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A unique device is proposed for ultra-high density up- and downlink transmission. The device comprises of the chalcogenide Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and panda ring resonator with silver bars at the center microring at the upper and lower parts of the MZI. The device is operative based on the space–time function where the input space (soliton) via the input port multiplexes with time at the add port of the device with a wavelength bandwidth of 1.50–3.50 µm and the frequency bandwidth of 85–250 THz. The WGM is observed at the upper (uplink) and lower (downlink) center microring with suitable parameters. The silver bars at the center microring form the dipole oscillation, where the uplink and downlink plasmonic antennas have the directivity 18.68 and 13.27, and gain is 9.34 and 6.64, respectively. The light fidelity (LiFi uplink and downlink) employs the wavelength spectrum while the wireless fidelity (WiFi uplink and downlink) employs the frequency spectrum. The LiFi uplink and downlink have an optimum wavelength of 2.30 µm and 2.27 µm, respectively, while the WiFi uplink and downlink have an optimum frequency of 130 THz and 132 THz. For the transmission signal, the bit rate of 28 Pbits−1 is achieved. The bit error rate (BER) value of 0.36 is obtained which indicates the system performance. Low BER value indicates high system performance. The device can be employed for the coverage of the light-wave and microwave wavelength link for 6G communication, where AI (artificial intelligence), 3D communication, code encryption, and secured transmission can be applied.

This work presents and discusses a method for evaluating a dynamic eddy-current damping (ECD) force that is automatically generated in response to eddy currents induced within a conductive plate while moving across a magnetic field in relative motion to a nearby stationary magnet. In the experiment, a Doppler shift frequency signal between the optical interference fringe frequencies was used to calculate the velocity of the moving conductive plate. The other relevant mechanical quantities acting on the plate, such as the displacement, acceleration, and resultant force, were then evaluated by performing numerical calculations of the velocity. Finally, the evaluation of the ECD force could be achieved by performing a calculation to remove the frictional force component from the resultant force. Furthermore, an approximation analysis used to calculate the value of the ECD force was proposed and compared with the measured value as well. From the experimental results, the combined standard uncertainty for evaluating the ECD force was approximately 3.57 mN, corresponding to 3.13% of the maximum eddy-current force of approximately 114.0 mN.

The biased plasmonic circuit is proposed using a Panda-ring infinitesimal space–time function control. The circuit has two small rings alongside the main microring. The small rings act as phase modulators inducing the nonlinearity effect in the circuit. The gold grating at the center microring induces plasmonic polaritons resulting in plasmonic wave oscillations and the Bragg wavelength (plasma frequency). By using the suitable parameters, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) is formed at the center ring, where the small change of light optical path difference is compensated and resonant. The coupling side ring radii $${R}_{L}$$ - $${R}_{R}$$ → 0 is generated, where the unified space–time function is obtained. The saturation uncertainty space–time function known as a singularity is formed, which can be applied for fully biased plasmonic circuit characteristics. The circuit is fed by the input light with 1.50 µm center wavelength, where the input power varied from 1 to 10 mW. The bright soliton with a wavelength of 1.50 µm can move both back and forward (biased) on the time axis by the three different modulated Gaussian pulses of 0.60 µm, 1.10 µm, and 1.30 µm, where the full biased of the 1st space to the 2nd various spaces in terms of wavelengths is achieved.

In this work, a microring circuit using space–time distortion control is proposed for plasma source applications. The microring circuit consists of a center microring with two small rings at its sides. The center microring circuit is embedded by a metallic film. The space–time control is applied to the circuit, where the minimum space–time distortion is achieved by the resonant optical path difference of the two-side rings. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) is established by the matching of the space–time distortion in terms of the optical path difference. The coupling between the WGM and electrons on the metallic film surface introduces the trapped electron cloud oscillation. The plasma frequency of the electron cloud is generated by the plasmonic wave oscillation, in which the plasma force can be calculated and obtained. The plasmaforce generated by selected metallic films is investigated for dried spray, force sensor, and electron cloud speed applications. By using the practical device parameters, the simulation results obtained have shown that the plasma frequencies of $1.93\times1016$ , $1.91\times1016$ , and $1.88\times 1016\,\,{\mathrm {rad}} \mathord {\left /{ {\vphantom {{\mathrm {rad}} s}} }\right. } s$ are obtained for gold, silver, and copper films, respectively. The force sensor sensitivity and electron cloud plasma speed are calculated.

