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18 results on '"K. Wiik"'

1. Multifrequency interferometer and radio continuum monitoring observations of CTA 102

Author

E. Valtaoja, K. Wiik, Lars B. Bååth, Fredrik T. Rantakyrö, and Merja Tornikoski

Subjects
Physics, Brightness, Spectral index, Proper motion, CTA102, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, CTA-102, Shock waves, Wavelength, Interferometry, Amplitude, Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, Space and Planetary Science, Jets, Radiation mechanisms, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Quasars, Order of magnitude
Abstract

This paper represents the work of several years of observation of CTA 102 with both single dish telescopes and interferometric arrays, covering wavelengths from 1.2 cm to 1.3 mm. The resolution of the maps covers an order of magnitude from 0.5 mas to 50 μas. The images presented demonstrate the rapid structural changes in this source. These rapid structural changes correlates with the outbursts seen in the total flux, turnover frequency and in the spectral index. We have calculated the Brightness Temperatures of the components (TB ) directly from the determined component sizes and also using the logarithmic variability amplitudes and timescales to calculate the TB s. Both the methods yielded measurements of source frame T Bs no higher than ∼a few × 10 12 K. We find that the observed average proper motion is 0.4 0.07 mas/yr, which corresponds to an apparent transverse velocity of 11 ± 2 c. Copyright © 2003 EDP Sciences. This material is posted here with permission of EDP Sciences. Such permission of EDP Sciences does not in any way imply EDP Sciences endorsement of any of the University of Halmstads's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from EDP Sciences. By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it.

Published
2003
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2. 147 GHz VLBI observations: Detection of 3C 273 and 3C 279 on the 3100 km baseline Metsähovi – Pico Veleta

Author

Thomas P. Krichbaum, S. Urpo, S. Navarro, D. A. Graham, P. Könönen, J. A. Zensus, K. Wiik, Albert Greve, J. Peltonen, John Conway, Michael Grewing, P. Sjöman, Roy Booth, Ari Mujunen, Jouko Ritakari, M. Berton, F. Rantakyro, D. John, and E. Oinaskallio

Subjects
Physics, Space and Planetary Science, Baseline (sea), Brightness temperature, Very-long-baseline interferometry, Flux, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Lower limit
Abstract

We report a successful VLBI observation at 147 GHz (2.1 mm) on the 3 100 km long baseline between the telescopes at Metsahovi (Finland) and Pico Veleta (Spain). The sources 3C 273B and 3C 279 were detected with a SNR of∼10. For these sources we estimate that 25-30% of the total flux is detectable as correlated flux on the 3 100 km baseline, which gives at 147 GHz a lower limit of the brightness temperature of the inner VLBI jet region of ∼1×10 1 0 K.

Published
2002
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3. Millimetre Continuum Variations, VLBI Structure and Gamma-rays: Investigating Shocked Jet Physics

Author

E. Valtaoja, Tuomas Savolainen, K. Wiik, and Anne Lähteenmäki

Subjects
Astroparticle physics, Physics, Active galactic nucleus, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astronomy, Flux, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Quasar, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, law.invention, Space and Planetary Science, law, Very-long-baseline interferometry, Blazar, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Flare
Abstract

We compare the total flux density variations and the VLBI structural variations in a sample of 27 gamma-ray blazars. We find that all the radio variations are due to shocks; the flux of the underlying jet remains constant. A large fraction of the shocks grow and fade within the innermost 0.1 mas, appearing only as ‘core flares’. Comparisons with the EGRET data show that gamma-ray flares must come from the shocks, not from the jet. At the time of an EGRET flare, the shock is typically already over a parsec downstream from the radio core, beyond the accretion disk and/or the broad line region (BLR) photon fields. Thus, present models for gamma-ray production are inadequate, since they typically model the gamma-ray inverse Compton flux as coming from the jet, with significant disk or BLR external Compton components.

Published
2002
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4. The geometry of the universe from high resolution VLBI data of AGN shocks

Author

E. Valtaoja and K. Wiik

Subjects
Travel time, Physics, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Monitoring data, Very-long-baseline interferometry, High resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Small sample, Geometry, Astrophysics, Omega
Abstract

VSOPシンポジウム(2000年1月19日-21日. 宇宙科学研究所(ISAS)）, 相模原市, 神奈川県, VSOP Symposium (January 19-21, 2000. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 資料番号: SA6000155050

Published
2001
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5. Total Flux Density Variations in Extragalactic Radio Sources. II. Determining the Limiting Brightness Temperature for Synchrotron Sources

Author

E. Valtaoja, K. Wiik, and Anne Lähteenmäki

Subjects
Physics, Brightness, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Inverse, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Synchrotron, law.invention, symbols.namesake, Intrinsic brightness, Space and Planetary Science, law, Brightness temperature, Very-long-baseline interferometry, symbols, Doppler effect, Equipartition theorem
Abstract

The maximum intrinsic brightness temperature Tb, lim for powerful synchrotron-emitting radio sources is usually assumed to be ≈1012 K, limited by the inverse Compton catastrophe. A lower value of ≈5×1010 K, based on the equipartition brightness temperature, has been suggested by Readhead on the basis of Tb, obs distributions derived from VLBI observations. We present two new methods for estimating Tb, lim in extragalactic radio sources by using total flux density variations. A reasonable estimate of the value of Tb, lim for a source can be obtained by comparing the Doppler boosting factors derived from total flux density variations at 22 and 37 GHz with traditional estimates based on the radio and synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) X-ray fluxes. Another independent estimate of Tb, lim is obtained by comparing the brightness temperatures derived from variability data with the values calculated from VLBI observations. Using several data sets, we find that both methods yield a value of ≤1011 K, in accordance with the equipartition brightness temperature limit proposed by Readhead.

