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Energy levels and transition rates for electric-dipole, electric-quadrupole, magnetic-dipole, and magnetic-quadrupole transitions among the levels arising from the n ≤ 5 configurations in Al-like Cu XVII are calculated respectively by two state-of-the-art methods, namely, the Multi-Configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock approach and the second-order many-body perturbation theory. Our results are compared with available experimental and other theoretical values. In addition, effective collision strengths of direct excitation between these levels are provided using the distorted wave approximation. Several line pairs are pointed out that might be useful for density diagnostics.

Energy levels and transition rates for electric-dipole, electric-quadrupole, electric-octupole, magnetic-dipole, and magnetic-quadrupole transitions among the levels arising from the n ≤ 5 configurations in B-like Kr XXXII are calculated by using two state-of-the-art methods, namely, the multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) approach and the second-order many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT). Our results are compared with several available experimental and other theoretical values. Electron-impact excitation (EIE) collision strengths are calculated via the independent process and isolated resonance approximation using distorted-wave (denoted by IPIRDW). Radiation damping effects on the resonance excitation contributions are included. Effective collision strengths are calculated as a function of electron temperature by assuming a Maxwellian electron velocity distribution. Spectral line intensities are modelled by using collision radiative model, and several line pairs pointed out might be useful for density diagnostics.

The excitation energies, lifetimes, wavelengths and E1, E2, M1 and M2 transition rates for the lowest 389 levels of the 2l7, 2l63l′, 2l64l′, and 2l65l′ configurations from second-order many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) calculations, and the results for the lowest 200 states of the 2l7, 2l63l′, and 2l64l′ configurations from multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock (MCDHF) calculations in F-like Kr XXVIII are presented in this work. The relative differences between our two sets of level energies are mostly within 0.005% for the lowest 200 levels. Comparisons are made with experimental and other available theoretical results to assess the reliability and accuracy of the present calculations. We believe them to be the most complete and accurate results for Kr XXVIII at present.

Emission lines which appear in the spectral ranges of ground state transitions from n = 2 levels in He- and H-like argon ions are discussed. X-ray transitions from elements commonly found in tokamaks (tungsten, molybdenum, iron and sulphur) which radiate in the wavelength range from 3700–4000 mÅ are identified by comparison with atomic structure calculations. Individual lines from tungsten charge states in the vicinity of Zn-like W44+ are documented, along with B-like Mo37+. The behaviour of line ratios as a function of electron temperature is examined, in support of the identifications.

We have used an electron beam ion trap to measure electron-density-diagnostic line-intensity ratios for extreme ultraviolet lines from F XII, XIII, and XIV at wavelengths of 185-205 255-276 Angstroms. These ratios can be used as density diagnostics for astrophysical spectra and are especially relevant to solar physics. We found that density diagnostics using the Fe XIII 196.53/202.04 and the Fe XIV 264.79/274.21 and 270.52A/274.21 line ratios are reliable using the atomic data calculated with the Flexible Atomic Code. On the other hand, we found a large discrepancy between the FAC theory and experiment for the commonly used Fe XII (186.85 + 186.88)/195.12 line ratio. These FAC theory calculations give similar results to the data tabulated in CHIANTI, which are commonly used to analyze solar observations. Our results suggest that the discrepancies seen between solar coronal density measurements using the Fe XII (186.85 + 186.88)/195.12 and Fe XIII 196.54/202.04 line ratios are likely due to issues with the atomic calculations for Fe XII.

Many resonant photo-pumped X-ray laser schemes that use a strong pump line such as Ly-α or He-α to populate the upper laser state of a separate lasing material have been proposed over the last four decades but none have been demonstrated. As a first step to creating a photo-pumped X-ray laser we have decided to reinvestigate some of these schemes at the Orion laser facility with the goal to show enhanced fluorescence. In particular we look at using the Ly-α or He-α K lines to pump the 1s–3p and 4p transitions in H-like Cl and see fluorescence on the 4f–3d line at 65 A and the 3d–2p line at 23 A. Preliminary experiments are presented that show a modest enhancement. As an alternative we also look at enhancing the 2p–2s line in Ne-like Ge at 65 A using the Ly-α Mg line to photo-pump the 2s–3p line of Ne-like Ge. Calculations are presented that suggest modest enhancements of 2.5.

