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We apply machine-learning algorithms to the calculated light-scattering patterns from particles having seven different common and naturally occurring shapes to assess the accuracy of shape classification based on light scattering. We consider different input data sets including one- and two-dimensional scattering functions of both intensity and polarization. Our scattering data set is produced from particles of volume-equivalent size parameter 5, and refractive index m = 1.5 + 0i. As expected, classification capabilities were much greater when the two-dimensional scattering data were used than when only one-dimensional data were considered. When the two-dimensional intensity patterns are considered, classification accuracies were approximately 70% for the regularly shaped particles and above 90% for the highly irregularly shaped particles. These capabilities increased slightly when linear polarization was used as input. Although all our results are specific to our particular data set, machine-learning techniques are easily generalizable. This exercise suggests that particle discrimination can be achieved in practical experiments using light-scattering patterns through deep learning.

Femtoscopic correlations between charged pions and kaons for different charge combinations are measured in Pb–Pb collisions at s NN = 2.76 TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The three-dimensional pion-kaon ( π − K ) correlation functions and double ratios in the out-side-long pair rest frame are studied in different centrality bins. The π − K femtoscopic source size parameter (Rout) and emission asymmetry (μout) are extracted. It is observed that the average source size of the system and the emission asymmetry between pions and kaons increase from peripheral to central events.

Within the framework of soft collinear effective theory, we present calculations of semi-inclusive jet functions and fragmenting jet functions at next-to-leading order for both quark- and gluon-initiated jets, for jet algorithms of ${J}_{{E}_{T}}^{(I)}$ and ${J}_{{E}_{T}}^{(II)}$ where one maximizes a suitable jet function. We demonstrate the consistency of the obtained results with the standard perturbative QCD calculations for the ${J}_{{E}_{T}}^{(I)}$ algorithm, while the results for fragmenting jet functions with the ${J}_{{E}_{T}}^{(II)}$ algorithm are new. The renormalization-group (RG) equations for both semi-inclusive jet functions and fragmenting jet functions are derived and shown to follow the timelike Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi evolution equations, independent of specific jet algorithms. The RG equation can be used to resum single logarithms of the jet size parameter $\ensuremath{\beta}$ for highly collimated jets in these algorithms where $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gg}1$.

The results of a systematic rigorous study on the accuracy of lattice parameters computed from X-ray diffraction patterns of ideally perfect nanocrystalline powder and thin-film samples are presented. It is shown that, if the dimensions of such samples are below 20 nm, the lattice parameters obtained from diffraction analysis will deviate from their true values. The relative deviation depends on the relevant size parameter through an inverse power law and, for particular reflections, depends on the angular peak positions. This size-dependent error, Δa/a, is larger than the precision of typical X-ray diffraction measurements for ∼20 nm-thick diffracting domains, and it can be several orders of magnitude larger for particles smaller than 5 nm.

A data set of ventral-aspect insect radar cross-sections (RCSs) and polarization patterns, measured at X band (9.4 GHz, linear polarization) in laboratory rigs, has been collated from a number of sources. The data have been analysed to identify relationships between RCS parameters (one representing size and two the polarization-pattern shape) and the insects’ masses and morphological dimensions and forms. An improved mass-estimation relationship, with appropriate asymptotes for very small and very large insects, is presented. This relationship draws only on the RCS size parameter and it is shown that incorporating one or both of the RCS shape parameters provides little additional benefit. Small insects have polarization-pattern shapes that fall within a relatively limited region of the range of parameter values allowed by electromagnetic scattering theory. Larger insects have shapes that extend beyond this region, following a broad trajectory as size and mass increases; at masses above ~0.6 g, the pattern becomes ‘perpendicular’, with maxima when the E-field is orthogonal to the body axis rather than parallel to it. RCS shape can be used to infer morphological form for small insects (

Two-particle femtoscopic correlations between non-identical charged particles for different charge combinations are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The three-dimensional two-particle correlation functions are studied in different centrality bins. The femtoscopic source size parameter ($R_{Out}$) and emission asymmetry ($\mu$) are extracted. It is observed that the average source size of the system and emission asymmetry between particles increase from peripheral to central events.