Published
1999
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6. Multifrequency VLBA study of the blazar S5 0716+714 during the active state in 2004 II. Large-scale jet kinematics and the comparison of the different methods of VLBI data imaging as applied to kinematic studies of AGN

Author

Yliya N. Vetukhnovskaya, Leo O. Takalo, Elizaveta A. Rastorgueva, A. T. Bajkova, K. Wiik, Esko Valtaoja, and Mehreen Mahmud

Subjects
Physics, Jet (fluid), Brightness, Line-of-sight, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Kinematics, Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Very-long-baseline interferometry, Deconvolution, Blazar, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Data reduction
Abstract

We study the jet kinematics of the blazar S5 0716+714 during its active state in 2003-2004 with multi-epoch VLBI observations. Aims. We present a kinematic analysis of the large-scale (0-12 mas) jet of 0716+714, based on the results of six epochs of VLBA monitoring at 5 GHz. Additionally, we compare kinematic results obtained with two imaging methods based on different deconvolution algorithms. The blazar 0716+714 has a diffuse large-scale jet and a very faint bright compact core. Experiments with simulated data showed that the conventional data reduction procedure based on the CLEAN deconvolution algorithm does not perform well in restoring this type of structure. This might be the reason why previous kinematic studies of this source yielded ambiguous results. In order to obtain accurate kinematics of this source, we independently applied two imaging techniques to the raw data: the conventional method, based on difference mapping, which uses CLEAN deconvolution, and the generalized maximum entropy method (GMEM) realized in the VLBImager package developed at the Pulkovo Observatory in Russia. The results of both methods give us a consistent kinematic scenario: the large-scale jet of 0716+714 is diffuse and stationary. Differences between the inner (0-1 mas) and outer (1-12 mas) regions of the jet in brightness and velocity of the components could be explained by the bending of the jet, which causes the angle between the jet direction and the line of sight to change from ~5 deg to ~11 deg. For the source 0716+714 both methods worked at the limit of their capability., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A, 2011

Published
2011
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7. Isotopic Composition of Light Nuclei in Cosmic Rays: Results from AMS-01