The X-ray signature of L-shell charge exchange in sulfur was studied in the laboratory. A comparison of the charge exchange (CX) spectra with those obtained under electron-impact excitation showed marked differences. In the CX spectra, an enhancement was observed in the transitions from levels with high principal quantum numbers, n = 4, 5, 6 → n = 2 in comparison with the n = 3 → n = 2 transitions that dominate the direct excitation spectra. An even greater enhancement was recorded in the transitions from the levels of electron capture to the ground states: n = 7, 8, 9 → n = 2. The spectra mainly consist of emission from S XIV, but lower charge states such as S XIII, S XII, and S XI also contribute. The results have been compared with observations made by the Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray Observatories of Jupiter's polar regions. The enhancement we noticed in transitions from the high-n levels is not seen in the Chandra spectra.

We have used the University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's EBIT-I electron beam ion trap to perform measurements of the wavelengths and relative intensities of the X-ray lines from inner-shell satellite transitions in sodium-like Fe XVI. The measurements were carried out with high-resolution crystal and grating spectrometers and covered the 14.5-18 A wavelength band. In contrast to some predicted line strengths and positions found in the literature, our results show that the strongest relatively unblended inner-shell satellites of Fe XVI are located near 15.2 A. This is near the location of the 3d→ 2p intercombination line in Fe XVII. Calculations using the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC) are presented. The average deviation between the EBIT-I measurements and the FAC calculations for the wavelength positions and line ratios are 22 mA and a factor of 2.3, respectively, where the average is taken over the ten features included in this work.

High-resolution soft X-ray observations of Ni- and Co-like Xe ions in an electron-beam ion trap are compared with the predictions of various calculations. Calculated energy levels up to the 4p levels are presented alongside experimental determinations. PACS Nos.: 32.30.Rj; 34.50.Fa; 34.80.Dp

Many astrophysical and laboratory plasmas possess Maxwell–Boltzmann (MB) electron energy distributions (EEDs). Interpreting or predicting the properties of these plasmas requires accurate knowledge of atomic processes such as radiative lifetimes, electron impact excitation and de-excitation, electron impact ionization, radiative recombination, dielectronic recombination, and charge transfer, all for thousands of levels or more. Plasma models cannot include all of the needed levels and atomic data. Hence, approximations need to be made to make the models tractable. Here we report on an “analog” technique we have developed for simulating a Maxwellian EED using an electron beam ion trap and review some recent results using this method. A subset of the atomic data needed for modeling Maxwellian plasmas relates to calculating the ionization balance. Accurate fractional abundance calculations for the different ionization stages of the various elements in the plasma are needed to reliably interpret or predict the properties of the gas. However, much of the atomic data needed for these calculations have not been generated using modern theoretical methods and are often highly suspect. Here we will also review our recent updating of the recommended atomic data for “digital’ computer simulations of MB plasmas in collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE), describe the changes relative to previously recommended CIE calculations, and discuss what further recombination and ionization data are needed to improve this latest set of recommended CIE calculations. PACS Nos.: 34.70.+e,34.80.Dp, 34.80.Kw, 34,80,Lx, 52.50.–j, 52.20.Fs, 52.20.Hv, 52.25.Jm, 52,72.+v, 52.75.–d, 95.30.Dr, 95.30.Ky, 98.38.Bn, 98.58.Bz

Charge state distributions (CSDs) have been determined in low-density (≈1012 cm–3) gold plasmas having either a monoenergetic beam (EBeam = 2.66, 3.53, 4.54, 5.35, 5.85, and 6.35 keV) or experimentally simulated thermal electron distributions (Te = 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 keV). These plasmas were created in the Livermore electron beam ion traps, EBIT-I and EBIT-II. Line emission and radiative recombination features of K to Kr-like gold ions were recorded in the X-ray region with a crystal spectrometer and a photometrically calibrated microcalorimeter. The CSDs in the experimentally simulated thermal plasmas were inferred by fitting the observed 4f → 3d and 5f → 3d lines with synthetic spectra from the Hebrew University Lawrence Livermore Atomic Code (HULLAC). Additionally, the CSDs in the beam plasmas were inferred both from fitting the line emission and fitting the radiative recombination emission to calculations from the General Relativistic Atomic Structure Program. Despite the relatively simple atomic physics in the low-density plasma, differences existed between the experimental CSDs and the simulations from several available codes (for example, RIGEL). Our experimental CSD relied upon accurate electron impact cross sections provided by HULLAC. To determine their reliability, we have experimentally determined the cross sections for several of the n = 3 → 4 and n = 3 → 5 excitations in Ni to Ga-like Au and compared them to distorted wave calculations. Cross-section calculations by flexible atomic code (FAC) and HULLAC were found to be very consistent. Recent Au spectra recorded during experiments at the OMEGA laser facility are presented and compared with those recorded from EBIT-I and EBIT-II. This comparison shows that spectra from the two sources are surprisingly similar despite a 10 order of magnitude difference in their respective plasma densities. PACS Nos.: 52.50.Fs, 52.25.Jm, 34.80.Kw, 34.80.Lx