The first ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ are studied in the present container model, in which the shift parameter is introduced to break the parity symmetry for projecting out the negative-parity states. Taking the limit as the shift parameter approaches zero and by variational calculations for one-deformed size parameter, the local energy minima are obtained for the ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states. It is found that the obtained single Tohsaki-Horiuchi-Schuck-R\"opke (THSR) wave functions for ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states are 96% and 92% equivalent to the corresponding generator coordinate method (GCM) wave functions, respectively. The calculated intrinsic densities further show that these negative-parity states of three clusters, different from the traditional understanding of a rigid triangle structure, are found to have nonlocalized clustering structure in the two-dimensional container picture.

Among the many works of Arthur Ashkin, many have been devoted to optical tweezers, optical levitation and optical manipulation of macroscopic particles (“macroscopic” being here to beunderstood as opposed to atoms or molecules). From a theoretical point of view, these experiments have been studied in the framework of two limiting regimes, namely Rayleigh regime for small size parameter and ray optics for large size parameter. The generalized Lorenz-Mie theory (GLMT, and more generally GLMTs) bridges the gap between these two regimes. The present paper therefore reviews GLMTs and mechanical effects of laser light, in Rouen where the GLMT had originally been built, but also worldwide. A story in the review concerns the first experimental validations of GLMT using optical levitation experiments.

The nuclear structure of 16 O is studied in the framework of the particle{hole random phase approximation (ph RPA). The Hamiltonian is diagonalized within a model space with particle orbits f1d5=2,1d3=2, and 2s1=2g and the hole orbits f1p3=2 and 1p1=2g using Warburton and Brown interaction WBP. The ph RPA calculations are tested, by comparing the electron scattering form factors with the available experimental data. The results of electron scattering form factors and reduced transition strength for the states: 1 i , T = 0 (7.116 MeV); 2 i , T = 1 (12.968 MeV); 2 i , T = 1 (20.412 MeV); and 3 i , T = 0 (6.129 MeV) are interpreted in terms of the harmonic-oscillator (HO) wave functions of size parameter b. The occupation probabilities of the single particle and hole orbits are calculated. The spurious states are removed by adding the center of mass (CM) correction to the nuclear Hamiltonian. A comparison with the available experiments data is presented.

Recent measurement of inclusive jet cross sections at low jet transverse momenta 21 p T 74 GeV / c in the rapidity region of | y | 4.7 is presented. Jets are reconstructed with the anti- k T clustering algorithm for a jet size parameter R = 0.7 . The data is collected with the CMS detector using pp collisions at s = 8 TeV , exploiting special low-pileup runs of the LHC. The measured jet cross section is corrected for detector effects. The results are compared to theoretical predictions of next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD calculations.

We examine the four-quark structure of the recently discovered charged ${Z}_{c}(3900)$, $Z(4430)$, and ${X}_{b}(5568)$ states. We calculate the widths of the strong decays ${Z}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ (${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{+}$, ${\overline{D}}^{0}{D}^{*+}$, ${\overline{D}}^{*0}{D}^{+}$), $Z(4430{)}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ ($\ensuremath{\psi}(2s){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$), and ${X}_{b}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{B}_{s}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ within a covariant quark model previously developed by us. We find that the tetraquark-type current widely used in the literature for the ${Z}_{c}(3900)$ leads to a significant suppression of the $\overline{D}{D}^{*}$ and ${\overline{D}}^{*}D$ modes. Contrary to this a molecular-type current provides an enhancement by a factor of 6--7 for the $\overline{D}{D}^{*}$ modes compared with the ${Z}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{+}$ modes in agreement with recent experimental data from the BESIII Collaboration. In the case of the $Z(4430)$ state we test a sensitivity of the ratio ${R}_{Z}$ of the $Z(4430{)}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}(2s){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and $Z(4430{)}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ decay rates to a choice of the size parameter ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{Z(4430)}$ of the $Z(4430)$. Using the upper constraint for the sum of these two modes deduced from the LHCb Collaboration data we find that ${R}_{Z}$ varies from 4.64 to 4.08 when ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{Z(4430)}$ changes from 2.2 to 3.2 GeV. Also we make the prediction for the $Z(4430{)}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{*+}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ decay rate.

