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1. Disentangling Losses in Tantalum Superconducting Circuits

Author

Kevin D. Crowley, Russell A. McLellan, Aveek Dutta, Nana Shumiya, Alexander P. M. Place, Xuan Hoang Le, Youqi Gang, Trisha Madhavan, Matthew P. Bland, Ray Chang, Nishaad Khedkar, Yiming Cady Feng, Esha A. Umbarkar, Xin Gui, Lila V. H. Rodgers, Yichen Jia, Mayer M. Feldman, Stephen A. Lyon, Mingzhao Liu, Robert J. Cava, Andrew A. Houck, and Nathalie P. de Leon

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Superconducting qubits are a leading system for realizing large-scale quantum processors, but overall gate fidelities suffer from coherence times limited by microwave dielectric loss. Recently discovered tantalum-based qubits exhibit record lifetimes exceeding 0.3 ms. Here, we perform systematic, detailed measurements of superconducting tantalum resonators in order to disentangle sources of loss that limit state-of-the-art tantalum devices. By studying the dependence of loss on temperature, microwave photon number, and device geometry, we quantify materials-related losses and observe that the losses are dominated by several types of saturable two-level systems (TLSs), with evidence that both surface and bulk related TLSs contribute to loss. Moreover, we show that surface TLSs can be altered with chemical processing. With four different surface conditions, we quantitatively extract the linear absorption associated with different surface TLS sources. Finally, we quantify the impact of the chemical processing at single-photon powers, the relevant conditions for qubit device performance. In this regime, we measure resonators with internal quality factors ranging from 5 to 15×10^{6}, comparable to the best qubits reported. In these devices, the surface and bulk TLS contributions to loss are comparable, showing that systematic improvements in materials on both fronts are necessary to improve qubit coherence further.

Published
2023
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2. Simons Observatory Small Aperture Telescope overview

Author

Heather McCarrick, Osamu Tajima, Yuji Chinone, Jon E. Gudmundsson, Nicholas Galitzki, Federico Nati, Gabriele Coppi, Andrew Bazako, Joseph Seibert, Kevin D. Crowley, Jason E. Austermann, Masaya Hasegawa, Grant Teply, Jacob Spisak, Tran Tsan, Bradley R. Johnson, Edward J. Wollack, Giulio Fabbian, Brian Keating, Simon Dicker, Mario Zannoni, Mayuri Sathyanarayana Rao, Yume Nishinomiya, Frederick Matsuda, Kam Arnold, Shunsuke Adachi, Ningfeng Zhu, Charles A. Hill, James A. Beall, Tomoki Terasaki, D. Kaneko, Akito Kusaka, Kevin T. Crowley, Bradley Dober, Samantha Walker, Lyman A. Page, Adrian T. Lee, Kenji Kiuchi, Kathleen Harrington, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Nobuhiko Katayama, Makoto Hattori, Peter Ashton, Johannes Hubmayr, Joseph E. Golec, Kana Sakaguri, Masaaki Murata, Shannon M. Duff, Kyohei Yamada, Zhilei Xu, Yuki Sakurai, Jack Lashner, Christian L. Reichardt, Aamir Ali, Marshall, HK, Spyromilio, J, Usuda, T, Kiuchi, K, Adachi, S, Ali, A, Arnold, K, Ashton, P, Austermann, J, Bazako, A, Beall, J, Chinone, Y, Coppi, G, Crowley, K, Dicker, S, Dober, B, Duff, S, Fabbian, G, Galitzki, N, Golec, J, Gudmundsson, J, Harrington, K, Hasegawa, M, Hattori, M, Hill, C, Ho, S, Hubmayr, J, Johnson, B, Kaneko, D, Katayama, N, Keating, B, Kusaka, A, Lashner, J, Lee, A, Matsuda, F, Mccarrick, H, Murata, M, Nati, F, Nishinomiya, Y, Page, L, Rao, M, Reichardt, C, Sakaguri, K, Sakurai, Y, Sibert, J, Spisak, J, Tajima, O, Teply, G, Terasaki, T, Tsan, T, Walker, S, Wollack, E, Xu, Z, Yamada, K, Zannoni, M, and Zhu, N