An electron cloud spectroscopy system consisting of a microring and Bragg grating Fabry-Perot is proposed. It has the form of a Panda-ring formed by an add-drop filter with nonlinear two-phase modulators. The input light of $1.50\mu \text{m}$ center wavelength is fed into the system. By using suitable two-phase modulator parameters, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) of light is formed at the center ring. The gold plate at the center microring illuminated by light leads to electron cloud oscillations forming the electron density that results in the spin up and spin down of electrons. The electron cloud spins (spin up and spin down) form the qubits which can be transmitted to the Fabry-Perot sensing unit by the spin waves. The Fabry-Perot sensing unit measures the spectral profile of the electron cloud spins. To observe the spectral profile of the electron cloud spins a large bandwidth is employed. The space-time function is applied to distinguish the electron cloud spins, which leads to having the selected spin switching time and sensor sensitivity resolution. By varying the input power and the gold grating gaps, the change in optical path difference formed in terms of the electron cloud spins at the center ring, where the optimum of ~10Pbit is obtained. Both the reflection and transmission schemes of the microring Fabry-Perot circuit have bit rates of ~6Pbit $s^{-1}$ . The reflection and transmission spectra have a free spectral range of ~0.04–0.14 $\mu \text{m}$ . The optimum sensitivity of the microring Fabry-Perot sensor is $0.31\mu \,\,\text{m}^{-1}$ .

The microring circuit is designed to form the upstream and downstream quantum communications. There are one space and two-time functions applied to form the transmission. A circuit consists of 3 microring resonators, where there are three processes of each transmission. Firstly, the space function pulse (soliton) fed into the system via the main ring input port. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated at the center ring with suitable parameters. The dipole oscillation is formed by the coupling between plasmonic wave and gold grating, which will change in the dipole oscillation frequency inducing the change in the plasmonic sensor. The flip-flop signals obtained from the bright and dark soliton via the throughput and drop ports can apply for the transmission clock signals. Secondly, the quantum codes formed by a time-energy function input into the system via a silicon ring, which induced the four-wave mixing induced by the coherent light in a GaAsInP ring, can be identified and the quantum bits(qubits) formed by the polarized signal orientation. The quantum information is multiplexed into the system. Thirdly, the carrier time function will input via the add port main ring. By using the resonant condition, the multiplexed signals of those processes will transmit via either WGM or throughput port for wireless or cable transmission, respectively. The downstream process is processed the same way as the upstream, where the multiplexer is placed by the de-multiplexer. By varying the input power, the manipulation result has shown the potential realistic application for quantum and telepathic communications.

Distributed microring sensors using space-time function control is proposed for artificial microfacial sensors. The system consists of 6 different node locations, corresponding to the form of the human microfacial structure. Two space-time function input sources are fed into the system simultaneously. The distributed stereo network sensors are investigated. Each sensor node is embedded by a different gold grating period, in which the coupling between the photon and grating generates different plasmonic Bragg wavelengths outputs, which can be used to identify the node positions. The changes introduced to the sensor nodes via the space-time function relationship, such as the polariton (phonon), wavelength, frequency, and temporal change of the Bragg wavelength, can be measured. By using the whispering gallery mode output, the dipole oscillation of each node can be obtained, which can be used for a distributed facial sensor network. The distributed network is connected by the microring coupling in the system. By using the stereo sensor and space-time function sources, a balance of the two-channel sensing signals, known as a stereo sensor, can enable a self-calibration of the sensor, which is achieved. Moreover, exchange between the polariton and electron can be achieved, and electro-optic conversion is obtained. Moreover, the electro-optic conversion obtained by exchanging the polariton and electron energies means that both wireless and cable transmission modes can be employed.