We present a study of the isospin-violating one-pion strong decays of single heavy tetraquarks $X_Q = X(s q \bar q \bar Q)$, $Q=c, b$, and $q=u, d$ with spin-parity $J^P = 0^+$. We assume that the tetraquarks have the configuration of a color diquark and a antidiquark. Three mechanisms of isospin violation can contribute to the decay rate: (1) mixing of the $X(s u \bar u \bar Q)$ and $X(s d \bar d \bar Q)$ tetraquark currents, (2) an explicit $m_d-m_u$ quark mass difference in the quark diagrams describing the corresponding decay transitions and (3) $\pi^0-\eta$ mixing in the final state. Our main results are: (1) It is quite likely that the investigated tetraquark states are isosinglet states with a small admixture of an isotriplet component; (2) The first isospin-breaking mechanism affects the decay rater more significantly than the others; (3) Our calculations contain a size parameter $\Lambda_{X_Q}$, characterizing the distribution of the quarks in the tetraquark state $X_Q$. Absolute decay rates depend very much on the choice of $\Lambda_{X_Q}$, varied from 1 to 2 GeV, reflecting the compactness of the multiquark system., Comment: 13 pages

The simplest state of a charge is a rest charge. A localized rest charge can exist in a field theory thanks to a nonlinearity. An important characteristic of a charge is its size, and it is determined by a size parameter which enters the nonlinearity. In this chapter we describe nonlinearities which allow localized solutions and describe properties of rest charges.

Differences and similarities between our neoclassical theory and quantum mechanics are discussed here. In particular, we discuss the size parameter of the free charge and its possible relation with observations in electron emission physics, nanoplasmonics and plasma physics.

In this study, we investigate the effects of elliptical shape of Asian dust particles on the estimation of aerosol optical depth by implementing T-matrix method into WRF/Chem Dust Model. The phase function calculated by assuming elliptical particle shape near of scattering angle showed about 20 times larger than that calculated by assuming spherical particle shape. Significant difference of extinction efficiency was found with an increase of size parameter and aspect ratio. From the simulations of two Asian dust events occurred on 1 April 2007 and 16 March 2010, we found that the difference of extinction efficiency between elliptical and spherical particle shape was about 5~8%. The aerosol optical depth calculated by assuming elliptical particle shape with 1.6, 1.4 and 1.2 of aspect ratio was about , , and larger than those estimated by assuming spherical particle shape.

A method to approximate azimuthally resolved light scattering patterns and phase functions due to diffraction and external reflection by strongly absorbing facetted particles is demonstrated for a cube and compared with results from an exact method, T-matrix. A phase function averaged over a range of orientations of a strongly absorbing hexagonal column of aspect ratio unity has been calculated and tested against Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) results for a size parameter of 50., Final Accepted Version

We use the superposition T-matrix method to compute the linear and circular depolarization ratios for randomly oriented spheroids with an equivalent-volume size parameter kreq = 10 and absorptive inclusions (black carbon). Peterson and Strom's method was used to compute the depolarization ratios for inhomogeneous particles, together with Mishchenko's orientation averaging procedure. The effects of the size, shape and location of the core are computed and analyzed for spheroid and sphere particle. From the results, we can see that light backscattering differences by spheroid particles has to be taken into account when an inner core exists.