Subjects
Aperture, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, Field of view, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, CMB, law.invention, Telescope, FIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA, Optics, law, Observatory, Cosmic Microwave Background, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, business.industry, Gravitational wave, Stray light, Bolometer, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Radio, Primordial gravitational wave, B-mode, Ground-Based Telescope, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment from the Atacama Desert in Chile comprising three small-aperture telescopes (SATs) and one large-aperture telescope (LAT). In total, SO will field over 60,000 transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers in six spectral bands centered between 27 and 280 GHz in order to achieve the sensitivity necessary to measure or constrain numerous cosmological quantities. In this work, we focus on the SATs which are optimized to search for primordial gravitational waves that are detected as parity-odd polarization patterns called a B-modes on degree scales in the CMB. Each SAT employs a single optics tube with TES arrays operating at 100 mK. The high throughput optics system has a 42 cm aperture and a 35-degree field of view coupled to a 36 cm diameter focal plane. The optics consist of three metamaterial anti-re ection coated silicon lenses. Cryogenic ring baffles with engineered blackbody absorbers are installed in the optics tube to minimize the stray light. The entire optics tube is cooled to 1 K. A cryogenic continuously rotating half-wave plate near the sky side of the aperture stop helps to minimize the effect of atmospheric uctuations. The telescope warm baffling consists of a forebaffle, an elevation stage mounted co-moving shield, and a fixed ground shield that together control the far side-lobes and mitigates ground-synchronous systematics. We present the status of the SAT development., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures

Published
2021
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3. The Simons Observatory Microwave SQUID Multiplexing Detector Module Design

Author

Shannon M. Duff, Sarah Marie Bruno, Kaiwen Zheng, Jason E. Austermann, Heather McCarrick, Suzanne T. Staggs, Zachary Atkins, Sara M. Simon, Michael D. Niemack, Megan Gralla, D. Dutcher, Johannes Hubmayr, John A. B. Mates, Bradley R. Johnson, Zachary B. Huber, Leila R. Vale, Nicholas F. Cothard, Jake Connors, A. M. Kofman, Steve K. Choi, Kam Arnold, Nicholas Galitzki, Tammy J. Lucas, Jeff Van Lanen, Kevin D. Crowley, Shawn W. Henderson, Aritoki Suzuki, Yuhan Wang, C. Yu, Edward D. Young, Simon Dicker, Edward J. Wollack, Akito Kusaka, Joel N. Ullom, Bradley Dober, Erin Healy, Zeeshan Ahmed, John Orlowski-Scherer, Adrian T. Lee, Jeffrey Iuliano, Cody J. Duell, Yaqiong Li, Joseph Seibert, Robert Thornton, Jon E. Gudmundsson, Josef Frisch, Ningfeng Zhu, Tomoki Terasaki, Zhilei Xu, Jack Lashner, Tanay Bhandarkar, James A. Beall, Michael J. Link, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Michael R. Vissers, Gene C. Hilton, Marius Lungu, and Jeff McMahon

Subjects
Physics, Squid, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), biology, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Multiplexing, Optics, Space and Planetary Science, Observatory, biology.animal, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Microwave, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Advances in cosmic microwave background (CMB) science depend on increasing the number of sensitive detectors observing the sky. New instruments deploy large arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers tiled densely into ever larger focal planes. High multiplexing factors reduce the thermal loading on the cryogenic receivers and simplify their design. We present the design of focal-plane modules with an order of magnitude higher multiplexing factor than has previously been achieved with TES bolometers. We focus on the novel cold readout component, which employs microwave SQUID multiplexing ($��$mux). Simons Observatory will use 49 modules containing 60,000 bolometers to make exquisitely sensitive measurements of the CMB. We validate the focal-plane module design, presenting measurements of the readout component with and without a prototype detector array of 1728 polarization-sensitive bolometers coupled to feedhorns. The readout component achieves a $95\%$ yield and a 910 multiplexing factor. The median white noise of each readout channel is 65 $\mathrm{pA/\sqrt{Hz}}$. This impacts the projected SO mapping speed by $< 8\%$, which is less than is assumed in the sensitivity projections. The results validate the full functionality of the module. We discuss the measured performance in the context of SO science requirements, which are exceeded., Accepted to The Astrophysical Journal

Published
2021
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4. Small Aperture Telescopes for the Simons Observatory