The intensity ratios of 3 {yields} 2 emission lines of Fe XVIII and Ni XX were measured on the Livermore electron beam ion trap (EBIT-I) with a flat-field grating spectrometer. The results were compared with distorted-wave (DW) calculations obtained with the Flexible Atomic Code and recent close-coupling calculations using the R-matrix code. The measured 3s {yields} 2p/3d {yields} 2p ratios are about 20-40% higher than the theoretical values. When more extended configuration interaction is included in the DW theory, the agreement with the measurements improved slightly. At the beam energies of these measurements, no significant resonance contribution is expected to be present, and the discrepancies represent the uncertainties in the direct excitation cross sections.

Using a combined configuration interaction and many-body perturbation theory method, we compute the wavelengths of n → 2 (3 ≤ n ≤ 7) transitions of Fe and Ni L-shell ions. The uncertainties of the results are determined to be a few mA through extensive comparisons with existing laboratory measurements. We provide a complete line list of these X-ray transitions of Fe and Ni and incorporate them in the emissivity tables of the Astrophysical Plasma Emission Database (APED).

We present a comprehensive wavelength survey of Fe L-shell X-ray lines between 7 and 11 A measured using flat crystal spectrometers and the EBIT-I and EBIT-II electron beam ion traps at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This survey includes all significant emission lines produced by over 200 n → 2 transitions in Fe XVIII-XXIV, with n = 4-10. The identification and assignment of transitions are made with the help of detailed theoretical modeling using the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC).

We present a combined analysis of the X-ray emission of the Capella corona obtained with \textit{XMM-Newton} RGS, \textit{Chandra} HETGS, and LETGS. An improved atomic line database and a new differential emission measure (DEM) deconvolution method are developed for this purpose. Our new atomic database is based on the Astrophysical Plasma Emission Database and incorporates improved calculations of ionization equilibrium and line emissivities for L-shell ions of abundant elements using the Flexible Atomic Code. The new DEM deconvolution method uses a Markov Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) technique which differs from existing MCMC or $\chi^2$-fitting based methods. We analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each individual instrument in determining the DEM and elemental abundances. We conclude that results from either RGS or HETGS data alone are not robust enough due to their failure to constrain DEM in some temperature region or the lack of significant continuum emission in the wavelength band of the spectrometers, and that the combination of HETGS and RGS gives more stringent constraints on the DEM and abundance determinations. Using the LETGS data, we show that the recently discovered inconsistencies between the EUV and X-ray lines of Fe XVIII and XIX also exist in more highly charged iron ions, up to Fe XXIII, and that enhanced interstellar absorption due to partially ionized plasma along the Capella line of sight may explain some, but not all, of these discrepancies.

We present our numerical calculations of dielectronic recombination rate coefficients which are spin dependent (2lnl-1snl 1 L, 1snl 3 L) and develop scaling relations which are converging for all spin (S), angular (L) and main (n) quantum numbers. The influence of atomic data inaccuracies, spin dependent channelling of dielectronic recombination rates and collisions on the atomic/ionic fractions is discussed.

We have measured the electron impact excitation cross sections for the strong iron L-shell 3 {yields} 2 lines of Fe XVIII to Fe XXIV at the EBIT-I electron beam ion trap using a crystal spectrometer and NASA-Goddard Space Flight Centers 6 x 6 pixel array microcalorimeter. The cross sections were determined by direct normalization to the well established cross section of radiative electron capture through a sophisticated model analysis which results in the excitation cross section for the strong Fe L-shell lines at multiple electron energies. This measurement is part of a laboratory X-ray astrophysics program utilizing the Livermore electron beam ion traps EBIT-I and EBIT-II.

We have measured resonance strengths and energies for dielectronic recombination (DR) of beryllium-like Fe XXIII forming boron-like Fe XXII via N = 2 -> N' = 2 and N = 2 -> N' = 3 core excitations. All measurements were carried out using the heavy-ion Test Storage Ring at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics (MPI-K) in Heidelberg, Germany. We have also calculated these resonance strengths and energies using three independent, perturbative, state-of-the-art theoretical techniques: the multiconfiguration Breit-Pauli (MCBP) method, the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) method, and the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC). Overall reasonable agreement is found between our experimental results and these theoretical calculations. We have used our measurements to produce a Maxwellian-averaged DR rate coefficient for Fe XXIII. Our experimentally derived rate coefficient is estimated to be accurate to better that approximate to 20%. At temperatures where Fe XXIII is predicted to form in both photo-ionized and electron-ionized gas, we find mixed agreement between our experimental rate coefficient and previously published rate coefficients. We find good agreement at these temperatures between the experimentally derived rate coefficient and our MCBP, MCDF, and FAC results.