We propose the use of the electron cloud generated by quasi-particle waves called polariton dipoles, which oscillated within a silicon microring-embedded gold grating system for quantum consciousness processing model. An embedded gold grating is coupled by a whispering gallery mode beam generated by a soliton pulse, from which the polariton waves oscillated with the plasma frequency at the Bragg wavelength. The excited polariton cloud by the external stimuli can be detected at the system output ports. The two states of the polariton (electron) are spin-up and spin-down that can process automatically and deliver to the network and cloud. In manipulation, the results obtained show the electron density increased by increasing the input power into the system. In application, the cell polariton cloud coupled by the external stimuli and patterned by the quantum cellular automata results, which localized in the cloud network and connected to the nerve cell access nodes. The coded polaritons connected to the nerve cell memory clouds, while the required commands are delivered to resonant cells via the network link. More stenographic codes can also be generated by other external stimuli sources, which can process similarly.

A negative entropic system formed by a close successive polariton filtering within a modified optical add–drop filter is proposed. The device ends are embedded by the gold gratings and TiO2 materials, in which the close successive polariton filtering can be formed. The selected light source is input into the system via the input port. There is no light energy injected and left into and from the system after the initial input, which can be configured as the adiabatic-like system. Polariton forms by the coupling between the intense optical field and the optical dipole generated by the gold grating. The suitable reflector (TiO2 material) lengths are applied to all device ends, from which only a small amount of the polariton output energy can be transmitted and measured at the add port output. By using the Optiwave and MATLAB programs, the polariton outputs regarding wavelength, time and frequency of the stopping states can be found and plotted. The relative polariton negentropic values of the red- and blueshifted signals are also calculated. The maximum relative negentropic value of 6.8 × 1015 m2 s−2 is obtained. The possible hibernation and quantum consciousness interpretation using the proposed system are also discussed.

The distributed optical sensors using the multi-input light sources have been designed and simulated. It consists of 6 sensor nodes coupled to the main ring resonator, which is an optical circulator operation. It is a micro-scale device that can be fabricated by the current technology. The three distance light sources are simultaneously fed and the cross-connected signals combined in the circulator. By using the suitable parameters, the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are generated at the center nodes from which the channel spacing signals can be obtained and used for distributed sensors. The analytical details and the simulation using the selected parameters are presented. The channel spacing of the cross-connected outputs of 1.2 µm is achieved. The simultaneous sensor sensitivity in the terms of ( Δ λ / λ ) of approximately 1.28 is obtained.

Polaritonic signal processing model and manipulation using a microring successive filtering circuit are proposed. The polariton signals are generated by the coherent light within the microring embedded a gold nanograting island, from which the successive filtering of the polariton signals within the designed on-chip circuit is manipulated by adjusting the device end reflection coefficients. The almost closed system of the two-level system of polaritons is formed, where there are initially two oscillation frequencies called the Rabi frequencies, the ground an excited state respectively. The required signals of this characteristics study are presented in the domains of wavelength, time and frequency, which can be used to characterise the brain signals in the meditation situation. When the successive polariton switching time (Δt) is approaching zero, from which the stopping polariton state is established, while the polariton frequencies can be tunable. The results obtained have shown that switching time of the 2nd successive round-trip of 25.55 fs is obtained, and in addition, the tunable frequencies of the ground and excited states of the two-level system are achieved.

Mindfulness foundation is an excellent method of the human spiritual development by the reasonable thinking and consideration, which was established by Lord Buddha a long time ago. There are four ways of thinking and consideration-(i) form (body), (ii) sensation, (iii) spiritual and (iv) Dhamma. In this paper, we propose the use of the form consideration for the spiritual development, in which the form can be considered thoroughly inside the body by the spiritual projection. By using the nonlinear microring resonator known as a Panda-ring resonator, the electromagnetic (EM) signals called polaritons can be generated by the coupling interaction between the intense EM fields and the ionic diploes within the almost closed system, where the dipoles can obtain from the coupling between the gold grating and the strong electromagnetic fields. In the manipulation, cells, tissues, and organs inside the human body can communicate with the spiritual (polaritonic) signals and investigation. The simulation results obtained have shown that the Lorentz factor of 0.99999959 is obtained. The successively filtering of the signal circulation within the body during the meditation can be formulated and the meditation behaviors modeled. The aura, the stopping, and the cold body states can be configured and explained. Keywords: Meditation science, Mindfulness Foundation, Buddhism philosophy, Mathematics foundation, Natural science