Author

Osamu Tajima, Johannes Hubmayr, Suzanne T. Staggs, Aamir Ali, Bejamin Westbrook, Kam Arnold, Trevor Sasse, Charles A. Hill, Frederick Matsuda, Tran Tsan, Kenji Kiuchi, Grant Teply, Andrew Bazarko, Federico Nati, Yuji Chinone, Joseph Seibert, Carlos Sierra, Nicholas Galitzki, Zhilei Xu, Peter Ashton, Ningfeng Zhu, Erin Healy, Haruki Nishino, Sara M. Simon, Shannon M. Duff, Kevin D. Crowley, Mario Zannoni, Edward J. Wollack, Jacob Spisak, Michael D. Niemack, John Orlowski-Scherer, Christopher Raum, Lance Corbett, Adrian T. Lee, Aashrita Mangu, Kathleen Harrington, Michael Ludlam, Yuki Sakurai, Shunsuke Adachi, Gabriele Coppi, Maria Salatino, Neil Goeckner-Wald, Mayuri Sathyanarayana Rao, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Mark J. Devlin, Christopher G. Ellis, Heather McCarrick, Kevin T. Crowley, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Akito Kusaka, Brian Keating, Simon Dicker, Ali, A, Adachi, S, Arnold, K, Ashton, P, Bazarko, A, Chinone, Y, Coppi, G, Corbett, L, Crowley, K, Devlin, M, Dicker, S, Duff, S, Ellis, C, Galitzki, N, Goeckner-Wald, N, Harrington, K, Healy, E, Hill, C, Ho, S, Hubmayr, J, Keating, B, Kiuchi, K, Kusaka, A, Lee, A, Ludlam, M, Mangu, A, Matsuda, F, Mccarrick, H, Nati, F, Niemack, M, Nishino, H, Orlowski-Scherer, J, Sathyanarayana Rao, M, Raum, C, Sakurai, Y, Salatino, M, Sasse, T, Seibert, J, Sierra, C, Silva-Feaver, M, Spisak, J, Simon, S, Staggs, S, Tajima, O, Teply, G, Tsan, T, Wollack, E, Westbrook, B, Xu, Z, Zannoni, M, and Zhu, N

Subjects
Small aperture telescope, TES, Refractor, Simons Observatory, Cosmic microwave background, CMB, Inflation, Cosmology, media_common.quotation_subject, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Cosmology, Radio spectrum, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Telescope, FIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA, law, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, media_common, Physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Condensed Matter Physics, Polarization (waves), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Sky, Refracting telescope, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The Simons Observatory (SO) is an upcoming cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment located on Cerro Toco, Chile, that will map the microwave sky in temperature and polarization in six frequency bands spanning 27 to 285 GHz. SO will consist of one 6-m large aperture telescope fielding $$\sim$$ 30,000 detectors and an array of three 0.42-m small aperture telescopes (SATs) fielding an additional 30,000 detectors. This synergy will allow for the extremely sensitive characterization of the CMB over angular scales ranging from an arcmin to tens of degrees, enabling a wide range of scientific output. Here we focus on the SATs targeting degree angular scales with successive dichroic instruments observing at mid-frequency (MF: 93/145 GHz), ultra-high-frequency (UHF: 225/285 GHz), and low-frequency (LF: 27/39 GHz). The three SATs will be able to map $$\sim$$ 10% of the sky to a noise level of $$\sim$$ $$2\,\upmu {\hbox {K}}$$ -arcmin when combining 93 and 145 GHz. The multiple frequency bands will allow the CMB to be separated from galactic foregrounds (primarily synchrotron and dust), with the primary science goal of characterizing the primordial tensor-to-scalar ratio, r, at a target level of $$\sigma (r) \approx 0.003$$ .