In the present work we calculate energy levels, oscillator strengths, A-values, and electron-ion excitation collision strengths for high-energy configurations for the iron ions Fe XVII to Fe XXIII. Collision rate coefficients are calculated using the distorted-wave approximation; the contribution of resonant excitation is taken into account by using the isolated-resonance approximation for configurations with principal quantum numbers n = 2 and 3. Results are compared with R-matrix calculations available in the literature for the lowest configurations; our results are the first ever published for highly excited configurations with n ≥ 4 for most ions. Synthetic spectra are calculated from the resulting rate coefficients and compared to available spectral codes. Some applications of the results of the present calculation to solar physics are discussed. These data will be part of the next version of the CHIANTI database.

Electron impact excitation cross sections have been measured for iron L-shell 3 {yields} 2 lines of FeXXI to FeXXIV at the EBIT-II electron beam ion trap using a crystal spectrometer and a 6 x 6-element array microcalorimeter. The cross sections were determined by direct normalization to the well established cross section of radiative electron capture and a summary of calculated energy dependent radiative recombination cross sections for electron capture into the ground state fine structure levels of Fe{sup 16+} to Fe{sup 23+} ions is given. The measurement results for 17 lines and their comparison with model calculations are presented. While agreement of the model calculations with experiment is good for most measured lines, significant discrepancies were found for a few lines, including the strongest line in Fe XXI.

Using a combined configuration interaction and many-body perturbation theory approach, we calculate the level energies of 1s22lq and 1s22lq-13l' (1 ≤ q ≤ 8) complexes in iron and nickel ions. Comparison of 1s22lq energies with experimental results shows that the calculation is accurate to within ~0.15 eV for these levels. The accuracy of 1s22lq-13l' energies can be slightly worse, at ~0.5 eV. The theoretical wavelengths of 2→3 transitions of iron ions are compared with the published experimental measurements, and discrepancies are found to be mostly within ±10 mA. Similar accuracy is expected for wavelengths of nickel ions. Such accuracy is a significant improvement over that obtainable with standard configuration interaction methods. A complete table of 2l → 3l' transition wavelengths of all L-shell ions of iron and nickel is presented.

A R=44.3 m grazing-incidence grating spectrometer has been implemented on the Livermore electron beam ion traps for high-resolution measurements in the soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet region spanning from below 10 up to 50 A. The instrument uses a grating with variable line spacing (about 2400 l/mm for a flat field of view. Spectra are recorded with a back-illuminated charge-coupled device detector. The new instrument greatly improves upon the resolution achieved with existing grating spectrometers and complements crystal spectrometers at the shorter wavelengths both in terms of wavelength coverage and polarization independent reflectivity response.

The line ratios of the 2p-3d transitions in the boron-like spectra Ar XIV and Fe XXII have been measured using the electron beam ion traps at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Radiative-collisional model calculations show these line ratios to be sensitive to the electron density in the ranges ne = 1010-1012?cm-3 and ne = 1013-1015?cm-3, respectively. In our experiment, the electron beam density of about 1011?cm-3 was varied by about a factor of 5. Our data show a density effect for the line doublet in Ar XIV, and good agreement with theory is found. The relative intensity of the Fe XXII doublet shows good agreement with our predicted low-density limit. The N VI K-shell spectrum was used to infer the actual electron density in the overlap region of ion cloud and electron beam, and systematic measurements and calculations of this spectrum are presented as well. The Ar XIV and Fe XXII spectra promise to be reliable density diagnostics for stellar coronae, complementing the K-shell diagnostics of helium-like ions.

Dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients for Na-like ions of elements with 12 ≤ Z ≤ 30 forming Mg-like systems are calculated in the independent-process, isolated-resonance approximation. Both ΔN = 0 and ΔN > 0 core excitation DR channels are included, as well as the inner-shell excitation channels. Convenient analytic fits are given to the calculated rate coefficients, and comparison is made with the existing theoretical and experimental results.