We propose a new concept of the nonlinear effect called the Kerr-Vernier effect by using cascaded Si-ChG microring circuits. The circuit is simulated for two materials of different refractive indices which results in phase difference in propagating light and hence observed in the output signal. By varying the input power into the system, the Vernier effects in terms of the Kerr-Vernier effects are seen. In application, the comparative results of the two-channel outputs are used to form the phase sensors, while the self-calibration between the two-channel outputs can be performed. The change in wavelength at the whispering gallery mode of 8 nm is achieved when the applied input power was fixed at 10 mW. A sensitivity of ∼120 µm W-1 is obtained for this proposed sensor.

3D interference fringe pattern recognition using a plasmonic sensing circuit is proposed. The plasmonic sensing in the form of a panda ring comprises an embedded gold grating at the microring center. WGM (whispering gallery mode) is observed at the microring center with suitable parameters. The dark soliton of 1.50 µm wavelength excites the gold grating which leads to electron cloud oscillation and forms the electron densities where the trapped electrons inside the silicon microring are transported via wireless connection using WGM and cable connection. The spin down $$\left| \downarrow \right\rangle\left( {\left| 1 \right\rangle } \right)$$ and spin up $$\left| \uparrow \right\rangle\left( {\left| 0 \right\rangle } \right)$$ result from the electron cloud oscillation. By using the changes in gold lengths, the excited electron pattern recognition can be manipulated, where the values “0” and “1” are useful for pattern recognition. The fringe patterns of the plasmonic interferometric sensor are recorded, which means that the novel 3D pattern recognition can be possibly implemented and used in many applications. Therefore, the plasmonic sensing circuit can be used to form the quantum code, quantum encryption, quantum sensor, and pattern recognition.

A micro Sagnac interferometer integration is proposed for electron cloud distributed sensors. The Sagnac interferometer consists of four microring probes integrated into a Sagnac loop. Each of the microring probes is embedded with the silver bars to form the plasmonic wave oscillation. At the center microrings, electrons are trapped and oscillated by the whispering gallery modes (WGMs), where the plasmonic antennas are established and applied for wireless fidelity (WiFi) and light fidelity (LiFi) transmissions for distributed sensors. The antenna gains are 2.59dB, 0.93dB, 1.75dB, and 1.16dB respectively for the four antennas formed at the center microrings. The polarized light of 1.50µm wavelength is fed into the interferometer input, which is polarized randomly into upstream and downstream directions. The polarization components can be obtained by the space-time modulation control. By controlling the electron cloud spin orientation, the space-time projection can be applied, and the ultra-high measurement resolution can be obtained in terms of fast switching time (change in phase). In manipulation, the applied stimuli are substituted by the change in input source power. The light input power variation causes a change in electron cloud density. Similarly, when the electron cloud is excited by the microscopic medium, which can be employed as the microscopic sensors. The WGM sensors have sensitivities of 1.35µm-2, 0.90µm-2, 0.97µm-2 and, 0.81µm-2, respectively. The WGMs behave as a four-point probe for the electron cloud distributed sensors, where the electron cloud sensitivities of 2.31 prads-1mm3 (electrons)-1, 2.27prads-1mm3 (electrons)-1, 2.22 prads-1mm3(electrons)-1, 2.38prads-1mm3(electrons)-1 are respectively obtained.

We have proposed that human life is formed on a space and time function relationship basis, which is distorted after fertilization in the ovum, from which growth is generated by a space&ndash, time distortion against the universe&rsquo, s gravity. A space&ndash, time distortion&rsquo, s reduction can be managed by space and time separation, which is known as mindfulness. A space&ndash, time distortion in human cells is configured by a polariton traveling in a gold grating film, which can be employed to investigate mindfulness characteristics. Mindfulness is the steady state of the time function of energy after the separation. Energy levels of mindfulness based on polariton aspects are categorized by a quantum number (n), which can be reduced to be a two-level system called Rabi oscillation by a successive filtering method. We have assumed a cell space&ndash, time distortion can reduce to reach the original state, which is the stopping state. Mindfulness with a certain frequency energy level of n = 2 was achieved. Several techniques in the practice of mindfulness based on successive filtering called meditation are given and explained, where the required levels of the mindfulness state can be achieved. The criteria of the proposed method are a low energy level (n) and high frequency (f) outputs, which can apply to having a working performance improvement.