Published
2020

5. A measurement of the CMB E-mode angular power spectrum at subdegree scales from 670 square degrees of POLARBEAR data

Author

Osamu Tajima, T. Fujino, Andrew H. Jaffe, Scott Chapman, Eric V. Linder, S. Kikuchi, N. Katayama, D. Leon, Masashi Hazumi, Oliver Jeong, D. Tanabe, Grant Teply, Nicholas Galitzki, Tucker Elleflot, S. Takakura, Christian L. Reichardt, Praween Siritanasak, Josquin Errard, Akito Kusaka, Giulio Fabbian, John Groh, Brian Keating, Federico Bianchini, Ben Westbrook, M. A. O. Aguilar Faúndez, Shunsuke Adachi, Ted Kisner, K. Cheung, Adrian T. Lee, Y. Zhou, C. Tsai, Neil Goeckner-Wald, Frederick Matsuda, Tomotake Matsumura, D. Beck, Kam Arnold, Masaya Hasegawa, S. Takatori, Darcy Barron, Carlo Baccigalupi, L. N. Lowry, Davide Poletti, Clara Vergès, Kevin D. Crowley, G. Hall, M. Navaroli, Haruki Nishino, Yuto Minami, Haruaki Hirose, A. T. P. Pham, Chang Feng, Yuji Chinone, H. El Bouhargani, Y. Segawa, M. A. Dobbs, Daisuke Kaneko, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), APC - Cosmologie, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Polarbear, Adachi, S, Aguilar Faundez, M, Arnold, K, Baccigalupi, C, Barron, D, Beck, D, Bianchini, F, Chapman, S, Cheung, K, Chinone, Y, Crowley, K, Dobbs, M, El Bouhargani, H, Elleflot, T, Errard, J, Fabbian, G, Feng, C, Fujino, T, Galitzki, N, Goeckner-Wald, N, Groh, J, Hall, G, Hasegawa, M, Hazumi, M, Hirose, H, Jaffe, A, Jeong, O, Kaneko, D, Katayama, N, Keating, B, Kikuchi, S, Kisner, T, Kusaka, A, Lee, A, Leon, D, Linder, E, Lowry, L, Matsuda, F, Matsumura, T, Minami, Y, Navaroli, M, Nishino, H, Pham, A, Poletti, D, Reichardt, C, Segawa, Y, Siritanasak, P, Tajima, O, Takakura, S, Takatori, S, Tanabe, D, Teply, G, Tsai, C, Verges, C, Westbrook, B, Zhou, Y, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)

Subjects
cosmological model, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Cosmic microwave background, cosmic background radiation: polarization, detector: noise, Astrophysics, cosmic background radiation, 01 natural sciences, Physical Chemistry, Atomic, expansion: multipole, Cosmology, Particle and Plasma Physics, Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, polarbear data, polarization: power spectrum, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, helium: primordial, Physics, Hubble constant, symbols, astro-ph.CO, power spectrum: angular dependence, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural), Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, satellite: Planck, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), nucleosynthesis: big bang, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, symbols.namesake, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, statistical analysis, Nucleosynthesis, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear, Planck, cosmic background radiation: power spectrum, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Spectral density, Molecular, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Abundance of the chemical elements, detector: sensitivity, Space and Planetary Science, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Hubble's law
Abstract

We report a measurement of the E-mode polarization power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) using 150 GHz data taken from July 2014 to December 2016 with the POLARBEAR experiment. We reach an effective polarization map noise level of $32\,\mu\mathrm{K}$-$\mathrm{arcmin}$ across an observation area of 670 square degrees. We measure the EE power spectrum over the angular multipole range $500 \leq \ell, Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, submitted to ApJ

Published
2020
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6. Notice of Retraction: 'Design and Characterization of a Ground-Based Absolute Polarization Calibrator for Use with Polarization Sensitive CMB Experiments'

Author

G. P. Teply, Kam Arnold, Nicholas Galitzki, Kevin D. Crowley, J. P. Kaufman, Brian Keating, and M. Navaroli

Subjects
Physics, COSMIC cancer database, Brewster's angle, Linear polarization, business.industry, Detector, Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Polarizer, Polarization (waves), law.invention, symbols.namesake, Optics, law, Calibration, symbols, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

We present the design and characterization of a ground-based absolute polarization angle calibrator accurate to better than 0.1° for use with polarization sensitive cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments. The calibrator's accuracy requirement is driven by the need to reduce upper limits on cosmic polarization rotation, which is expected to be zero in a large class of cosmological models. Cosmic polarization effects such as cosmic birefringence and primordial magnetic fields can generate spurious B-modes that result in non-zero CMB TB and EB correlations that are degenerate with a misalignment of detector orientation. Common polarized astrophysical sources used for absolute polarization angle calibration have not been characterized to better than 0.5°. Higher accuracy can be achieved through self-calibration methods, however these are subject to astrophysical foreground contamination and inherently assume the absence of effects like cosmic polarization rotation. The deficiencies in these two calibration methods highlight the need for a well characterized polarized source. The calibrator we present utilizes a 76 GHz Gunn oscillator coupled to a frequency doubler, pyramidal horn antenna, and co-rotating wire-grid polarizer. A blackened optics tube was built around the source in order to mitigate stray reflections, attached to a motor-driven rotation stage, then mounted in a blackened aluminum enclosure for further reflection mitigation and robust weatherproofing. We use an accurate bubble level in combination with four precision-grade aluminum planes located within the enclosure to calibrate the source's linear polarization plane with respect to the local gravity vector to better than the 0.1° goal. In 2017 the calibrator was deployed for an engineering test run on the POLARBEAR CMB experiment located in Chile's Atacama Desert and is being upgraded for calibration of the POLARBEAR-2b receiver in 2018. In the following work we present a detailed overview of the calibrator design, systematic control, characterization, deployment, and plans for future CMB experiment absolute polarization calibration.