The intensity ratios between 3 → 2 emission lines in Ni XIX were measured on the Livermore electron beam ion trap (EBIT-I) with a flat-field grating spectrometer and the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray microcalo-rimeter. The results are consistent with earlier measurements of Fe XVII and other Ne-like ions at Livermore and confirm the problems in the atomic modeling of the direct collisional excitation for Ne-like systems.

gamma Cas has long been famous for its unique hard X-ray characteristics. We report herein on a 53 ks Chandra HETGS observation of this target. An inspection of our spectrum shows that it is quite atypical for a massive star, with abnormally weak Fe XXV, XXVI lines, Ly-alpha lines of H-like species from Fe XVII, XXIII, XXIV, S XVI, Si XIV, Mg XII, Ne X, O VII, VIII, and N VII. Also, line ratios of the rif-triplet of for a few He-like ions XVII are consistent with the dominance of collisional atomic processes. Yet, the presence of Fe and Si fluorescence K features indicates that photoionization also occurs in nearby cold gas. The line profiles indicate a mean velocity at rest and a broadening of 500 km/s. A global fitting analysis of the line and continuum spectrum finds that there are 3-4 plasma emission components. The dominant hot (12 keV) component and has a Fe abundance of 0.22 solar. Some fraction of this component (10-30%) is heavily absorbed. The other 2-3 components, with temperatures 0.1, 0.4, 3 keV, are "warm," have a nearly solar composition, a lower column absorption, and are responsible for most other emission lines. The strength of the fluorescence features and the dual-column absorption model for the hot plasma component suggest the presence near the hot sites of a cold gas structure with a column density of 10^23 cm^-2. Since this value is consistent with theoretical estimates of the vertical disk column of this star, these attributes suggest that the X-rays originate near the star or disk. It is possible that the Fe anomaly in the hot component is related to the First Ionization Potential effect found in coronal structures around active cool stars. This would be yet another indication that the X-rays -rays are produced in the immediate vicinity of the Be star.

In low-temperature plasmas, X-ray line emission is dominated by radiative cascades following recombination and photoexcitation, with a negligible contribution from collisional excitation. In this paper, we present theoretical line formation rate coefficients for all n → 2 (3 ≤ n ≤ 5) transitions of Fe XVII-XXIV in the temperature range between 1 and 500 eV. Both radiative recombination (RR) and ΔN = 0 dielectronic recombination (DR) are taken into account. In addition, the rate coefficients for radiative recombination continua onto n = 2 and 3 states of Fe XVII-XXIV are tabulated. The total RR rate coefficients of Fe XVIII-XXV and total ΔN = 0 DR rate coefficients of Fe XVIII-XXIV are presented as well, and compared with existing experimental measurements and theoretical calculations.

We have measured dielectronic recombination (DR) resonance strengths and energies for carbon-like Fe XXI forming Fe XX and for boron-like Fe XXII forming Fe XXI via N = 2 → N' = 2 core excitations. All measurements were carried out using the heavy-ion Test Storage Ring at the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany. We have also calculated these resonance strengths and energies using three independent, state-of-the-art perturbative techniques: a multiconfiguration Breit-Pauli (MCBP) method using the code AUTOSTRUCTURE, a multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) method, and a relativistic configuration interaction method using the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC). Overall, reasonable agreement is found between our experimental results and our theoretical calculations. The most notable discrepancies tend to occur for relative collision energies 3 eV. We have used our measured 2 → 2 results to produce Maxwellian-averaged rate coefficients for Fe XXI and Fe XXII. Our experimentally derived rate coefficients are estimated to be accurate to better than ≈20% both for Fe XXI at kBTe > 0.5 eV and for Fe XXII at kBTe > 0.001 eV. For these results, we provide fits that are accurate to better than 0.5% for Fe XXI at 0.001 eV ≤ kBTe ≤ 10,000 eV and for Fe XXII at 0.02 eV kBTe ≤ 10,000 eV. Our fitted rate coefficients are suitable for ionization balance calculations involving Fe XXI and Fe XXII in photoionized plasmas. Previous published Burgess formula and LS-coupling calculations are in poor agreement with our experimentally derived rate coefficients. None of these published calculations reliably reproduce the magnitude or temperature dependence of our experimental results. Our previously published Fe XXI MCDF results are in good agreement with our experimental results for kBTe 0.07 eV. For both ions in this temperature range our new MCBP, MCDF, and FAC results are in excellent agreement with our experimentally derived rate coefficient.

We present distorted-wave calculations and analytic fits to the dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients of H-like to Ne-like isosequences of seven abundant astrophysical elements, including Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Fe, and Ni. Both ΔN = 0 (low-temperature) and ΔN > 0 (high-temperature) DR channels are included for L-shell ions. Values of ΔN > 0 DR for less abundant ions between Mg and Ni are also obtained through interpolation along the isosequences. Interpolation is not performed for ΔN = 0 DR, since such rate coefficients are not smooth along the isosequences in general. Comparison is made with existing theoretical and experimental results, and collisional ionization equilibria resulting from the current DR rate coefficients are presented.

We present distorted-wave calculations and analytic fits to the radiative recombination rate coefficients of bare to F-like isosequences of seven abundant astrophysical elements, including Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Fe, and Ni. The fits are valid over a wide range of temperature, from 10-4 to 104 eV. Extensive comparisons with existing data are made.