In this paper, the ultra‐wideband source for light fidelity (LiFi) and high‐density 3D imaging applications is proposed. The system consists of an add‐drop multiplexer. The center ring is formed by the Chalcogenide glass (ChG), which is coupled with two GaAsInP/P side rings. The nonlinear effect within the side rings (phase modulators) is induced in the central ring. The superposition of light signals from side rings generates wider wavelength band, which makes the original input. The output is the set of squeezed light pulses known as whispering gallery mode (WGM) which is generated at the center of the system. Three different input sources are investigated, where the simulated results are comparatively plotted and discussed. The results show that the wavelength of 1.30 μm is the best input source. The output wavelengths band is ranged from 0.7‐3.1 μm, which is suitable for LiFi source and high‐density 3D imaging applications.

© 2018 The Authors We propose a new variant of electro-optic multiplexing scheme using the boxcar filter arrangement. The circuits consist of multistage add-drop multiplexers that can offer external input-output connections. Input from a single light source can be fed into the system through the input port or through the free-space from light fidelity (LiFi) node. The light signal is fed into boxcar filters and the roll-off bands are obtained. The output of the circuits is formed at the drop, through and the whispering gallery mode (WGM) node of the circuit output. By using the electro-optic conversion in Si-Graphene-Au layer stack, time division (TDM), wavelength division (WDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM) can be performed. The simulations have shown that a combination of 7 roll-off bands with the maximum spectral widths or bandwidths of ∼6.09 µm or ∼7.63 THz can be obtained.

We have proposed a model of polariton generation, which is normally generated by the dipole and the strong coupling field interaction. This system consists of a gold grating embedded on the plasmonic island, which is embedded at the center of the nonlinear microring resonator, which is known as a panda-ring resonator. The strong coupling between the plasmonic waves and the grating can be formed by the whispering gallery mode (WGM) of light within a Panda-ring resonator, in which the output is a dipole-like particle known as a polariton and seen at the system output. By varying the energy of high-intensity laser pulse in the system and gold granting a strong field is generated at the output. A dipole is formed by a pair of the grating signals, where one propagates in the opposite direction of the other. By using suitable parameters, dipole-like signals can be generated. Theoretical formulation is performed for a two-level system and polariton oscillation frequency i.e., the Rabi frequency is plotted. The obtained ground and excited state frequencies of this two-level system are 187.86 and 198.20 THz, respectively.

This paper presents a modified quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol with its advantage ability to against the photon number splitting (PNS) strategy. As a result of the proposed protocol with the specified parameters of $k =$ 1024 bits, $y =$ 10 bits, and the round repeating of n = 10, the eavesdropper can achieve the correct information with a probability of only 1.97 $\times$ 10$^{-31}$. Moreover, the proposed protocol allows each the photon pulse can consist of a few of photons, which is valuable to the maximize photon number of $\mu=$ 1 and resulting in a significant higher useful bit rate. From the simulation results, the obtained useful bits rates for each the photon pulse of 800 nm, 1300 nm, and 1550 nm, are approximately of 242.2 kbit/s, 7.4 Mbit/s, and 119.8 kBit/s, can be achieved at the distances of 20 km, 60 km, and 120 km, respectively. The QKD system parameters for each the considered wavelength are specified as: the photon pulses rate of 1 GHz and 10 GHz, the photon number of $\mu=$0.1 and 1.0, The attenuations of 2.0, 0.35, and 0.25 dB/km, the detector efficiencies of 50%, 20%, and 10%, with the dark count probabilities of 10$^{-7}$, 10$^{-5}$, and 10$^{-5}$, respectively. The potential of using such the proposed protocol with a double layers QKD system is performed and discussed.