Author

H. T. Liu, J. Ulbricht, P. Extermann, H. Hofer, G. Ambrosi, U. Becker, E. Perrin, C. Sbarra, W. J. Burger, F. J. Eppling, P. H. Fisher, S. M. Ting, M. Kraeber, Rui Miguel Faisca Rodrigues Pereira, Veronica Bindi, T. Kirn, M. Paniccia, C. dela Guia, A. Klimentov, Adrian Biland, M.W. Lee, M. Pimenta, Jouko Ritakari, Hui Zhang, S. Schael, I. D'Antone, D. Rapin, Sadakazu Haino, J. Casaus, Massimo Gervasi, Jungwook Shin, V. Plyaskin, P. Azzarello, F. Mayet, A. Schultz von Dratzig, D. Grandi, Andrea Contin, J.V. Allaby, L. Djambazov, Andrei Kounine, P. G. Rancoita, M. Pohl, B. Bertucci, Xiao-Dong Tang, J. P. Vialle, W.Z. Zhu, M. Capell, R. Siedling, Shih-Chang Lee, H. Park, L. Ao, J. Engelberg, M. Jongmanns, R. Kossakowski, H. von Gunten, D. Crespo, J. D. Burger, K. Lübelsmeyer, J. Alcaraz, K. Karlamaa, Yun-Young Choi, S. X. Wu, Eun-Suk Seo, T. S. Dai, S. Xu, Dawei Zhao, Federico Cindolo, Z.R. Dong, V. Shoutko, Joachim Trümper, Maria Ionica, Guohuai Zhu, V. Commichau, Z.P. Zhang, E. Shoumilov, E. Riihonen, A. Mihul, G.P. Barreira, M. J. Boschini, M. Ribordy, Tengfei Song, H. Anderhub, M. Duranti, U. Roeser, T. Siedenburg, H.F. Chen, M. Steuer, C. Delgado, Mao-Zhi Yang, Zhenghao Xu, A. Lebedev, Dong-Chul Son, H. Suter, G.S. Sun, A. Bartoloni, V. Koutsenko, Eino Valtonen, W. Wallraff, P.C. Xia, F. Spada, P. Saouter, J. Favier, Z. L. Ren, Waclaw Karpinski, X. D. Cai, Changgen Yang, I. Vetlitsky, W.H. Park, E. Cortina-Gil, G. Bruni, F. Palmonari, A. Pevsner, D. Vité, M. Buénerd, Tzihong Chiueh, S. R. Ro, S. Natale, G. Laurenti, S. Waldmeier Wicki, E. P. Velikhov, B. Zimmermann, R. Becker, Y. Galaktionov, Roald Z. Sagdeev, Ciaran Williams, Merja Tornikoski, J.L. Yan, Markus Cristinziani, J. J. Torsti, Antonino Zichichi, L. Bellagamba, K.S. Kim, A. Arefiev, F. Barao, R. R. McNeil, Jing Wang, G. Sartorelli, Nicola Tomassetti, P. Cannarsa, Y. H. Chang, T. Eronen, G. Kenney, M. Aguilar, Felicitas Pauss, V. Hermel, Werner Lustermann, Behcet Alpat, M. Basile, Z.G. Chen, G. Flügge, G. N. Kim, F. Spinella, M. Bourquin, H. L. Zhuang, J. Yang, You Zhou, Nicolas Produit, D. Luckey, F. Vezzu, G. Lu, C. Maña, C.H. Lin, Samuel C.C. Ting, Fabrizio Giulio Luca Pilo, G. Castellini, J. Vandenhirtz, D. Casadei, G. Laborie, P. Giusti, S. Di Falco, O. Grimm, Paolo Zuccon, A. Hasan, Mauro Menichelli, F. Giovacchini, G. Schwering, Daijin Kim, W.Q. Gu, F. Zhou, N. Fouque, I. Cernuda, E. Fiandrini, H. S. Chen, D. Santos, S. Urpo, G. Viertel, Luísa Arruda, G. Lamanna, K. Hangarter, Lucio Quadrani, B. Verlaat, P. Berges, Ari Mujunen, K. Wiik, J. Berdugo, G. Boella, N.A. Chernoplekov, Anselmo Margotti, W. Hungerford, Timo Laitinen, M. Pauluzzi, D. Ren, Giuseppe Levi, Lu Yuzhang, LinLi Yan, A.I. Oliva, V. Pojidaev, C. Lechanoine-Leluc, S.W. Ye, Roberto Battiston, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AMS, AGUILAR M., ALCARAZ J., ALLABY J., ALPAT B., AMBROSI G., ANDERHUB H., AO L., AREFIEV A., ARRUDA L., AZZARELLO P., BASILE M., BARAO F., BARREIRA G., BARTOLONI A., BATTISTON R., BECKER R., BECKER U., BELLAGAMBA L., BERDUGO J., BERGES P., BERTUCCI B., BILAND A., BINDI V., BOELLA G., BOSCHINI M., BOURQUIN M., BRUNI G., BUENERD M., BURGER JD., BURGER WJ., CAI XD., CANNARSA P., CAPELL M., CASADEI D., CASAUS J., CASTELLINI G., CERNUDA I., CHANG YH., CHEN HF., CHEN HS., CHEN ZG., CHERNOPLEKOV NA., CHIUEH TH., CHOI YY., CINDOLO F., COMMICHAU V., CONTIN A., CORTINA-GIL E., CRESPO D., CRISTINZIANI M., DAI TS., DELA GUIA C., DELGADO C., DI FALCO S., DJAMBAZOV L., D'ANTONE I., DONG ZR., DURANTI M., ENGELBERG J., EPPLING FJ., ERONEN T., EXTERMANN P., FAVIER J., FIANDRINI E., FISHER PH., FLUGGE G., FOUQUE N., GALAKTIONOV Y., GERVASI M., GIOVACCHINI F., GIUSTI P., GRANDI D., GRIMM O., GU WQ., HAINO S., HANGARTER K., HASAN A., HERMEL V., HOFER H., HUNGERFORD W., IONICA M., JONGMANNS M., KARLAMAA K., KARPINSKI W., KENNEY G., KIM DH., KIM GN., KIM KS., KIRN T., KLIMENTOV A., KOSSAKOWSKI R., KOUNINE A., KOUTSENKO V., KRAEBER M., LABORIE G., LAITINEN T., LAMANNA G., LAURENTI