The Livermore electron beam ion trap facility has recently been moved to a new location within LLNL, and new instrumentation was added, including a 32-pixel microcalorimeter. The move was accompanied by a shift of focus toward in situ measurements of highly charged ions, which continue with increased vigor. Overviews of the facility, which includes EBIT-I and SuperEBIT, and the research projects are given, including results from optical spectroscopy, QED, and X-ray line excitation measurements.

A high-resolution x-ray crystal spectrometer has recently been installed at the National Spherical Torus Experiment to record the satellite spectra of helium-like argon, Ar XVII, in the wavelength range from 3.94 to 4.00 A for measurements of ion and electron temperatures, and measurements of the ionization equilibrium of argon, which is of interest for studies of ion transport. The instrument presently consists of a spherically bent quartz crystal and a conventional one-dimensional position-sensitive multiwire proportional counter, but it will soon be upgraded to a new type of x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer by the installation of a large size (10 cm×30 cm) two-dimensional position-sensitive detector that will allow us to obtain temporally and spatially resolved spectra from a 80 cm high cross-section of the plasma. In its present configuration, the spectrometer has been optimized for high throughput so that it is possible to record spectra with small statistical errors with a time resolution of 10 ms...

We present a systematic study of the role of indirect processes in the soft X-ray line formation of iron L-shell ions, using a newly developed, relativistic, multiconfigurational atomic package. These indirect processes involve the neighboring charge states of the target ion, namely, radiative recombination, dielectronic recombination, and resonance excitation. For Fe XVII, the inner-shell collisional ionization (CI) is also relevant. Lines originating from 3s and 3p upper levels of Fe XVII-XX are found to be significantly affected by these processes, with some lines being enhanced by nearly a factor of 2 at the temperature of maximum fractional abundance in CI equilibrium. Such enhancement, although not enough to completely explain the observed line ratios from various astrophysical sources, is a vast improvement over the previous models neglecting these processes. Rate coefficients for individual processes are tabulated, which can be conveniently included in spectral models to correctly account for these effects. As a by-product of this investigation, the total recombination and ionization rates of all Fe L-shell ions are tabulated as a function of temperature.

In photoionized plasmas, X-ray line emission is dominated by radiative cascades following recombination and photoexcitation, with a negligible contribution from collisional excitation due to the relatively low electron temperatures. Most existing photoionized plasma emission codes include only radiative recombination (RR) when calculating the level populations. Such models have been shown to be inadequate to explain the X-ray emission from H-like and He-like ions in the spectra of some Seyfert 2 active galactic nuclei and X-ray binaries obtained by the grating spectrometers on board Chandra and XMM-Newton. It has been shown that photoexcitation must be included to obtain theoretical models consistent with observations. In this Letter we show that for X-ray emission from iron L-shell ions, one must also include dielectronic recombination (DR) as a level population mechanism. As an example, the well-known 3 → 2 lines of Fe XVII have been analyzed in detail. The 3F line at 16.78 A is most affected by DR of Fe XVIII at low temperatures, while it is negligibly weak in purely RR models.

The intensity ratios of the 3s → 2p and 3d → 2p lines in Fe XVII were measured on the Livermore electron beam ion trap employing a complementary set of spectrometers, including a high-resolution crystal spectrometer and the Goddard 32 pixel calorimeter. The resulting laboratory data are in agreement with satellite measurements of the Sun and astrophysical sources in collisional equilibrium such as Capella, Procyon, and NGC 4636. The results disagree with earlier laboratory measurements and assertions that processes not accounted for in laboratory measurements must play a role in the formation of the Fe XVII spectra in solar and astrophysical plasmas.

Using the electron beam ion trap EBIT-II facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we have measured the iron L-shell spectrum between 10.5 and 12.5 A for Fe XXI-XXIV with a spectral resolution of ~30 mA. The relative line intensities of strong 3 → 2 transitions for each charge state are measured as functions of electron energy and compared to distorted wave (DW) calculations. The contributions of resonant processes, namely, resonant excitation (RE) and spectroscopically unresolved dielectronic recombination (DR) satellites, are investigated. The RE contributions are shown to be less than the experimental and theoretical uncertainties for plasma in collisional ionization equilibrium. The unresolved DR satellites, however, enhance the emissivities of almost all lines, some by as large as 15%, consistent with our earlier measurements for Fe XXIV. The DW results agree with our measurements to better than 20% under the condition of collisional ionization equilibrium. The line emissivities in the widely used spectral synthesis model, MEKAL, are also compared to our measurements and are found to be discrepant at a greater than 20% level for some lines.

