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1. Simulation and experimental study of proton bunch self-modulation in plasma with linear density gradients

Author

Thibaut Lefèvre, J. Pucek, L. Verra, M. Granetzny, A. Perera, Kookjin Moon, M. Wendt, M. Aladi, Y. Andrebe, V. Hafych, N. Lopes, V. N. Fedosseev, Ralph Fiorito, J. T. Moody, E. D. Guran, C. Davut, T. Graubner, R. Agnello, Stefano Mazzoni, M. Turner, N. Torrado, R. Apsimon, M. C. Amoedo Goncalves, James Henderson, Allen Caldwell, Philip Burrows, S. Doebert, Patrick Muggli, M. Hüther, B. Ráczkevi, Linbo Liang, Ans Pardons, Olaf Grulke, Alexander Pukhov, M. Krupa, F. Batsch, P. I. Morales Guzmán, Spencer Gessner, M. A. Baistrukov, H. Panuganti, S. Rey, M. Martyanov, Eugenio Senes, M. Zepp, Moses Chung, Ivo Furno, M. Á. Kedves, V. K. Khudyakov, Oliver Schmitz, D. Medina Godoy, Ambrogio Fasoli, Rebecca Ramjiawan, H. Damerau, Guoxing Xia, Jorge Vieira, E. Nowak, Eric Chevallay, G. Zevi della Porta, Luis O. Silva, A. Topaloudis, C. Pakuza, M. Moreira, Matthew Wing, A.-M. Bachmann, G. Demeter, John P. Farmer, Konstantin Lotov, P. Blanchard, Eduardo Granados, C. Stollberg, O. Apsimon, A. Sublet, D. A. Cooke, Carsten Welsch, J. Wolfenden, B. Woolley, P. V. Tuev, Ricardo Fonseca, J. Chappell, F. Braunmüller, Florian Kraus, A. A. Gorn, Sung Youb Kim, B. Buttenschön, Amos Dexter, C. Ahdida, Edda Gschwendtner, Francesco Velotti, Michele Bergamaschi, T. Nechaeva, H. Vincke, and Collaboration, AWAKE

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Proton, Dephasing, Other Fields of Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas [Domínio/Área Científica], 010305 fluids & plasmas, Position (vector), Physics::Plasma Physics, physics.plasm-ph, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.acc-ph, Physics, Linear density, Charge (physics), Surfaces and Interfaces, Plasma, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Physics - Plasma Physics, Computational physics, ddc, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Frequency modulation, Beam (structure)
Abstract

We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported in arXiv:2007.14894v2: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency varies with gradient. Simulation results show that dephasing of the wakefields with respect to the relativistic protons along the plasma is the main cause for the loss of charge. The study of the modulation frequency reveals details about the evolution of the self-modulation process along the plasma. In particular for negative gradients, the modulation frequency across time-resolved images of the bunch indicates the position along the plasma where protons leave the wakefields. Simulations and experimental results are in excellent agreement., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures

Published
2021
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2. Analysis of Proton Bunch Parameters in the AWAKE Experiment

Author

Stefano Mazzoni, J. Pucek, M. Turner, V. N. Fedosseev, Robert Apsimon, Jorge Vieira, A. A. Gorn, A. Perera, O. Apsimon, B. Ráczkevi, D. Medina Godoy, L. Verra, B. Buttenschön, M. Aladi, R. Fiorito, Rebecca Ramjiawan, G. Zevi della Porta, P. I. Morales Guzmán, Carsten Welsch, M. Krupa, Kookjin Moon, Ricardo Fonseca, Florian Kraus, H. Panuganti, S. Doebert, Nelson Lopes, E. Senes, S. Rey, B. Woolley, V. Khudyakov, M. Granetzny, D. A. Cooke, C. Pakuza, Oliver Schmitz, Allen Caldwell, Ambrogio Fasoli, R. Agnello, T. Nechaeva, Matthew Wing, M. Moreira, Eduardo Granados, Luis O. Silva, Konstantin Lotov, Manfred Wendt, C. Stollberg, P. Blanchard, Alexander Pukhov, Moses Chung, N. Torrado, V. Hafych, A. Topaloudis, Spencer Gessner, Amos Dexter, G. Demeter, C. Ahdida, E. Nowak, J. Wolfenden, Eric Chevallay, Edda Gschwendtner, S.-Y. Kim, Linbo Liang, J. T. Moody, M. Á. Kedves, John P. Farmer, C. Davut, M. Hüther, E. D. Guran, Philip Burrows, Olaf Grulke, A. Sublet, M. Bergamaschi, Ans Pardons, T. Graubner, Francesco Velotti, F. Batsch, M. Zepp, P. V. Tuev, M. A. Baistrukov, J. Chappell, Y. Andrebe, A.-M. Bachmann, H. Vincke, M. C. Amoedo Goncalves, H. Damerau, Ivo Furno, Guoxing Xia, J. R. Henderson, Thibaut Lefèvre, AWAKE Collaboration, and Collaboration, The AWAKE