G., LEBEDEV A., LECHANOINE-LELUC C., LEE MW., LEE SC., LEVI G., LIN CH., LIU HT., LU G., LU YS., LUBELSMEYER K., LUCKEY D., LUSTERMANN W., MANA C., MARGOTTI A., MAYET F., MCNEIL RR., MENICHELLI M., MIHUL A., MUJUNEN A., NATALE S., OLIVA A., PALMONARI F., PANICCIA M., PARK HB., PARK WH., PAULUZZI M., PAUSS F., PEREIRA R., PERRIN E., PEVSNER A., PILO F., PIMENTA M., PLYASKIN V., POJIDAEV V., POHL M., PRODUIT N., QUADRANI L., RANCOITA PG., RAPIN D., REN D., REN Z., RIBORDY M., RIIHONEN E., RITAKARI J., RO S., ROESER U., SAGDEEV R., SANTOS D., SARTORELLI G., SAOUTER P., SBARRA C., SCHAEL S., VON DRATZIG AS., SCHWERING G., SEO ES., SHIN JW., SHOUMILOV E., SHOUTKO V., SIEDENBURG T., SIEDLING R., SON D., SONG T., SPADA FR., SPINELLA F., STEUER M., SUN GS., SUTER H., TANG XW., TING SCC., TING SM., TOMASSETTI N., TORNIKOSKI M., TORSTI J., TRUMPER J., ULBRICHT J., URPO S., VALTONEN E., VANDENHIRTZ J., VELIKHOV E., VERLAAT B., VETLITSKY I., VEZZU F., VIALLE JP., VIERTEL G., VITE D., VON GUNTEN H., WICKI SW., WALLRAFF W., WANG JZ., WIIK K., WILLIAMS C., WU SX., XIA PC., XU S., XU ZZ., YAN JL., YAN LG., YANG CG., YANG J., YANG M., YE SW., ZHANG HY., ZHANG ZP., ZHAO DX., ZHOU F., ZHOU Y., ZHU GY., ZHU WZ., ZHUANG HL., ZICHICHI A., ZIMMERMANN B., ZUCCON P, Aguilar, M, Alcaraz, J, Allaby, J, Alpat, B, Ambrosi, G, Anderhub, H, Ao, L, Arefiev, A, Arruda, L, Azzarello, P, Basile, M, Barao, F, Barreira, G, Bartoloni, A, Battiston, R, Becker, R, Becker, U, Bellagamba, L, Berdugo, J, Berges, P, Bertucci, B, Biland, A, Bindi, V, Boella, G, Boschini, M, Bourquin, M, Bruni, G, Buénerd, M, Burger, J, Burger, W, Cai, X, Cannarsa, P, Capell, M, Casadei, D, Casaus, J, Castellini, G, Cernuda, I, Chang, Y, Chen, H, Chen, Z, Chernoplekov, N, Chiueh, T, Choi, Y, Cindolo, F, Commichau, V, Contin, A, Cortina Gil, E, Crespo, D, Cristinziani, M, Dai, T, dela Guia, C, Delgado, C, Di Falco, S, Djambazov, L, D’Antone, I, Dong, Z, Duranti, M, Engelberg, J, Eppling, F, Eronen, T, Extermann, P, Favier, J, Fiandrini, E, Fisher, P, Flügge, G, Fouque, N, Galaktionov, Y, Gervasi, M, Giovacchini, F, Giusti, P, Grandi, D, Grimm, O, Gu, W, Haino, S, Hangarter, K, Hasan, A, Hermel, V, Hofer, H, Hungerford, W, Ionica, M, Jongmanns, M, Karlamaa, K, Karpinski, W, Kenney, G, Kim, D, Kim, G, Kim, K, Kirn, T, Klimentov, A, Kossakowski, R, Kounine, A, Koutsenko, V, Kraeber, M, Laborie, G, Laitinen, T, Lamanna, G, Laurenti, G, Lebedev, A, Lechanoine Leluc, C, Lee, M, Lee, S, Levi, G, Lin, C, Liu, H, Lu, G, Lu, Y, Lübelsmeyer, K, Luckey, D, Lustermann, W, Maña, C, Margotti, A, Mayet, F, Mcneil, R, Menichelli, M, Mihul, A, Mujunen, A, Natale, S, Oliva, A, Palmonari, F, Paniccia, M, Park, H, Park, W, Pauluzzi, M, Pauss, F, Pereira, R, Perrin, E, Pevsner, A, Pilo, F, Pimenta, M, Plyaskin, V, Pojidaev, V, Pohl, M, Produit, N, Quadrani, L, Rancoita, P, Rapin, D, Ren, D, Ren, Z, Ribordy, M, Riihonen, E, Ritakari, J, Ro, S, Roeser, U, Sagdeev, R, Santos, D, Sartorelli, G, Saouter, P, Sbarra, C, Schael, S, von Dratzig, A, Schwering, G, Seo, E, Shin, J, Shoumilov, E, Shoutko, V, Siedenburg, T, Siedling, R, Son, D, Song, T, Spada, F, Spinella, F, Steuer, M, Sun, G, Suter, H, Tang, X, Ting, S, Tomassetti, N, Tornikoski, M, Torsti, J, Trümper, J, Ulbricht, J, Urpo, S, Valtonen, E, Vandenhirtz, J, Velikhov, E, Verlaat, B, Vetlitsky, I, Vezzu, F, Vialle, J, Viertel, G, Vité, D, Von Gunten, H, Wicki, S, Wallraff, W, Wang, J, Wiik, K, Williams, C, Wu, S, Xia, P, Xu, S, Xu, Z, Yan, J, Yan, L, Yang, C, Yang, J, Yang, M, Ye, S, Zhang, H, Zhang, Z, Zhao, D, Zhou, F, Zhou, Y, Zhu, G, Zhu, W, Zhuang, H, Zichichi, A, Zimmermann, B, Zuccon, P, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Becker, R., Becker, Ulrich J., Berges, P., Burger, Joseph D., Cai, Xudong, Capell, Michael H., Dai, T. S., Eppling, Frederic J., Fisher, Peter H., Klimentov, A., Kounine, Andrei, Koutsenko, Vladimir, Lebedev, Alexei, Luckey, P. David, Jr., Shoutko, V., Siedenburg, T., Steuer, M., Ting, Samuel C. C., Wu. S. X., Xu, S., and Zhou, F.