We present a theoretical formalism for calculating the anisotropy and polarization of photon emission due to a spiralling beam of electrons colliding with an ensemble of atoms or ions. For an axisymmetric beam with a given velocity angular distribution, the polarization and angular distribution of the resulting radiation can be characterized by the expansion coefficients of the distribution function in terms of Legendre polynomials. We present simple expressions for dipole and quadrupole radiation and apply the results to the case of an electron beam ion trap.

An earlier electron-beam ion-trap (EBIT) lifetime measurement of the Ne[sup 8+] 1s2s hthinsp;[sup 3]S[sub 1] level has been improved upon, reducing the uncertainties to less than the scatter in the existing theoretical calculations. The new result, 91.7[plus minus]0.4 [mu]s, agrees with the previous value, but is more precise by a factor of 4. The new value distinguishes among theoretical values, as agreement is obtained only with those calculations that employ [open quotes]exact[close quotes] nonrelativistic or relativistic wave functions. Routes to measurements with even higher accuracy are discussed. [copyright] [ital 1999] [ital The American Physical Society]

Using the Electron Beam Ion Trap facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we have measured relative cross sections for Fe XXIV line emission at electron energies between 0.7 and 3.0 keV. The measurements include line formation by direct electron impact excitation (DE), radiative cascades, resonant excitation (RE), and dielectronic recombination (DR) satellites with captured electrons in n " 5 levels. Good agreement with R-matrix and distorted wave calculations is found. In collisionally ionized plasmas, at temperatures near where the ion abundance peaks keV), the RE contributions are (kT e D 1.7 found to be of the line emission, while the DR satellites contribute While good agreement (5% (10%. with state-of-the-art atomic physics calculations is found, there is less good agreement with existing spectral synthesis codes in common astrophysical use. For the Fe XXIV and 3p 3@2 ) 2s 1@2 ,3 p 1@2 ) 2s 1@2 , transitions, the synthesis code MEKAL underestimates the emissivity in coronal equi- 3d 5@2 ) 2p 3@2 librium by D20% at temperatures near where the ion abundance peaks. In situations where the ioniza- tion balance is not solely determined by the electron temperature, RE and DR satellites may contribute a considerable fraction of the line emission. Subject headings: atomic dataatomic processesline: formationmethods: laboratory ¨ X-rays: general

The 32 pixel laboratory microcalorimeter spectrometer built by the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is now an integral part of the spectroscopy suite used routinely by the electron beam ion trap and radiative properties group at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The second generation laboratory instrument, dubbed the XRS/EBIT, is nearly identical to the XRS instrument on the Suzaku X-ray Observatory, formerly Astro-E2. The detector array is from the same processed wafer and uses the same HgTe absorbers. It is being used to measure the photon emission from a variety of radiation sources. These include X-ray emission from laboratory simulated celestial sources, X-ray emission from highly charged ions of Au, and X-ray emission following charge exchange and radiative electron capture. The wide range of applications demonstrates the versatility of a high-resolution, high-efficiency low-temperature detector that is able to collect data continually with minimal operator servicing.

A least-squares fit analysis program is being developed for the study of spatially resolved x-ray spectra from tokamak plasmas. The program, written in interactive data language, can handle analysis of spectra from multiple sightlines through the plasma and compare the experimental data with a least-square fit of synthetic spectra, which are constructed from atomic modeling codes. The input parameters such as shot numbers, time groups, spatial range, spectral lines to fit and fitting parameters can be entered interactively through a graphical user interface or automatically via a script. The output consists of graphical presentations of the obtained spectral fits and fit parameter profiles as a function of time, including ion and electron temperature profiles, which are of particular interest. Output can also be sent to any open database connectivity compliant database. The features of the program are demonstrated with the analysis of the spectra of helium-like ArXVII, which were obtained with a new x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer.

Using both the LLNL high-voltage electron beam ion trap, SuperEBIT, and its low-energy counterpart, EBIT-II, we are currently performing spectroscopic measurements with electron beam energies ranging from 150 eV to 150 keV on ions ranging from near neutral Ne to ions as highly charged as T180+. Our measurements span photon energies from visible light to hard X-rays and focus on electron-ion interaction cross sections, line identifications and QED measurements, the determination of nuclear parameters, the investigation of charge transfer reactions, and radiative transition rates. An overview of some of the new instrumentation and a subset of the current experiments is given.