An on-chip-scale, up-down link conversion circuit for electro-optic signals to use in a light fidelity network application is proposed. A system consisting of a loop microring resonator (known as a Panda-ring resonator), is coupled inline to the input of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI). When the light from that source is input into the system, a fraction of the power is coupled inline through successive pumping and then circulated within the system. By using the most appropriate device parameters, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) of the light, with the inline successive pumping condition, is generated at the resonance condition. The transmitted signals are a combination of the comb and WGM signals and are obtained at the MZI output. The simulation results obtained have shown that a maximum power of 300 mW is achieved from the device. A comb signal, over the spectral band from 1.350–1.750 µm is obtained, with the center wavelength at 1.55 µm. The results show an up-downlink switching speed of is ~ 20 fs is also obtained.

We have proposed the simple method of the squeezed light generation in the modified microring resonator, which is known as the microring conjugate mirror (MCM). When the monochromatic light is input into the MCM, the general form of the squeezed coherent states for a quantum harmonic oscillator can be generated by controlling the additional two side rings, which are the phase modulators. By using the graphical method called the Optiwave program, the coherent squeezed states of coherent light within an MCM can be obtained and interpreted as the amplitude, phase, quadrature and photon number-squeezed states. This method has shown potentials for microring related device design, which can be used before practical applications.

A method for measuring the dynamic impact responses that acting on a spherical object while dropping and colliding with dried sand, such as the velocity, displacement, acceleration, and resultant force, is presented and discussed. In the experiment, a Michelson-type laser interferometer is employed to obtain the velocity of the spherical stainless steel object. Then the obtained time velocity profile is used to calculate the acceleration, the displacement, and the inertial force acting on the observed sand particles. Furthermore, a high-speed camera is employed to observe the behavior of the sand during the collision. From the experimental results with the sampling interval for frequencies calculation of 1 ms, the combined standard uncertainty in the instantaneous value of the impact force acts on the observed object is obtained and approximated to 0.49 N, which is related to a corresponding 4.07% of the maximum value at 12.05 N of the impact force. Keywords: Sand particle, Collision response, Dynamic force, Inertial mass, Optical interferometer

A conventional Michelson interferometer is modified and used to form the various types of interferometers. The basic system consists of a conventional Michelson interferometer with silicon-graphene-gold embedded between layers on the ports. When light from the monochromatic source is input into the system via the input port (silicon waveguide), the change in optical path difference (OPD) of light traveling in the stacked layers introduces the change in the optical phase, which affects to the electron mean free path within the gold layer, induces the change in the overall electron mobility can be seen by the interferometer output visibility. Further plasmonic waves are introduced on the graphene thin film and the electron mobility occurred within the gold layer, in which the light-electron energy conversion in terms of the electron mobility can be observed, the gold layer length is 100 nm. The measurement resolution in terms of the OPD of ∼50 nm is achieved. In applications, the outputs of the drop port device of the modified Michelson interferometer can be arranged by the different detectors, where the polarized light outputs, the photon outputs, the electron spin outputs can be obtained by the interference fringe visibility, mobility visibility and the spin up-down splitting output energies. The modified Michelson interferometer theory and the detection schemes are given in details.

The electro-optic power pumping system model using the inline successive technique within the modified add-drop filter is proposed. A pumping system consists of a closed loop Panda ring resonator, from which the optical power is coupled inline into the system. By controlling the two side phase modulators, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated by the amplitude-squeezed light within the modified add-drop filter. By using the proposed circuits, the low current can be applied into the system via a gold layer connection, from which the amplified output current can be obtained at the throughput port, which can be functioned as the electronic operational amplifier (op-amp). In application, the WGM output is the amplified signal that can be used for the up (down) link in free space communication network called light fidelity (LiFi). The electro-optic signals conversion can be performed by the stacked layers of silicon–graphene–gold materials. The results obtained have shown that large gain is obtained at the WGM output, which is ~ 5 × $$10^{ - 6}\; {\text{cm}}^{2} \;({\text{V}}\;{\text{sW}})^{ - 1}$$ , when the pumping saturation time is ~ 2 fs. It concludes the suitability of our proposed model for light fidelity, LiFi up-down link conversion.