In our present study, the observed linear polarization data of comet Hyakutake are studied at wavelengths $\lambda=0.365\mu m$, $\lambda=0.485\mu m$ and 0.684$\mu m$ through simulations using Ballistic Particle-Cluster Aggregate and Ballistic Cluster-Cluster Aggregate aggregates of 128 spherical monomers. We first investigated that the size parameter of the monomer, $x$ $\sim$ 1.56 -- 1.70, turned out to be most suitable which provides the best fits to the observed dust scattering properties at three wavelengths $\lambda = 0.365$$\mu m$, 0.485$\mu m$ and 0.684$\mu m$. Thus the effective radius of the aggregate (r) lies in the range $0.45 \mu m \le r \le 0.49 \mu m$ at $\lambda = 0.365$$\mu m$; $ 0.60 \mu m \le r \le 0.66 \mu m$ at $\lambda = 0.485$$\mu m$ and $0.88 \mu m \le r \le 0.94 \mu m$ at $\lambda = 0.684$$\mu m$. Now using superposition \textsc{t-matrix} code and the power-law size distribution, $n(r) \sim r^{-3}$, the best-fitting values of complex refractive indices are calculated which can best fit the observed polarization data at the above three wavelengths. The best-fitting complex refractive indices $(n,k)$ are found to be (1.745, 0.095) at $\lambda = 0.365 $ $\mu m$, (1.743, 0.100) at $\lambda = 0.485 $ $\mu m$ and (1.695, 0.100) at $\lambda = 0.684$ $\mu m$. The refractive indices coming out from the present analysis correspond to mixture of both silicates and organics, which are in good agreement with the \textit{in situ} measurement of comets by different spacecraft., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures

Binary collisions of large raindrops moving with terminal fall velocity are numerically investigated using FS3D, a direct numerical simulation (DNS) code based on the “volume of fluid” method. The result of this process can be a permanent coalescence or a temporal coalescence followed by a breakup of the coalesced system into smaller-sized remnants of the original raindrops and a number of fragment droplets of different sizes. In total, 32 drop pairs are studied with sizes chosen to cover nearly completely the entire size parameter range relevant to breakup. This is an important extension of investigations performed in 1982 by Low and List, who studied 10 drop pairs only. Moreover, eccentricity has been introduced as an additional parameter controlling the collision outcome. Eccentricity is defined as the horizontal distance of the initial drops’ centers with values equal to approximately 0 for centric and 1 for grazing collisions.The main results include numerically calculated data of coalescence efficiencies and fragment size distributions with emphasis on eccentricity effects. It is shown that eccentricity largely determines the appearance of specific breakup modes and consequently the respective fragment size distributions. Comparisons are made with the main findings of Low and List. Coalescence efficiency values larger than those derived by Low and List show up for very small Weber numbers. Additionally, the existence of their definite limit value of collision kinetic energy necessary for coalescence could not be confirmed. The fragment size distributions are in some cases similar to those measured by Low and List but there are also major differences for other cases. The presented results are used for parameterizations of coalescence efficiencies and fragment size distributions as well as for calculations of stationary drop spectra shown in Part II of this study.

The performance of two voxel phantoms (NORMAN and VIP-Man) in a whole body counter measuring internally deposited radionuclides has been compared using Monte Carlo simulations. The results from voxel phantoms has been compared with Monte Carlo simulations of BOMAB phantoms of similar size. The results show that the NORMAN phantom compared with VIP-Man gives counting efficiencies that range from 21% to 46% higher over the energy range 122 keV to 1,836 keV, a trend that is also exhibited by the comparable BOMAB phantoms. Comparing the voxel phantoms' results to those of the BOMAB phantoms shows that the former have lower counting efficiencies, as might be expected due to their more complex internal structures. Using the size parameter (wt/ht) shows that the two phantom series appear to lie on different curves. However, to confirm this, more voxel phantoms of different sizes will need to be constructed and used.