The electric quadrupole (E2) and magnetic octupole (M3) ground-state transitions in Ni-like W46+ have been measured using high-resolution crystal spectroscopy at the LLNL electron-beam ion trap facility. The lines fall in the soft x-ray region near 7.93 angstrom and were originally observed as an unresolved feature in tokamak plasmas. Using flat ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and quartz crystals, the wavelengths, intensities, and polarizations of the two lines have been measured for various electron-beam energies and compared to intensity and polarization calculations performed using the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC).

We report on our ongoing efforts to produce a relatively complete set of X‐ray emission lines present in the Low Energy Transmission Grating (LETG) spectra of Procyon. In addition to using recently reprocessed HRC‐S/LETG spectra of Procyon, we use LETG spectra of Capella, along with recent Electron Bean Ion Trap (EBIT) laboratory data and new Flexible Atomic Code (FAC) calculations to identify the wealth of weaker lines present in the spectrum. Experimental measurements at the EBIT‐I and EBIT‐II facilities at Livermore of astrophysically abundant elements (Fe VII‐Fe X, Lepson et al. 2002, Ar IX‐ Ar XVI, Lepson et al. 2003, S VII‐ S XIV, Lepson et al. 2004) and new FAC calculations of Mg and Ne (Gu, 2008 in press) provide an opportunity to identify many of the previously unassigned lines in Procyon (Raassen et al., 2002).

A new spatially resolving x-ray crystal spectrometer capable of measuring continuous spatial profiles of high resolution spectra (lambda/d lambda6000) of He-like and H-like Ar K alpha lines with good spatial (approximately 1 cm) and temporal (approximately 10 ms) resolutions has been installed on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. Two spherically bent crystals image the spectra onto four two-dimensional Pilatus II pixel detectors. Tomographic inversion enables inference of local line emissivity, ion temperature (T(i)), and toroidal plasma rotation velocity (upsilon(phi)) from the line Doppler widths and shifts. The data analysis techniques, T(i) and upsilon(phi) profiles, analysis of fusion-neutron background, and predictions of performance on other tokamaks, including ITER, will be presented.

The use of high resolution x-ray crystal spectrometers to diagnose fusion plasmas has been limited by the poor spatial localization associated with chord integrated measurements. Taking advantage of a new x-ray imaging spectrometer concept [M. Bitter et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 3660 (2004)], and improvements in x-ray detector technology [Ch. Broennimann et al., J. Synchrotron Radiat. 13, 120 (2006)], a spatially resolving high resolution x-ray spectrometer has been built and installed on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. This instrument utilizes a spherically bent quartz crystal and a set of two dimensional x-ray detectors arranged in the Johann configuration [H. H. Johann, Z. Phys. 69, 185 (1931)] to image the entire plasma cross section with a spatial resolution of about 1 cm. The spectrometer was designed to measure line emission from H-like and He-like argon in the wavelength range 3.7 and 4.0 A with a resolving power of approximately 10,000 at frame rates up to 200 Hz. Using spectral tomographic techniques [I. Condrea, Phys. Plasmas 11, 2427 (2004)] the line integrated spectra can be inverted to infer profiles of impurity emissivity, velocity, and temperature. From these quantities it is then possible to calculate impurity density and electron temperature profiles. An overview of the instrument, analysis techniques, and example profiles are presented.

The Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is being used to absolutely calibrate the transmission efficiency of x-ray filters employed by diodes and spectrometers used to diagnose laser-produced plasmas. EBIT emits strong, discrete monoenergetic lines at appropriately chosen x-ray energies. X rays are detected using the high resolution EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer (ECS), developed for LLNL at the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. X-ray filter transmission efficiency is determined by dividing the x-ray counts detected when the filter is in the line of sight by those detected when out of the line of sight. Verification of filter thickness can be completed in only a few hours, and absolute efficiencies can be calibrated in a single day over a broad range from about 0.1 to 15 keV. The EBIT calibration lab has been used to field diagnostics (e.g., the OZSPEC instrument) with fully calibrated x-ray filters at the OMEGA laser. Extensions to use the capability for calibrating filter transmission for the DANTE instrument on the National Ignition Facility are discussed.

Measurements of the L -shell emission of highly charged gold ions were made under controlled laboratory conditions using the SuperEBIT electron beam ion trap, allowing detailed spectral observations of lines from Fe-like Au53+ through Ne-like Au69+ . Using atomic data from the Flexible Atomic Code, we have identified strong 3d_{52}-->2p_{32} emission features that can be used to diagnose the charge state distribution in high energy density plasmas, such as those found in the laser entrance hole of hot hohlraum radiation sources. We provide collisional-radiative calculations of the average ion charge Z as a function of temperature and density, which can be used to relate charge state distributions inferred from 3d_{52}-->2p_{32} emission features to plasma conditions, and investigate the effects of plasma density on calculated L -shell Au emission spectra.