Subjects
Nuclear reaction, Astrophysics and Astronomy, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], genetic structures, Cosmic ray, Isotopes of boron, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, ACCELERATION OF PARTICLES, ABUNDANCES, Nucleosynthesis, 0103 physical sciences, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], acceleration of particles, cosmic rays, nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Cosmic ray spallation, Physics, NUCLEAR REACTIONS, NUCLEOSYNTHESIS, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Astronomy and Astrophysics, COSMIC RAYS, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Space and Planetary Science, Isotopes of beryllium, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Heliosphere
Abstract

The variety of isotopes in cosmic rays allows us to study different aspects of the processes that cosmic rays undergo between the time they are produced and the time of their arrival in the heliosphere. In this paper, we present measurements of the isotopic ratios [superscript 2]H/[superscript 4]He, [superscript 3]He/[superscript 4]He, [superscript 6]Li/[superscript 7]Li, [superscript 7]Be/([superscript 9]Be+[superscript 10]Be), and [superscript 10]B/[superscript 11]B in the range 0.2-1.4 GeV of kinetic energy per nucleon. The measurements are based on the data collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, AMS-01, during the STS-91 flight in 1998 June., United States. Dept. of Energy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Published
2011
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8. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station: Part I – results from the test flight on the space shuttle

Author

P. Extermann, H. Hofer, J.P. Richeux, Jose Maria Kenny, M. Jongmanns, H. Anderhub, P. Giusti, A. Hasan, Mauro Menichelli, G. Scolieri, Y.S. Lu, I. Lopes, S. Ro, G. Schwering, Eun-Suk Seo, L. Baldini, E. Lanciotti, F. Vezzu, Maria Ionica, S.W. Ye, V. Koutsenko, Eino Valtonen, M.Y. Kim, G. Sartorelli, D. Rapin, V. Plyaskin, Werner Lustermann, Behcet Alpat, W.Q. Gu, W.Z. Zhu, C. Delgado, E. Fiandrini, Yu. Galaktionov, D.H. Kim, J. Alcaraz, S. X. Wu, W.H. Park, Felicitas Pauss, B. Verlaat, P. Berges, K. Karlamaa, S.C.C. Ting, F. Palmonari, Zhenghao Xu, Zhuoxiang Ren, F. Velcea, Tzihong Chiueh, G. Barbier, H.B. Park, R. Kossakowski, A. Klimentov, S. Urpo, Ari Mujunen, A. Lebedev, Dong-Chul Son, G. Laurenti, K. Luebelsmeyer, E. Shoumilov, W. Hungerford, H. S. Chen, N. Produit, M. Buenerd, S. Waldmeier Wicki, M. Basile, E. Riihonen, A. Mihul, Timo Laitinen, J. Yang, V. Postolache, V. Pojidaev, M. Steuer, P.C. Xia, G.S. Sun, Jian Wang, M. Ribordy, K. Hangarter, H. L. Zhuang, M. Pauluzzi, Stefan Schael, H. Suter, Guohuai Zhu, G. Boella, X.W. Tang, M. Kraber, A. Pevsner, M. A. Huang, Mao-Zhi Yang, Tao Song, J.L. Yan, N.A. Chernoplekov, J. Vandenhirtz, Z.G. Chen, C. Camps, Ciaran Williams, D. Ren, D. Luckey, I. Vetlitsky, Samuel C.C. Ting, N. Dinu, Zhidong Zhang, Anselmo Margotti, E. Cortina-Gil, M. Bourquin, A. Papi, Adrian Biland, R. Ionica, L. Djambazov, Paolo Zuccon, A. Contin, I. D'Antone, M.W. Lee, Jungwook Shin, F. Barao, G. Castellini, J. P. Da Cunha, Gui Nyun Kim, N. Fouque, P. Levtchenko, Massimo Gervasi, Kyung-Suk Cho, J. D. Burger, F. Mayet, M. Pohl, P. Yeh, G. Lu, C. Maña, C. Lechanoine-Leluc, A. Schultz von Dratzig, C. Rossin, Hengchang Liu, A. Mourao, S. Blasko, G. Laborie, C. Sbarra, Peter H. Fisher, L.G. Yan, V. Hermel, J.D. Deus, X. D. Cai, M.J. Choi, O. Grimm, J. Casaus, M. Capell, Philipp Azzarello, R. Siedling, J. Berdugo, Yun Wang, A. Arefiev, Roald Z. Sagdeev, J. Engelberg, H. von Gunten, C.L. Liu, L. Bellagamba, Changgen Yang, D. Casadei, U. Roser, R. R. McNeil, B. Meillon, Giuseppe Levi, Y.L. Chuang, K. Wiik, P. Bene, Federico Cindolo, J. J. Torsti, Antonino Zichichi, L. Brocco, J. Ritakari, Y. H. Chang, G. Kenney, P. Cannarsa, Y.Y. Choi, D. Barancourt, J. Favier, Waclaw Karpinski, E. Babucci, U. Becker, Dawei Zhao, R. Becker, Z.R. Dong, E. Perrin, K.S. Kim, Claudia Cecchi, F. J. Eppling, M. Aguilar, V. Shoutko, S. Bizzaglia, G. Esposito, M. Pimenta, G. Fluegge, D. Grandi, B. Bertucci, D. Santos, G. Ambrosi, T. S. Dai, A. Pesci, B.C. Wang, D. Vité, G. Lamanna, G. Viertel, J. P. Vialle, H.F. Chen, G.P. Barreira, W. J. Burger, Frank Raupach, Roberto Battiston, L. Ao, J. Ulbricht, Hao Zhang, S.C. Lee, J. Trümper, P. Emonet, M. J. Boschini, V. Commichau, E. P. Velikhov, B. Zimmermann, Merja Tornikoski, Markus Cristinziani, T. Eronen, P. G. Rancoita, W. Wallraff, G. Bruni, Aguilar, M, Alcaraz, J, Allaby, J, Alpat, B, Ambrosi, G, Anderhub, H, Ao, L, Arefiev, A, Azzarello, P, Babucci, E, Baldini, L, Basile, M, Berdugo, J, Berges, P, Bertucci, B, Biland, A, Bizzaglia, S, Blasko, S, Boella, G, Boschini, M, Bourquin, M, Brocco, L, Bruni, G, Buenerd, M, Burger, J, Burger, W, Cai, X, Camps, C, Cannarsa, P, Capell, M, Casadei, D, Casaus, J, Castellini, G, Cecchi, C, Chang, Y, Chen, H, Chen, Z, Chernoplekov, N, Chiueh, T, Cho, K, Choi, M, Choi, Y, Chuang, Y, Cindolo, F, Commichau, V, Contin, A, Cortina-Gil, E, Cristinziani, M, da Cunha, J, Dai, T, Delgado, C, Deus, J, Dinu, N, Djambazov, L, D'Antone, I, Dong, Z, Emonet, P, Engelberg, J, Eppling, F, Eronen, T, Esposito, G, Extermann, P, Favier, J, Fiandrini, E, Fisher, P, Fluegge, G, Fouque, N, Galaktionov, Y, Gervasi, M, Giusti, P, Grandi, D, Grimms, O, Gu, W, Hangarter, K, Hasan, A, Hermel, V, Hofer, H, Huang, M, Hungerford, W, Ionica, M, Ionica, R, Jongmanns, M, Karlamaa, K, Karpinski, W, Kenney, G, Kenny, J, Kim, D, Kim, G, Kim, K, Kim, M, Klimentov, A, Kossakowski, R, Koutsenko, V, Kraeber, M, Laborie, G, Laitinen, T, Lamanna, G, Lanciotti, E, Laurenti, G, Lebedev, A, Lechanoine-Leluc, C, Lee, M, Lee, S, Levi, G, Levtchenko, P, Liu, C, Liu, H, Lopes, I, Lu, G, Lu, Y, Lubelsmeyer, K, Luckey, D, Lustermann, W, Mana, C, Margotti, A, Mayet, F, Mcneil, R, Meillon, B, Menichelli, M, Mihul, A, Mourao, A, Mujunen, A, Palmonari, F, Papi, A, Park, H, Park, W, Pauluzzi, M, Pauss, F, Perrin, E, Pesci, A, Pevsner, A, Pimenta, M, Plyaskin, V, Pojidaev, V, Pohl, M, Postolache, V, Produit, N, Rancoita, P, Rapin, D, Raupach, F, Ren, D, Ren, Z, Ribordy, M, Richeux, J, Riihonen, E, Ritakari, J, Ro, S, Roeser, U, Rossin, C, Sagdeev, R, Santos, D, Sartorelli, G, Sbarra, C, Schael, S, von Dratzig, A, Schwering, G, Scolieri, G, Seo, E, Shin, J, Shoutko, V, Shoumilov, E, Siedling, R, Son, D, Song, T, Steuer, M, Sun, G, Suter, H, Tang, X, Ting, S, Tornikoski, M, Torsti, J, Trumper, J, Ulbricht, J, Urpo, S, Valtonen, E, Vandenhirtz, J, Velcea, F, Velikhov, E, Verlaat, B, Vetlitsky, I, Vezzu, F, V, Jp, Viertel, G, Vite, D, Von Gunten, H, Wicki, S, Wallraff, W, Wang, B, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Wiik, K, Williams, C, Wu, S, Xia, P, Yan, J, Yan, L, Yang, C, Yang, J, Yang, M, Ye, S, Yeh, P, Xu, Z, Zhang, H, Zhang, Z, Zhao, D, Zhu, G, Zhu, W, Zhuang, H, Zichichi, A, Zimmermann, B, Zuccon, P, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Azzarello, Philipp, Bene, Pierre, Bourquin, Maurice, Cortina Gil, Eduardo, Cristinziani, Markus, Emonet, Pascal Philippe, Extermann, Pierre, Leluc, Catherine, Perrin, Eric, Pohl, Martin, Produit, Nicolas, Rapin, Divic Jean, Ribordy, Mathieu, Richeux, Jean-Pierre, Vite, Davide, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AMS, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040, Madrid, Spain, and UCL - SST/IRMP - Institut de recherche en mathématique et physique