Monte Carlo simulations of the extinction rate of electromagnetic wave propagation in the duststorm were presented. The numerical procedure was based on the multiple scattering and independent scattering. The calculated multiple scattering attenuation rate is in good agreement with the measured one, but differs significantly from those obtained under the independent scattering assumption. At the same time, the factors of size parameter, frequency of incident wave, the angle of incident, and sands permittivity and water content have been considered in the attenuation of electromagnetic wave propagation in the duststorm. Numerical results obtained showed that the attenuation rate increases as the fractional volume, frequency of incident wave and sands permittivity increase, and as the angle of incident increases, the attenuation rate decreases.

Within the constituent quark model, we examine the extent to which the deuteron photo-disintegration at 2-6 GeV can be described by the quark-exchange mechanism. With the parameters constrained by the np scattering, the calculated differential cross sections disagree with the data in both magnitude and energy-dependence. The results can be improved if we use a smaller size parameter for quark wavefunctions. We also find that the on-shell approximation used in a previous investigation is not accurate.

We present results of light scattering properties for ensembles of randomly oriented, coated spheroidal particles with an equivalent-volume size parameter kr %2 "8 and axial ratios e"0.6,1, and 1/0.6. MuK ller matrix elements F ij (h) have been calculated using Waterman’s „-matrix approach, as modi"ed by Peterson and StroK m for inhomogeneous particles, together with Mishchenko’s orientation averaging procedure. Di!erences between oblate and prolate particles with the same short-to-long axis ratio, as well as between spherical and nonspherical scatterers, are outlined. Additional calculations for size parameters 1, 5 and 10 (not shown) have also been carried out for checking purposes. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

In a recent paper, Liu et al. [Liu, C., Jonas, P.R., Saunders, C.P.R., 1996. Accuracy of the anomalous diffraction approximation to the light scattering by column-like ice crystals. Atmos. Res. 41, 63–69] reported that the anomalous diffraction approximation (ADA) accuracy is not sensitive to van de Hulst's condition | m −1|≪1, but is dependent on the size parameter χ . Videen and Chýlek [Videen, G., Chýlek, P., 1998. Anomalous diffraction approximation limits. Atmos. Res., this issue] pointed out that this result is at odds with previous research, and their results indicated that the accuracy of ADA is much dependent on the condition of | m −1|≪1. Some calculated results are presented here to provide further discussion of the ADA validity in the calculation of particle extinction and absorption efficiencies.

The multi-particle Bose-Einstein correlations are the source of ''intermittency'' in high energy hadronic collisions. The power-law like increase of factorial moments with decreasing bin size was obtained by complete event weighing technique with gaussian approximation of space-time particle emitting source shape. The value of source size parameter was found to be higher than the common one fitted with the help of the standard Handbury Brown-Twiss procedure., 12p

Error contour charts have been generated comparing scattered intensities calculated using the RGD and the single-wave and two-wave WKB approximations against Mie theory in the range of real refractive index from 1 to 1.5 and of size parameter from 0 to 20. It is demonstrated that the two-wave WKB method is superior to the others. Nonetheless its range of applicability is very limited, especially at scattering angles larger than .}

Summary Multicellular tumour-spheroids are regarded as suitable models for cancer research, similar to avascular tumour parts. As a size parameter o f the spheroids, usually their maximum diameter is used, estimated on a section presumed to be equatorial or near equatorial. Estimation o f the volume o f spheroids is o f interest for the detection o f subtle changes in different kinds o f investigations. Since spheroids are often not truly spherical, and because model-based methods for volume determination may be biased, Cavalieri's principle, rediscovered recently for stereology, was used to determine the volume o f the spheroids. Here we report the results o f the volume estimation o f colon carcinoma spheroids, together with an outline o f the basic stereological principle and formulas used. The spheroids investigated had a volume between 1.4 and 92.3 mm3 (mean 33.9). The volume fraction o f necrotic to viable tissue cells was between 0.6:1 and 2.2:1. The coefficient o f error (CE) was remarkably low with 3.7% for the volumes. Both inter- and intraobserver-variability were extremely low with correlation coefficients (r2) o f 99%. Thus, the high precision o f the stereological method, combined with a low workload, make it ideally suitable for routine volume estimation.