In this article, we have proposed the plasmonic interferometry concept and analytical details given. By using the conventional optical interferometry, which can be simply calculated by using the relationship between the electric field and electron mobility, the interference mobility visibility (fringe visibility) can be observed. The surface plasmons in the sensing arm of the Michelson interferometer is constructed by the stacked layers of the silicon-graphene-gold, allows to characterize the spatial resolution of light beams in terms of the electron mobility down to 100-nm scales, with measured coherence lengths as low as ∼100 nm for an incident wavelength of 1550 nm. We have demonstrated a compact plasmonic interferometer that can apply to the electron mean free paths measurement, from which the precise determination can be used for the high-resolution mean free path measurement and sensing applications. This system provides the practical simulation device parameters that can be fabricated and tested by the experimental platform.

A system of radio over free space optic (RoFSO) system using the multi-optical carriers has been generated by the microring resonators integrating an add/drop filter. These obtained carriers have shown sufficiently stable for propagating in free space channels while experiencing very low dispersion. Moreover, this technique is appropriated for higher capacity that can be serviced in a system of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) RoFSO, where there are 16 carriers created, where each carrier has 12.5 GHz free spectral range (FSR) and 220 MHz full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and 8 orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) signals, then they separately modulated with 8 out of these 16 carriers. After the modulation, by utilizing an free space optic (FSO) antenna, all carriers have the optical multiplexing and transmission to a FSO channel. On the receiver side, the demultiplexing is performed and finally the performance of the system subsequently is analyzed by calculation of the constellation diagram and error vector magnitude (EVM).

A broadband wavelength photon squeezing system using a Panda-ring resonator embedded a gold grating is proposed. The selected laser source is input into the system via an input port, from which the nonlinear Kerr effect induced by the two nonlinear side rings and coupled into the center ring. Besides, the wavelength scattering is affected by the gold grating and the photon output wavelengths. By adjusting the suitable two side ring radii, where there is four type squeezing photons obtained. The obtained wavelengths are ranged from 1.30 to 170 µm with the center wavelength of 1.55 µm, where the maximum input power is 50 mW. From which the optimum spectrum range (FSR) of 22 nm is achieved. In applications, the up and downlink LiFi transmission can be formed using the whispering gallery mode node, in which the squeezed photons and the add port output can be used to form the communication. The signal modulation and demodulation can be applied via the device add and other ports, while the cable transmission is also available via the through the port connection. By using the Ti $${\text{O}}_{2}$$ reflector, the transmitted photons at the add port can also be controlled an attenuated, which can be used for single photon source and communication.

The sequence of the human brain can be configured by the originated strongly coupling fields to a pair of the ionic substances(bio-cells) within the microtubules. From which the dipole oscillation begins and transports by the strong trapped force, which is known as a tweezer. The tweezers are the trapped polaritons, which are the electrical charges with information. They will be collected on the brain surface and transport via the liquid core guide wave, which is the mixture of blood content and water. The oscillation frequency is called the Rabi frequency, is formed by the two-level atom system. Our aim will manipulate the Rabi oscillation by an on-chip device, where the quantum outputs may help to form the realistic human brain function for humanoid robotic applications.

A micro stereo sensor system is proposed for human sensors, where eyes, ears, tongue, nose, body, and brain are applied by six panda rings embedded in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The input power is applied to the upper branch of MZI and propagates within the system. The six antennas (sensors) are formed by the whispering gallery modes of the panda rings. The space–time modulation signal is applied to the MZI lower branch. The modulated stereo signals can be configured as the plasmon (electron) spin orientations, which can be identified and applied for quantum codes and quantum consciousness.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in the “Acknowledgement” section.

In this paper, a micro-stereo sensor is proposed using two-identical Panda-ring resonators, which are coupled by jointed drop ports. When light from the identical coherent sources is fed into the system via the input ports, the coupling outputs are obtained at the drop port at the resonant condition. These are mixed signals in the form of stereo signals. By using different input power between the right and left systems, the phase difference generated by the Kerr-Effect in the non-linear medium leads to the shift in the coupling outputs. The shift in the center wavelength is the primary measurement of interest along with coupling crosstalk signals that are also visible at the output. The measurement self-calibration of the two channels is confirmed by the mixed channel signals. In the manipulation, the crosstalk signals can be used to interpret the cross-communication of bio-cells. The crosstalk results have shown the optical crosstalks of ∼2.0 and ∼2.5 dB are calculated and obtained, respectively. The stereo sensor sensitivity of ∼5.70 nmW−1is noted.