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, FIS/06 - FISICA PER IL SISTEMA TERRA E PER IL MEZZO CIRCUMTERRESTRE, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, ddc:500.2, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Nuclear physics, FIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA, Positron, Earth's magnetic field, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Antiproton, 0103 physical sciences, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, Nucleon, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, AMS, Cosmic Rays, Antimatter, Helium, FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE
Abstract

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) was flown on the space shuttle Discovery during flight STS-91 (June 1998) in a 51.7 deg orbit at altitudes between 320 and 390 km. A search for antihelium nuclei in the rigidity range 1–140 GV was performed. No antihelium nuclei were detected at any rigidity. An upper limit on the flux ratio of antihelium to helium of < 1.1×10^−6 was obtained. The high energy proton, electron, positron, helium, antiproton and deuterium spectra were accurately measured. For each particle and nuclei two distinct spectra were observed: a higher energy spectrum and a substantial second spectrum. Positrons in the second spectrum were found to be much more abundant than electrons. Tracing particles from the second spectra shows that most of them travel for an extended period of time in the geomagnetic field, and that the positive particles (p and e+) and negative ones (e−) originate from two complementary geographic regions. The second helium spectrum flux over the energy range 0.1–1.2 GeV/nucleon was measured to be (6.3 ± 0.9) × 10^−3(m^2 s sr)^−1. Over 90 percent of the helium flux was determined to be 3He at the 90% confidence level

Published
2002
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9. Black hole binary OJ287 as a testing platform for general relativity

Author

H. J. Lehto, Seppo Mikkola, Mauri Valtonen, K. Wiik, and Achamveedu Gopakumar

Subjects
Physics, History, Speed wobble, General relativity, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, X-ray binary, Astronomy, Astrophysics, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Computer Science Applications, Education, Black hole, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Binary black hole, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Extremal black hole, Stellar black hole, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Spin-flip, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The blazar OJ287 is the most promising (and the only) case for an extragalactic binary black hole system inspiralling under the action of gravitational radiation reaction. At present, though it is not possible to directly observe the binary components, it is possible to observe the jet emanating from the primary black hole. We have argued that the orbital motion of the secondary black hole is reflected in the wobble of the jet, and demonstrated that the wobble is orbital position dependent. The erratic wobble of the jet is analyzed by taking into account the binary nature of the system, and we have found that the erratic component of jet wobble is very small.

Published
2014
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10. Leptons in near earth orbit