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Proton, FOS: Physical sciences, Fitting methods, Radiation, Bayesian inference, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas [Domínio/Área Científica], High Energy Physics - Experiment, analysis and statistical methods, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Ciências Naturais::Matemáticas [Domínio/Área Científica], Beam-line instrumentation (beam position and profile monitors beam intensity monitors bunch length monitors), Pattern recognition, beam-line instrumentation (beam position and profile monitors, beam-intensity monitors bunch, length monitors), Engenharia e Tecnologia::Outras Engenharias e Tecnologias [Domínio/Área Científica], wakefield, Divergence (statistics), Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, physics.acc-ph, Physics, Pattern recognition, cluster finding, calibration and fitting methods, hep-ex, Cluster finding calibration, Process (computing), electrons, acceleration, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Computational physics, Transverse plane, Bunches, Beamline, pattern recognition, cluster finding, calibration and fitting methods, Beam-line instrumentation (beam position and profile monitors, beam-intensity monitors, bunch length monitors), Analysis and statistical methods, beam, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period. The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along the beamline using scintillating or optical transition radiation screens. The parameters of a model that describes the bunch transverse dimensions and divergence are fitted to represent the observed data using Bayesian inference. The analysis is tested on simulated data and then applied to the experimental data. A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period. The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along the beamline using scintillating or optical transition radiation screens. The parameters of a model that describes the bunch transverse dimensions and divergence are fitted to represent the observed data using Bayesian inference. The analysis is tested on simulated data and then applied to the experimental data.

Published
2021
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3. Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Density Gradient

Author

Eric Chevallay, V. A. Minakov, F. Keeble, Linbo Liang, Ans Pardons, F. Friebel, J. R. Henderson, M. A. Baistrukov, Stefano Mazzoni, M. Turner, Yu Li, F. Batsch, Ivo Furno, L. Verra, M. Granetzny, H. Saberi, Philip Burrows, V. Hafych, Carsten Welsch, J. T. Moody, M. Hüther, Guoxing Xia, Benjamin Woolley, M. Á. Kedves, P. Blanchard, P. V. Tuev, V. A. Verzilov, J. Chappell, M. Chung, Florian Kraus, R. I. Spitsyn, Ricardo Fonseca, T. Nechaeva, A. Perera, Olaf Grulke, M. Krupa, M. Aladi, R. Fiorito, S. Liu, Brennan Goddard, A. Helm, Nelson Lopes, I. Gorgisyan, Erik Adli, E. Senes, Ambrogio Fasoli, Patric Muggli, M. Zepp, S. Doebert, L. H. Deubner, Spencer Gessner, D. Medina Godoy, Rebecca Ramjiawan, M. Martyanov, S. Rey, Hartmut Ruhl, M. Moreira, Alan Howling, H. Panuganti, Amos Dexter, Simon Jolly, R. Jacquier, D. A. Cooke, Edda Gschwendtner, G. Zevi della Porta, G. P. Djotyan, T. Lefevre, M. Bergamaschi, J. Pucek, L. Garolfi, B. Williamson, Matthew Wing, H. Damerau, A. A. Gorn, V. N. Fedosseev, Eduardo Granados, I. Yu. Kargapolov, Francesco Velotti, Robert Apsimon, Sung Youb Kim, B. Buttenschön, O. Apsimon, Luis O. Silva, F. Braunmüller, B. Ráczkevi, Alexander Pukhov, Anthony Hartin, G. Demeter, M. D. Kelisani, John P. Farmer, Allen Caldwell, R. Agnello, Peter Sherwood, F. Peña Asmus, Jorge Vieira, A.-M. Bachmann, P. I. Morales Guzmán, Konstantin Lotov, J. Wolfenden, C. Davut, Oliver Schmitz, Alexey Petrenko, Y. Andrebe, and Collaboration, AWAKE