Published
2019
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7. Standard-Model Extension Constraints on Lorentz and CPT Violation From Optical Polarimetry of Active Galactic Nuclei

Author

Walker Stevens, Yash Melkani, Isaac Broudy, David Tytler, D. Leon, Gary M. Cole, Delwin Johnson, Grant Teply, Andrew S. Friedman, Roman Gerasimov, Brian Keating, and Kevin D. Crowley

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), High Energy Physics - Theory, Birefringence, Active galactic nucleus, Aperture, Lorentz transformation, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Polarimetry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Telescope, symbols.namesake, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Standard-Model Extension, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), law, symbols, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Vacuum birefringence from Lorentz and CPT violation in the Standard-Model Extension can be constrained using ground-based optical polarimetry of extragalactic sources. We describe results from a pilot program with an automated system that can perform simultaneous optical polarimetry in multiple passbands on different telescopes with an effective 0.45 m aperture. Despite the limited collecting area, our polarization measurements of AGN using a wider effective optical passband than previous studies yielded individual line-of-sight constraints for Standard-Model Extension mass dimension $d = 5$ operators within a factor of about one to ten of comparable broadband polarimetric bounds obtained using data from a 3.6 m telescope with roughly 64 times the collecting area. Constraining more general anisotropic Standard-Model Extension coefficients at higher $d$ would require more AGN along different lines of sight. This motivates a future dedicated ground-based, multi-band, optical polarimetry AGN survey with $\gtrsim 1$ m-class telescopes, to obtain state-of-the-art anisotropic Standard-Model Extension $d = 4, 5, 6$ constraints, while also using complementary archival polarimetry. This could happen more quickly and cost-effectively than via spectropolarimetry and long before more competitive constraints from space- or balloon-based x-ray/$\gamma$-ray polarization measurements., Comment: Presented at the Eighth Meeting on CPT and Lorentz Symmetry, Bloomington, Indiana, May 12-16, 2019; typo in one author name changed from v1

Published
2019

8. Constraints on Lorentz invariance and CPT violation using optical photometry and polarimetry of active galaxies BL Lacertae and S5 B0716+714

Author

David Tytler, Brian Keating, Andrew S. Friedman, Gary M. Cole, Delwin Johnson, Grant Teply, D. Leon, and Kevin D. Crowley

Subjects
Physics, Active galactic nucleus, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Polarimetry, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Lorentz covariance, 01 natural sciences, Redshift, law.invention, Telescope, Photometry (astronomy), Standard-Model Extension, law, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), 010306 general physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Various quantum gravity approaches that extend beyond the Standard Model predict Lorentz invariance and charge-parity-time violation at energies approaching the Planck scale. These models frequently predict a wavelength-dependent speed of light, which would result in time delays between promptly emitted photons at different energies, as well as a wavelength-dependent rotation of the plane of linear polarization for photons resulting from vacuum birefringence. Here, we describe a pilot program with an automated system of small telescopes that can simultaneously conduct high cadence optical photometry and polarimetry of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in multiple passbands. We use these observations as a proof of principle to demonstrate how such data can be used to test various Lorentz violation models, including special cases of the Standard Model extension (SME). In our initial campaign with this system, the Array Photo Polarimeter, we observed two AGN sources, including BL Lacertae at redshift $z=0.069$, and S5 $\mathrm{B}0716+714$ at $z=0.31$. We demonstrate that optical polarimetry with a broadband Luminance filter combined with simultaneous ${I}_{c}$-band observations yields SME parameter constraints that are up to $\ensuremath{\sim}10$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}30$ times more sensitive than with a standard ${I}_{c}$-band filter, for SME models with mass dimension $d=5$ and $d=6$, respectively. Using only a small system of telescopes with an effective 0.45-m aperture, we further demonstrate $d=5$ constraints for individual lines of sight that are within a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}1--10$ in sensitivity to comparable constraints from optical polarimetry with a 3.6-m telescope. Such an approach could significantly improve existing SME constraints via a polarimetric all-sky survey of AGN with multiple 1-meter class telescopes.

