • Phytate salt offers a long-lasting flame-retardant system for PU-coated outdoor polyester fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Phytic acid and Thiourea are derived from plants or fungi metabolites. • Phytic acid and Thiourea both act as acid source and mutual synergists. • Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coating displays outstanding anti-dripping and char forming ability on PA6 fabric. • IFR coating mainly works in condensed- and gas-phase. • IFR coating offers an effective and cleaner strategy to minimize fire hazards of PA6 textiles. This study focused on the construction of an eco-friendly and intumescent flame retardant (FR) coating for polyamide 6 (PA6) fabric. The intumescent FR coating, consisting of phytic acid, pentaerythritol and thiourea, was deposited onto PA6 fabric through dip-coating technique. The FR performance, anti-dripping ability, thermal stability, combustion behavior and mechanical property of the coated PA6 fabrics were explored. The severe dripping of coated PA6 fabric was totally eliminated, achieving an excellent FR performance at a low P (2.2%) and S (3.4%) content. Correspondingly, the LOI increased to 28.8% versus 23.2% of pristine one, displaying good flame retardancy. The char residue analyses confirmed the intumescent FR behavior of coated PA6 fabrics. The intumescent char layer played a major role in isolating the exchange of combustibles, oxygen and heat, leading to the significant reduction in heat release performance. The results of cone calorimetry test showed that the peak heat release rate and average effective heat of combustion of coated PA6 fabric decreased by about 36.5% and 34.4%, respectively versus pristine one. Meanwhile, the sulfur-based gases captured free radicals to interrupt the continuous combustion, leading to the significantly improved flame retardancy. Furthermore, the FR coating exerted little influence on the mechanical performance of PA6 fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]