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Proton, Density gradient, Other Fields of Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas [Domínio/Área Científica], 01 natural sciences, Physics::Plasma Physics, physics.plasm-ph, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.acc-ph, Physics, Linear system, Spectral density, Plasma, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Physics - Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Modulation, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, Phase velocity, Frequency modulation
Abstract

We study experimentally the effect of linear plasma density gradients on the self-modulation of a 400\,GeV proton bunch. Results show that a positive/negative gradient in/decreases the number of micro-bunches and the relative charge per micro-bunch observed after 10\,m of plasma. The measured modulation frequency also in/decreases. With the largest positive gradient we observe two frequencies in the modulation power spectrum. Results are consistent with changes in wakefields' phase velocity due to plasma density gradient adding to the slow wakefields' phase velocity during self-modulation growth predicted by linear theory., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures

Published
2020
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4. Experimental Study of Wakefields Driven by a Self-Modulating Proton Bunch in Plasma

Author

L. Garolfi, M. Aladi, B. Williamson, Simon Jolly, J. T. Moody, P. I. Morales Guzmán, H. Panuganti, Michele Bergamaschi, V. N. Fedosseev, M. A. Baistrukov, M. Krupa, A. A. Gorn, Eugenio Senes, Alan Howling, M. Hüther, Erik Adli, Robert Apsimon, G. Demeter, Oliver Schmitz, Luis O. Silva, Alexander Pukhov, John P. Farmer, A. Helm, S. Rey, Jorge Vieira, Sung Youb Kim, V. A. Verzilov, Ivo Furno, Benjamin Woolley, B. Buttenschön, Patric Muggli, Linbo Liang, S. Liu, Florian Kraus, R. Jacquier, Olaf Grulke, Ans Pardons, J. Pucek, Philip Burrows, I. Yu. Kargapolov, M. Moreira, F. Friebel, B. Ráczkevi, T. Lefevre, F. Batsch, Allen Caldwell, H. Damerau, R. Agnello, S. Doebert, Stefano Mazzoni, I. Gorgisyan, M. Martyanov, Guoxing Xia, L. Verra, L. H. Deubner, Peter Sherwood, F. Peña Asmus, D. Medina Godoy, M. Granetzny, Rebecca Ramjiawan, Anthony Hartin, A. Perera, Brennan Goddard, F. Keeble, M. D. Kelisani, James Henderson, Ambrogio Fasoli, A.-M. Bachmann, Spencer Gessner, V. Hafych, Eric Chevallay, N. Lopes, Ralph Fiorito, V. A. Minakov, H. Saberi, D. A. Cooke, M. Zepp, Konstantin Lotov, P. Blanchard, Yang Li, Moses Chung, J. Wolfenden, Matthew Wing, Eduardo Granados, M. Á. Kedves, O. Apsimon, Alexey Petrenko, Hartmut Ruhl, P. V. Tuev, J. Chappell, G. P. Djotyan, C. Davut, Amos Dexter, Edda Gschwendtner, Y. Andrebe, Francesco Velotti, M. Turner, G. Zevi della Porta, Carsten Welsch, and Ricardo Fonseca

Subjects
Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Proton, Other Fields of Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Electron, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas [Domínio/Área Científica], 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Physics::Plasma Physics, physics.plasm-ph, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.acc-ph, awake, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Final energy, Surfaces and Interfaces, Plasma, Radius, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Physics - Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Transverse plane, Amplitude, beam, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

We study experimentally the longitudinal and transverse wakefields driven by a highly relativistic proton bunch during self-modulation in plasma. We show that the wakefields' growth and amplitude increase with increasing seed amplitude as well as with the proton bunch charge in the plasma. We study transverse wakefields using the maximum radius of the proton bunch distribution measured on a screen downstream from the plasma. We study longitudinal wakefields by externally injecting electrons and measuring their final energy. Measurements agree with trends predicted by theory and numerical simulations and validate our understanding of the development of self-modulation. Experiments were performed in the context of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE)., 4 figures

Published
2020
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