Three different wavelength light sources are coupled to microring circulator via modified add-drop multiplexers, from which the multiplexed signals of them can be formed at the plasmonic islands and used as the distributed sensor nodes. The change in the wavelength due to the external environment will affect the refractive index of the sensing material and hence shift in each wavelength will be seen. Measurements are recorded as the shift in a spectrum (Δλ) by changing the input power and a relationship is obtained between the change in input power and shift in the output spectrum for 1.10, 1.30 and 1.55 μm wavelengths. This is the micro-scale device that can be used for bio-cell content distributed sensors, in which the three different aspects of sensor mechanism can be employed.

We propose a new system of quantum cryptography for QKD protocol with privacy amplification for internet security using Gaussian pulse propagating within a nonlinear ring resonator system, quantum processor and a wavelength router. To increase the channel capacity and security, the multiplexer is operated incorporating a quantum processing unit via an optical multiplexer. The transmission part can be used to generate the high capacity quantum codes within the series of micro ring resonators and an add/drop filter. The receiver part can be communicated by using the quantum key (quantum bit, qubit) via a wavelength router and quantum processors. The reference states can be recognized by using the cloning unit, which is operated by the add/drop filter, where the communication between Alice and Bob can be performed. Results obtained have shown that the correlated photons can be generated and formed the entangled photon pair, which is allowed to form the secret key between Alice and Bob. In application, the embedded system within the computer processing unit is available for quantum computer.

The new optical communication bandwidths (wavelength bands) using a Gaussian pulse propagating within a nonlinear microring resonator system is proposed. The Gaussian input pulses, for instance, when the input pulses of the common lasers with center wavelengths from 400 to 1500 nm are used, the required output wavelength bands can be obtained by controlling the coupling coefficients of the add/drop filter. Results obtained have shown that more available wavelength bands from the different center wavelengths can be generated, which can be used to form new dense wavelength division multiplexing bands. The novelty of the work is that the expansion of communication bands, especially, when the center wavelength is at 1300 nm can be obtained by using a common laser pulse, whereas the amplified and non-dispersive light source can be formed.

We propose a new system of an extremely narrow light pulse generation for optical microscopy applications using a nonlinear ring resonator system. The system consists of one nano and three micro-optical ring resonators, which can be used to generate the 50 fm (10 −15 m) optical spectral width at the broad wavelength spectrum. By using a soliton pulse with a pulse width of 50 ps, peak power of 1 W, center wavelength at 550 nm, and after the soliton pulse is launched into the first ring device, the chaotic pulses are generated within the first ring. The chaotic filtering behaviors are performed by using the second and the third ring devices, whereas the extremely short pulse, i.e. narrow spectral width, can be generated by using the extended nano-ring device. The broad spectrum of the harmonic waves is generated and filtered, which is of use in optical tomography. Results obtained have shown that the generation of the broad spectrum of short pulse with width 100 fm and peak power 60 mW is achieved. The possibility of using such a system for nondestructive bio-cells microscopy, for visualizing bio-cells and for bio-cells tomography is also discussed in detail.

Lorentz transformation (LT) is used to connect two inertia frames, including the lab and moving frames, and the effect of LT on the states of one spin-1/2 particle system is studied. Moreover, we address the predictions made by Czachor's and the Pauli spin operators about the spin behavior and compare our results with the behavior of system's state under Lorentz transformation. This investigation shows that the predictions made by considering the Pauli spin operator about the spin of system are in better agreement with the system's state in comparison with that of made by considering Czachor's spin operator. In continue, we focus on two-particle pure entangled systems including two spin$-1/2$ particles which moves away from each other. Once again, the behavior of this system's states under Lorentz transformation are investigated. We also point to the behavior of Bell's inequality, as a witness for non-locality, under Lorentz transformation. Our study shows that the Bell operator made by the Pauli operator has better consistency with the behavior of spin state of system under Lorentz transformation compared with the Bell operator made by Czachor's operator. Our approach can be used to study the relation between the various spin operators and the effect of LT on system, which provides the basement to predict the outcome of a Stern-Gerlach type experiment in the relativistic situations., The text have been revised and one figure was added