Published
2019
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9. The Simons Observatory: gain, bandpass and polarization-angle calibration requirements for B-mode searches

Author

Valentina Fanfani, Mario Zannoni, Mark J. Devlin, J. Colin Hill, Josquin Errard, Aritoki Suzuki, Gabriele Coppi, Edward J. Wollack, Julien Carron, Adrian T. Lee, Thibaut Louis, Davide Poletti, Mathew S. Madhavacheril, Michael L. Brown, Baptiste Jost, Brian Keating, Federico Nati, P. Daniel Meerburg, S. Azzoni, Maximilian H. Abitbol, Haruki Nishino, Sara M. Simon, Michael J. Randall, Jacob Spisak, Lyman A. Page, Bradley R. Johnson, Jo Dunkley, Yuji Chinone, Aamir Ali, David Alonso, Grant Teply, Jeff McMahon, Carlo Baccigalupi, Clara Vergès, Jens Chluba, Aditya Rotti, Giuseppe Puglisi, Nicholas Galitzki, Kevin D. Crowley, Martina Gerbino, Zhilei Xu, Jack Lashner, Erminia Calabrese, Kevin T. Crowley, Darcy Barron, Akito Kusaka, Nicoletta Krachmalnicoff, Heather McCarrick, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and G, High-Energy Frontier, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), APC - Cosmologie, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-17-CE31-0022,BxB,Champs B interstellaires et modes B de l'inflation(2017), ANR-17-CE23-0002,B3DCMB,Big Bang à partir de Big Data (du fond diffus cosmologique)(2017), Abitbol, M, Alonso, D, Simon, S, Lashner, J, Crowley, K, Ali, A, Azzoni, S, Baccigalupi, C, Barron, D, Brown, M, Calabrese, E, Carron, J, Chinone, Y, Chluba, J, Coppi, G, Devlin, M, Dunkley, J, Errard, J, Fanfani, V, Galitzki, N, Gerbino, M, Colin Hill, J, Johnson, B, Jost, B, Keating, B, Krachmalnicoff, N, Kusaka, A, Lee, A, Louis, T, Madhavacheril, M, Mccarrick, H, Mcmahon, J, Daniel Meerburg, P, Nati, F, Nishino, H, Page, L, Poletti, D, Puglisi, G, Randall, M, Rotti, A, Spisak, J, Suzuki, A, Teply, G, Vergès, C, Wollack, E, Xu, Z, and Zannoni, M

Subjects
CMBR polarisation, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Calibration (statistics), Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, Parameter space, Residual, Atomic, 01 natural sciences, Particle and Plasma Physics, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, Band-pass filter, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, CMBR experiments, Nuclear, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, CMBR polarization, Physics, Settore FIS/05, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, cosmological parameters from CMBR, Molecular, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), Nuclear & Particles Physics, gravitational waves and CMBR polarization, Computational physics, astro-ph.CO, CMBR experiment, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Focus (optics), Astronomical and Space Sciences, astro-ph.IM, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We quantify the calibration requirements for systematic uncertainties for next-generation ground-based observatories targeting the large-angle $B$-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background, with a focus on the Simons Observatory (SO). We explore uncertainties on gain calibration, bandpass center frequencies, and polarization angles, including the frequency variation of the latter across the bandpass. We find that gain calibration and bandpass center frequencies must be known to percent levels or less to avoid biases on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ on the order of $\Delta r\sim10^{-3}$, in line with previous findings. Polarization angles must be calibrated to the level of a few tenths of a degree, while their frequency variation between the edges of the band must be known to ${\cal O}(10)$ degrees. Given the tightness of these calibration requirements, we explore the level to which residual uncertainties on these systematics would affect the final constraints on $r$ if included in the data model and marginalized over. We find that the additional parameter freedom does not degrade the final constraints on $r$ significantly, broadening the error bar by ${\cal O}(10\%)$ at most. We validate these results by reanalyzing the latest publicly available data from the BICEP2/Keck collaboration within an extended parameter space covering both cosmological, foreground and systematic parameters. Finally, our results are discussed in light of the instrument design and calibration studies carried out within SO., Comment: 41 pages, 18 figures