Author

L. Djambazov, P. Giusti, G. Scolieri, I. Lopes, Dawei Zhao, P. G. Rancoita, E. Babucci, U. Becker, F. Vezzu, E. Perrin, F. J. Eppling, G. Barbier, S. M. Ting, S.C. Lee, R. Ionica, F. Palmonari, H. von Gunten, G. Esposito, Z.R. Dong, Federico Cindolo, Changgen Yang, H. T. Liu, Diego Casadei, Yu. Galaktionov, D. Vité, A. Lebedev, U. Roeser, G. Castellini, Dong-Chul Son, Z. L. Ren, J. Alcaraz, Guohuai Zhu, Yun Wang, S. Bizzaglia, A. Arefiev, P. Extermann, H. Hofer, W. Wallraff, Ilya Usoskin, Jing Wang, P. Levtchenko, P. Emonet, T. S. Dai, H. Anderhub, Waclaw Karpinski, E. Fiandrini, R. Becker, P. Cannarsa, R. R. McNeil, D. Rapin, C. Roissin, B.C. Wang, M. Pimenta, E. P. Velikhov, B. Zimmermann, V. Plyaskin, Roald Z. Sagdeev, B. Meillon, H. S. Chen, L. Baldini, J. Casaus, A. Hasan, E. Riihonen, Mauro Menichelli, K. Karlamaa, A. Mihul, Giovanna Bruni, G. Kenney, N. Produit, D. Grandi, M. Ribordy, S. Urpo, W. J. Burger, Merja Tornikoski, Markus Cristinziani, G. Schwering, A. Pesci, I. Vetlitsky, L.G. Yan, I. D'Antone, Y. H. Chang, Tengfei Song, W.Q. Gu, B. Bertucci, D. Barancourt, N. Dinu, V. Commichau, G. Laborie, P. Crespo, Mao-Zhi Yang, J. J. Torsti, M. Jongmanns, Antonino Zichichi, Adrian Biland, V. Postolache, Peter H. Fisher, T. Eronen, C. Camps, J. Berdugo, N. Fouque, J. P. Da Cunha, Massimo Gervasi, J. Vandenhirtz, H. F. Chen, F. Barao, S. Blasko, Zhenyu Zhang, H.L. Zhuang, G. Viertel, E. Shoumilov, Jose Maria Kenny, W. Hungerford, F. Velcea, Y.L. Chuang, O. Grimm, J.L. Yan, K. Wiik, P. Bene, H. Suter, J.P. Richeux, Tzihong Chiueh, V. Hermel, M. Buenerd, Timo Laitinen, M. Capell, A. Papi, Eun-Suk Seo, M. Pauluzzi, R. Siedling, G. Fluegge, W.Z. Zhu, Giovanni Ambrosi, L. Ao, M. Bourquin, D. Ren, G. Lu, C. Maña, V. Koutsenko, Eino Valtonen, Felicitas Pauss, R. Kossakowski, A. Klimentov, G.S. Sun, A. Contin, Samuel C.C. Ting, M. A. Huang, M. J. Boschini, M. Basile, K. Hangarter, Roberto Battiston, A. Pevsner, D. Luckey, F. Mayet, Ciaran Williams, J. Ulbricht, A. Schultz von Dratzig, P. Yeh, G. Laurenti, Claudia Cecchi, S. Waldmeier Wicki, Hao Zhang, Z.G. Chen, S. X. Wu, J. Ritakari, X. D. Cai, J. Trümper, V. Shoutko, Inkyu Park, M. Steuer, P.C. Xia, S.W. Ye, C.L. Liu, L. Bellagamba, G. Lamanna, J. Engelberg, Xiao-Dong Tang, J. P. Vialle, K. Lübelsmeyer, G.P. Barreira, M. Ionica, P. Azzarello, Z. Z. Xu, V. Pojidaev, B. Verlaat, G. Sartorelli, P. Berges, Giuseppe Levi, Lu Yuzhang, Ari Mujunen, Werner Lustermann, Behcet Alpat, J. D. Burger, Frank Raupach, A. Mourao, J.D. Deus, L. Brocco, G. Boella, N.A. Chernoplekov, Anselmo Margotti, W. Kim, M. Kraeber, J. Favier, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AMS, Alcaraz, J, Alpat, B, Ambrosi, G, Anderhub, H, Ao, L, Arefiev, A, Azzarello, P, Babucci, E, Baldini, L, Basile, M, Barancourt, D, Barao, F, Barbier, G, Barreira, G, Battiston, R, Becker, R, Becker, U, Bellagamba, L, Béné, P, Berdugo, J, Berges, P, Bertucci, B, Biland, A, Bizzaglia, S, Blasko, S, Boella, G, Boschini, M, Bourquin, M, Brocco, L, Bruni, G, Buenerd, M, Burger, J, Burger, W, Cai, X, Camps, C, Cannarsa, P, Capell, M, Casadei, D, Casaus, J, Castellini, G, Cecchi, C, Chang, Y, Chen, H, Chen, Z, Chernoplekov, N, Chiueh, T, Chuang, Y, Cindolo, F, Commichau, V, Contin, A, Crespo, P, Cristinziani, M, Cunha, J, Dai, T, Deus, J, Dinu, N, Djambazov, L, D'Antone, I, Dong, Z, Emonet, P, Engelberg, J, Eppling, F, Eronen, T, Esposito, G, Extermann, P, Favier, J, Fiandrini, E, Fisher, P, Fluegge, G, Fouque, N, Galaktionov, Y, Gervasi, M, Giusti, P, Grandi, D, Grimm, O, Gu, W, Hangarter, K, Hasan, A, Hermel, V, Hofer, H, Huang, M, Hungerford, W, Ionica, M, Ionica, R, Jongmanns, M, Karlamaa, K, Karpinski, W, Kenney, G, Kenny, J, Kim, W, Klimentov, A, Kossakowski, R, Koutsenko, V, Kraeber, M, Laborie, G, Laitinen, T, Lamanna, G, Laurenti, G, Lebedev, A, Lee, S, Levi, G, Levtchenko, P, Liu, C, Liu, H, Lopes, I, Lu, G, Lu, Y, Lübelsmeyer, K, Luckey, D, Lustermann, W, Maña, C, Margotti, A, Mayet, F, Mcneil, R, Meillon, B, Menichelli, M, Mihul, A, Mourao, A, Mujunen, A, Palmonari, F, Papi, A, Park, I, Pauluzzi, M, Pauss, F, Perrin, E, Pesci, A, Pevsner, A, Pimenta, M, Plyaskin, V, Pojidaev, V, Postolache, V, Produit, N, Rancoita, P, Rapin, D, Raupach, F, Ren, D, Ren, Z, Ribordy, M, Richeux, J, Riihonen, E, Ritakari, J, Roeser, U, Roissin, C, Sagdeev, R, Sartorelli, G, Dratzig, A, Schwering, G, Scolieri, G, Seo, E, Shoutko, V, Shoumilov, E, Siedling, R, Son, D, Song, T, Steuer, M, Sun, G, Suter, H, Tang, X, Ting, S, Tornikoski, M, Torsti, J, Trümper, J, Ulbricht, J, Urpo, S, Usoskin, I, Valtonen, E, Vandenhirtz, J, Velcea, F, Velikhov, E, Verlaat, B, Vetlitsky, I, Vezzu, F, Vialle, J, Viertel, G, Vité, D, Gunten, H, Wicki, S, Wallraff, W, Wang, B, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Wiik, K, Williams, C, Wu, S, Xia, P, Yan, J, Yan, L, Yang, C, Yang, M, Ye, S, Yeh, P, Xu, Z, Zhang, H, Zhang, Z, Zhao, D, Zhu, G, Zhu, W, Zhuang, H, Zichichi, A, and Zimmermann, B

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Cosmic Rays, AMS, Cosmic ray, Electron, Astrophysics, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Nuclear physics, FIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA, AMS-01, 0103 physical sciences, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, AMS, 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, Earth's orbit, Cosmic rays: leptons, Cosmic Rays, cosmic rays, AMS-01, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Earth's magnetic field, 13. Climate action, High Energy Physics::Experiment, FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE, Lepton
Abstract

The lepton spectra in the kinetic energy ranges 0.2 to 40 GeV for e − and 0.2 to 3 GeV for e + were measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) during space shuttle flight STS–91 at altitudes near 380 km. From the origin of the leptons two distinct spectra were observed: a higher energy spectrum and a substantial second spectrum with positrons much more abundant than electrons. Tracing leptons from the second spectra shows that most of these leptons travel for an extended period of time in the geomagnetic field and that the e + and e − originate from two complementary geographic regions.