We propose and demonstrate a low complexity blind Level Discrimination Carrier Recovery Algorithm (LD-CRA) for optical coherent receivers. Through optimization of step size parameter we found that LD-CRA has below 2 dB OSNR penalty for 14Gbaud 16-QAM signal for 600 kHz line width laser.

The relationship between the Hart-Montroll approximation and various other soft particle approximations has been examined for the scattering of light by infinitely long homogeneous cylinders. Numerical comparisons of this approximation with exact results and other approximations have been presented. It is noted that this approximation can be used to obtain the diameter of the particles to within 1% in the domain 1·05  m  1·15 and 5  x  20·0, m and x being the relative refractive index and the size parameter of the particle respectively.

The nuclear equation of state and incompressibility are studied in a model with correlations. We first consider a Hartree solution and then add one-particle-one hole (1p-1h) and two particle-two hole (2p-2h) admixtures into the wavefunction using a separable monopole-monopole interaction which induces giant monopole vibrations. Stable and unstable point arise in the nuclear equation of state as a function of the oscillator size parameter from pure 1p-1h admixtures. Addition of 2p-2h admixtures lead to one stable point. However, the incompressibility is found to be quite different from the Hartree case with 1p-1h admixtures, even with 2p-2h states included. PACS 21.65.Mn, 24.30.Cz, 10 pages

Light scattering by single irregularly shaped particles whose sizes are comparable with wavelength plays an important role in numerous remote-sensing applications. It especially concerns applications dealing with both terrestrial and cosmic dust particles having truly irregular and random structure. The knowledge of the scattering by single irregular particles is absolutely necessary for a realistic modeling and successful interpretation of measurements of light scattering by a powder-like surface, such as, soils, sand-drift or planetary regolith. Note that, though the multiple scattering between constituent particles could significantly dominate over single scattering, it is quite evident that the one is a function of other.

Based on heavy quark effective theory, in conjunction with the statistical model as an input, the spectra of heavy flavor baryons (Qqq) have been studied along with the radii of several baryons which have also been estimated. The relation of the size parameter (ro) of the baryons with their corresponding masses (M) has also been explored. Our estimates of ro, the radii of Λc+ and Λb0 when used as inputs to compute the lifetime τ of Λc+, and the branching fraction ΓSL/Γ of Λb0(Λb0 → Λc+ ν) exhibit an exact agreement with the corresponding experimental findings.

Context. In support of NASA's exploration program and the return to the Moon, the polarimetric signature of dispersed individual Lunar regolith dust grains is studied to enable the characterization of the dust exopsheric environment by remote, in-situ, and standoff sensing. Aims. We explore the value of the negative polarization branch (NPB) as a signature for characterizing individual grains to determine if it can be used in the same way as for surfaces of planets and atmosphereless bodies. Results. Calculations show that polarization phase curves for spherical grains exhibit a sharp transition over a narrow range of size parameter between two distinct regimes, one typical of Rayleigh scattering and another dominated by a large NPB. The linear polarimetric signature observed for aggregates is a composite of a) the polarization induced by individual grains composing the aggregate and b) the polarization due to the aggregate as a whole dust grain. The weight of each component varies depending on the porosity of the aggregate. An NPB similar to the one observed for atmosphereless astronomical bodies is present for different ranges of the size parameter depending on the value of the porosity. It appears as a remnant of the negative branch exhibited by the single spherical grains. The sharper, narrow negative branch that is measured for some granular surfaces in the laboratory or seen in astronomical observations is not observed here., Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

We discuss a container structure for non-gaslike cluster states, in which single Tohsaki-Horiuchi-Schuck-ROpke (THSR) wave functions are shown to be almost 100% equivalent to the full solutions of the corresponding RGM/GCM equations, for the inversion doublet band states in 20Ne, α-linear-chain states, and α + α + A cluster states in 9ΛBe. The recognition of the fact that the THSR wave function describes well not only gaslike cluster states but also non-gaslike cluster states is a recent remarkable development of nuclear cluster physics. This fact tells us that the cluster structure is composed of cluster-mean-field motion under the constraint of inter-cluster Pauli repulsion, in which we call the cluster-mean-field potential the container. We demonstrate that the evolution of the cluster structure of a nucleus is governed by the size parameter of the cluster-mean-field potential (container), for 16O nucleus.