Published
2021
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10. The Simons Observatory: The Large Aperture Telescope (LAT)

Author

Nicholas Galitzki, Michael R. Vissers, Osamu Tajima, Kevin D. Crowley, Karen Perez Sarmiento, Edward J. Wollack, J. Richard Bond, C. Hervias-Caimapo, Simon Dicker, Frederick Matsuda, Shreya Sutariya, Michele Limon, Brian J. Koopman, Saianeesh K. Haridas, D. Kaneko, Andrea Zonca, Federico Nati, Zachary B. Huber, Zhilei Xu, Ningfeng Zhu, Tomoki Terasaki, A. M. Kofman, Robert Thornton, Gabriele Coppi, Samantha Walker, Peter A. R. Ade, Jack Lashner, Jeffrey Iuliano, Tanay Bhandarkar, Rita Sonka, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Zachary Whipps, Carole Tucker, Shunsuke Adachi, Michael J. Link, Grace E. Chesmore, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Bradley Dober, Mario Zannoni, Michael D. Niemack, Steve K. Choi, Tammy J. Lucas, Joel N. Ullom, Shannon M. Duff, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Nicholas F. Cothard, Emmanuel Schaan, Johannes Hubmayr, Kathleen Harrington, Mark J. Devlin, Patricio A. Gallardo, Joseph E. Golec, Lucio Piccirillo, Heather McCarrick, Yuji Chinone, Grant Teply, Jon E. Gudmundsson, Jake Connors, J. A. Beall, and John Orlowski-Scherer

Subjects
Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, media_common.quotation_subject, Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, General Medicine, Large aperture, Radio spectrum, law.invention, Telescope, Sky, Observatory, law, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Microwave, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, media_common
Abstract

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiment to observe the microwave sky in six frequency bands from 30GHz to 290GHz. The Observatory -- at $\sim$5200m altitude -- comprises three Small Aperture Telescopes (SATs) and one Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) at the Atacama Desert, Chile. This research note describes the design and current status of the LAT along with its future timeline., 4 pages, 1 figure

Published
2021
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11. Design and characterization of a ground-based absolute polarization calibrator for use with polarization sensitive CMB experiments

Author

Kam Arnold, Nicholas Galitzki, Kevin D. Crowley, Brian Keating, M. Navaroli, J. P. Kaufman, and G. P. Teply

Subjects
Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, symbols.namesake, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, Brewster's angle, COSMIC cancer database, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Linear polarization, business.industry, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Polarizer, Polarization (waves), Polarization sensitive, symbols, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business
Abstract

We present the design and characterization of a ground-based absolute polarization angle calibrator accurate to better than 0.1 degrees for use with polarization sensitive cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments. The calibrator's accuracy requirement is driven by the need to reduce upper limits on cosmic polarization rotation, which is expected to be zero in a large class of cosmological models. Cosmic polarization effects such as cosmic birefringence and primordial magnetic fields can generate spurious B-modes that result in non-zero CMB TB and EB correlations that are degenerate with a misalignment of detector orientation. Common polarized astrophysical sources used for absolute polarization angle calibration have not been characterized to better than 0.5 degrees. Higher accuracy can be achieved through self-calibration methods, however these are subject to astrophysical foreground contamination and inherently assume the absence of effects like cosmic polarization rotation. The deficiencies in these two calibration methods highlight the need for a well characterized polarized source. The calibrator we present utilizes a 76 GHz Gunn oscillator coupled to a frequency doubler, pyramidal horn antenna, and co-rotating wire-grid polarizer. We use an accurate bubble level in combination with four precision-grade aluminum planes located within the enclosure to calibrate the source's linear polarization plane with respect to the local gravity vector to better than the 0.1 degree goal. In 2017 the calibrator was deployed for an engineering test run on the POLARBEAR CMB experiment located in Chile's Atacama Desert and is being upgraded for calibration of the POLARBEAR-2b receiver in 2018. In the following work we present a detailed overview of the calibrator design, systematic control, characterization, deployment, and plans for future CMB experiment absolute polarization calibration., Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, SPIE conference Austin 2018

Published
2018
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12. The POLARBEAR-2 and Simons Array Focal Plane Fabrication Status

Author

Adrian T. Lee, Neil Goeckner-Wald, D. Beck, D. Leon, A. Cukierman, M. Navaroli, Brian Keating, Y. Segawa, Tucker Elleflot, Masaya Hasegawa, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Peter A. R. Ade, Y. Akiba, Matt Dobbs, Julian Borrill, Paul L. Richards, Stephen M. Feeney, Rolando Dünner, K. M. Rotermund, C. Tsai, Oliver Jeong, Osamu Tajima, A. T. P. Pham, Eric V. Linder, Gabriel M. Rebeiz, Josquin Errard, S. Takakura, D. Plambeck, Lucio Piccirillo, Nathan Whitehorn, Yuji Chinone, S. Beckman, Giulio Fabbian, L. Howe, M. Le Jeune, Federico Bianchini, Christopher Raum, Daisy Mak, Grant Teply, W. L. Holzapfel, Andrew May, Joshua Montgomery, Carlo Baccigalupi, H. Roberts, S. Takatori, Christian L. Reichardt, Reijo Keskitalo, A. J. Gilbert, Gary A. Fuller, R. Tat, Akito Kusaka, Nobuhiko Katayama, D. Boettger, A. Tikhomirov, John Groh, Benjamin Westbrook, Giuseppe Puglisi, Charles A. Hill, Scott Chapman, Nicoletta Krachmalnicoff, Colin Ross, Amy N. Bender, A. Madurowicz, Darcy Barron, J. Peloton, N. W. Halverson, L. N. Lowry, Aritoki Suzuki, Chang Feng, Andrew H. Jaffe, Takayuki Tomaru, Davide Poletti, A. Zahn, Radek Stompor, Mario Ferrada Aguilar, Theodore Kisner, T. de Haan, T. Hamada, Gabriele Coppi, Yuto Minami, Yuki Inoue, Nathan J. Miller, D. Tanabe, H. Nishino, G. Jaehnig, Masashi Hazumi, Nicholas Galitzki, Blake D. Sherwin, Kevin D. Crowley, Kam Arnold, Frederick Matsuda, D. Kaneko, Praween Siritanasak, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Westbrook, B, Ade, P, Aguilar, M, Akiba, Y, Arnold, K, Baccigalupi, C, Barron, D, Beck, D, Beckman, S, Bender, A, Bianchini, F, Boettger, D, Borrill, J, Chapman, S, Chinone, Y, Coppi, G, Crowley, K, Cukierman, A, de Haan, T, Dunner, R, Dobbs, M, Elleflot, T, Errard, J, Fabbian, G, Feeney, S, Feng, C, Fuller, G, Galitzki, N, Gilbert, A, Goeckner-Wald, N, Groh, J, Halverson, N, Hamada, T, Hasegawa, M, Hazumi, M, Hill, C, Holzapfel, W, Howe, L, Inoue, Y, Jaehnig, G, Jaffe, A, Jeong, O, Kaneko, D, Katayama, N, Keating, B, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, T, Krachmalnicoff, N, Kusaka, A, Le Jeune, M, Lee, A, Leon, D, Linder, E, Lowry, L, Madurowicz, A, Mak, D, Matsuda, F, May, A, Miller, N, Minami, Y, Montgomery, J, Navaroli, M, Nishino, H, Peloton, J, Pham, A, Piccirillo, L, Plambeck, D, Poletti, D, Puglisi, G, Raum, C, Rebeiz, G, Reichardt, C, Richards, P, Roberts, H, Ross, C, Rotermund, K, Segawa, Y, Sherwin, B, Silva-Feaver, M, Siritanasak, P, Stompor, R, Suzuki, A, Tajima, O, Takakura, S, Takatori, S, Tanabe, D, Tat, R, Teply, G, Tikhomirov, A, Tomaru, T, Tsai, C, Whitehorn, N, Zahn, A, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)

Subjects
Cosmic microwave background, cosmic background radiation: polarization, CMB, Dichroic glass, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, Atomic and Molecular Physics, Polarization, General Materials Science, silicon: nitrogen, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Settore FIS/05, superconductivity, Detector, Detectors, Polarization (waves), Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Cardinal point, Materials Science (all), silicon: oxygen, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Transition edge sensor, performance, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Fabrication, Sinuous antenna, Inflation, General Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Classical Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Telescope, Optics, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, bolometer, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), detector: design, activity report, business.industry, Bolometer, and Optics, business
Abstract

著者人数: 93名（所属. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS): 羽澄, 昌史), Accepted: 2018-08-27, 資料番号: SA1180208000

Published
2017
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