We present an approach to constrain characteristics of an ensemble of dust/aerosol particles using integrated photopolarimetric data. We test the approach with one of the best-studied and most intriguing ensembles - cometary dust. We analyze available cometary photopolarimetric data to identify characteristic light-scattering properties typical for cometary dust. We review attempts to interpret these properties using theoretical and laboratory simulations of light scattering by cometary dust. Particular attention is given to the most successful models: (1) aggregates of submicron particles and (2) ensembles of multishaped polydisperse particles. We explore the capabilities of these two models to describe the light scattering by cometary dust. We demonstrate that the model of multishaped polydisperse particles cannot reproduce cometary photopolarimetric data by using a single set of dust characteristics; whereas, the aggregate model can. Our calculations allow for further constraint of the cometary dust properties as large aggregates of absorbing material that is consistent with general ideas about the origin of comets.

Recent studies suggest that resonant absorption of sunlight by cloud droplets may constitute a significant and unaccounted-for solar energy sink in the atmosphere. We spectrally resolve, for the first time, all solar absorption, including sharp resonances, in typical liquid water clouds. Resolving all sharp resonances requires a resolution in size parameter χ = 2 π r / λ ( r —droplet radius, λ —incident wavelength) of about 10 - 7 . The canonical integration resolution Δ χ ≈ 10 - 1 produces absorption biases up to 70% over 10 nm spectral bands. Hence, neglecting Mie resonances may cause substantial biases in radiance-based retrievals from sensor channels where atmospheric absorption is particle dominated. The canonical resolution produces broadband solar mean and RMS absorption coefficient biases of about 0.02% and 4%, respectively. Self-cancellation of the pseudo-randomly distributed biases explains why the mean bias is much smaller than the RMS bias. Exceeding 1% RMS accuracy in solar absorption requires Δ χ 10 - 5 . Increased cloud heating due to resolving all resonant absorption is less than 0.1%, equivalent to about 0.01 W m - 2 global annual mean heating. Overlap of droplet and water vapor absorption within clouds helps diminish the net enhanced absorption by sharp resonances. Hence, the heretofore unrepresented absorption is negligible for global climate, though very important for narrow spectral regions. These results apply to homogeneous liquid water clouds and aerosols.

The fluorescence technique has been successfully used to detect ultrahigh energy cosmic rays by indirect measurements. The underlying idea is that the number of charged particles in the atmospheric shower, i.e, its longitudinal profile, can be extracted from the amount of emitted nitrogen fluorescence light. However the influence of shower fluctuations and the very possible presence of different nuclear species in the primary cosmic ray spectrum makes the estimate of the shower energy from the fluorescence data analysis a difficult task. We investigate the potential of shower size at maximum depth as estimator of shower energy. The detection of the fluorescence light is simulated in detail and the reconstruction biases are carefully analyzed. We extend our calculations to both HiRes and EUSO experiments. This approach has shown some advantages to the reconstruction of the energy when compared to the standard analysis procedure.

A container picture is proposed for understanding cluster dynamics where the clusters make nonlocalized motion occupying the lowest orbit of the cluster mean-field potential characterized by the size parameter "B" in the THSR (Tohsaki-Horiuchi-Schuck-Ropke) wave function. The nonlocalized cluster aspects of the inversion-doublet bands in 20Ne which have been considered as a typical manifestation of localized clustering are discussed. In the α+16O system, localization is entirely of kinematical origin, that is, due to the inter-cluster Pauli repulsion. It is concluded that this feature is general for nuclear cluster states.

The asymptotic iteration method is applied, to calculate the angular spheroidal eigenvalues $\lambda^{m}_{\ell}(c)$ with arbitrary complex size parameter $c$. It is shown that, the obtained numerical results of $\lambda^{m}_{\ell}(c)$ are all in excellent agreement with the available published data over the full range of parameter values $\ell$, $m$, and $c$. Some representative values of $\lambda^{m}_{\ell}(c)$ for large real $c$ are also given., Comment: 15 pages, 1 figure

A theoretical treatment based on electromagnetic theory has been developed for the dependence of depolarization of linearly and circularly polarized light on size parameter of scatterer. The model reproduces the earlier results for the dependence of depolarization of circularly and linearly polarized light on scatterer size parameter. Further, the results obtained from this model show that for a given scatterer size parameter, a change in the value of ratio of refractive index of scatterer to that of the surrounding medium also significantly affects the degree of depolarization of both linearly and circularly polarized light. These results have been experimentally verified and can have important consequences for polarization gated optical imaging.

We found that the coherent backscattering cone of turbid samples containing spherical Mie scatterers with a size parameter larger than about 20 strongly deviates from known analytical curve shapes. We compare experimental data with numerical simulations of Monte Carlo type. Moreover, we present a new wide-angle coherent backscattering set-up.

Using a summation formula due to Burge, and a combinatorial identity between partition pairs, we obtain an infinite tree of q-polynomial identities for the Virasoro characters ��^{p, p'}_{r, s}, dependent on two finite size parameters M and N, in the cases where: (i) p and p' are coprime integers that satisfy 0 < p < p'. (ii) If the pair (p', p) has a continued fraction (c_1, c_2, ... , c_{t-1}, c_t+2), where t >= 1, then the pair (s, r) has a continued fraction (c_1, c_2, ... , c_{u-1}, d), where 1 =< u =< t, and 1 =< d =< c_{u}. The limit M -> infinity, for fixed N, and the limit N -> infinity, for fixed M, lead to two independent boson-fermion-type q-polynomial identities: in one case, the bosonic side has a conventional dependence on the parameters that characterise the corresponding character. In the other, that dependence is not conventional. In each case, the fermionic side can also be cast in either of two different forms. Taking the remaining finite size parameter to infinity in either of the above identities, so that M -> infinity and N -> infinity, leads to the same q-series identity for the corresponding character., 47 pages, LaTex, epsf required for single eps file

Small-angle correlations between two protons produced in the inclusive reaction He-4 + Ni-58 --> p + p + X at 120 MeV have been measured. The data show an enhanced cross section for a relative energy DELTA-E approximately 400 keV. Comparison with model calculations suggests an influence of a finite lifetime of the emitting source. A size parameter of 3 fm and a lifetime of approximately 10(-22)s were deduced.

A method is outlined to compute the scattering matrix of an ensemble of infinite cylinders in random orientation, as an approximation to the scattering matrix of an ensemble of very long but finite cylinders. Numerical checks are presented, which show that the results for infinite cylinders agree with theoretical results for very thick and very thin cylinders, as well as with numerical data for prolate spheroids and short finite cylinders.

We present a method to determine potential parameters in molecular simulations of confined systems through fitting on experimental isotherms with inflection points. The procedure uniquely determines the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction parameters and is very sensitive to the size parameter. The inflection points in the isotherms are often related to a subtle interplay between different adsorption sites. If a force field can predict this interplay, it also reproduces the remaining part of the isotherm correctly, i.e., the Henry coefficients and saturation loadings.

Electron–hydrogen fully differential ionisation cross sections are studied using the convergent close-coupling (CCC) method that utilises box-based eigenstates. Convergence as a function of the box size parameter R0 is presented for the coplanar case of 15.6 eV incident electrons with two 1 eV outgoing electrons.

We have observed from numerical work that the extinction efficiency of a perfectly conducting sphere goes to 2 as the size parameter increases, regardless of whether the embedding medium is absorbing or lossless.