Published
2000

11. Helium in near earth orbit

Author

D. Vité, Peter H. Fisher, Yu. Galaktionov, J. Alcaraz, Roald Z. Sagdeev, D.X. Zhao, K. Karlamaa, A. Arefiev, S.W. Ye, E. Riihonen, W. Hungerford, M. A. Huang, R. R. McNeil, B. Meillon, V. Shoutko, G. Kenney, J. Ritakari, Y. H. Chang, J. Engelberg, C. Camps, G. Sartorelli, D. Barancourt, A. Mihul, Timo Laitinen, R. Ionica, Jorge Dias de Deus, W. Kim, H. von Gunten, P. G. Rancoita, V. Postolache, M. Pauluzzi, G. Lu, C. Maña, Werner Lustermann, Federico Cindolo, F. Mayet, G. Fluegge, Mao-Zhi Yang, D. Ren, A. Schultz von Dratzig, G. Barbier, W.Z. Zhu, W. J. Burger, A. Papi, J. Casaus, U. Roeser, M. Ribordy, G. Ambrosi, Y.L. Chuang, A. Contin, P. Levtchenko, M. Buenerd, X.W. Tang, M. Pimenta, W. Wallraff, T. S. Dai, F. Vezzu, B. Verlaat, Maria Ionica, G.S. Sun, Samuel C.C. Ting, Frank Raupach, E. Shoumilov, P. Berges, B.C. Wang, S. Urpo, Ari Mujunen, G. Bruni, H. Suter, P. Bene, Hengchang Liu, D. Rapin, C. Roissin, V. Plyaskin, G. Laurenti, S. Waldmeier Wicki, D. Grandi, A. Pevsner, Z. L. Ren, F. Velcea, Tao Song, G. Lamanna, M. J. Boschini, B. Bertucci, J. J. Torsti, Antonino Zichichi, Waclaw Karpinski, J. Berdugo, H. Anderhub, V. Commichau, R. Becker, Roberto Battiston, B. Alpat, N. Fouque, J.P. Richeux, Zhenghao Xu, M. Bourquin, A. Lebedev, Dong-Chul Son, E. Fiandrini, F. Palmonari, Yun Wang, G. Boella, P. Yeh, J.L. Yan, H.F. Chen, L. Brocco, Felicitas Pauss, L. Baldini, A. Pesci, H. S. Chen, J. Ulbricht, K. Wiik, R. Kossakowski, N.A. Chernoplekov, Nicolas Produit, K. Lübelsmeyer, S. X. Wu, M. Basile, P. Cannarsa, Hao Zhang, S. Blasko, M. Jongmanns, G. Castellini, E. P. Velikhov, B. Zimmermann, G.P. Barreira, K. Hangarter, H. L. Zhuang, Anselmo Margotti, Tzihong Chiueh, J. P. Da Cunha, Y.S. Lu, Inkyu Park, J.P. Vialle, Ciaran Williams, A. Klimentov, G. Laborie, L. Ao, M. Pohl, N. Dinu, Merja Tornikoski, Markus Cristinziani, M. Steuer, P.C. Xia, G. Viertel, D. Luckey, Jose Maria Kenny, J. Trümper, L. Djambazov, Paolo Zuccon, O. Grimm, T. Eronen, E. Babucci, U. Becker, I. Vetlitsky, S.C. Lee, Eun-Suk Seo, E. Perrin, M. Kraeber, F. J. Eppling, S. M. Ting, Changgen Yang, V. Koutsenko, Eino Valtonen, P. Giusti, Adrian Biland, G. Scolieri, G. Esposito, Z.R. Dong, Claudia Cecchi, Philipp Azzarello, I. Lopes, Massimo Gervasi, P. Emonet, S. Bizzaglia, Z.G. Chen, J. Favier, M. Capell, R. Siedling, X. D. Cai, C.L. Liu, L. Bellagamba, L.G. Yan, Ilya Usoskin, Jing Wang, J. Vandenhirtz, A. Hasan, Mauro Menichelli, G. Schwering, P. Extermann, W.Q. Gu, H. Hofer, F. Barao, V. Hermel, Zhidong Zhang, D. Casadei, I. D'Antone, Guohuai Zhu, J. D. Burger, A. Mourao, V. Pojidaev, Giuseppe Levi, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AMS, Alcaraz, J, Alpat, B, Ambrosi, G, Anderhub, H, Ao, L, Arefiev, A, Azzarello, P, Babucci, E, Baldini, L, Basile, M, Barancourt, D, Barao, F, Barbier, G, Barreira, G, Battiston, R, Becker, R, Becker, U, Bellagamba, L, Béné, P, Berdugo, J, Berges, P, Bertucci, B, Biland, A, Bizzaglia, S, Blasko, S, Boella, G, Boschini, M, Bourquin, M, Brocco, L, Bruni, G, Buenerd, M, Burger, J, Burger, W, Cai, X, Camps, C, Cannarsa, P, Capell, M, Casadei, D, Casaus, J, Castellini, G, Cecchi, C, Chang, Y, Chen, H, Chen, Z, Chernoplekov, N, Chiueh, T, Chuang, Y, Cindolo, F, Commichau, V, Contin, A, Cristinziani, M, Cunha, J, Dai, T, Deus, J, Dinu, N, Djambazov, L, D'Antone, I, Dong, Z, Emonet, P, Engelberg, J, Eppling, F, Eronen, T, Esposito, G, Extermann, P, Favier, J, Fiandrini, E, Fisher, P, Fluegge, G, Fouque, N, Galaktionov, Y, Gervasi, M, Giusti, P, Grandi, D, Grimm, O, Gu, W, Hangarter, K, Hasan, A, Hermel, V, Hofer, H, Huang, M, Hungerford, W, Ionica, M, Ionica, R, Jongmanns, M, Karlamaa, K, Karpinski, W, Kenney, G, Kenny, J, Kim, W, Klimentov, A, Kossakowski, R, Koutsenko, V, Kraeber, M, Laborie, G, Laitinen, T, Lamanna, G, Laurenti, G, Lebedev, A, Lee, S, Levi, G, Levtchenko, P, Liu, C, Liu, H, Lopes, I, Lu, G, Lu, Y, Lübelsmeyer, K, Luckey, D, Lustermann, W, Maña, C, Margotti, A, Mayet, F, Mcneil, R, Meillon, B, Menichelli, M, Mihul, A, Mourao, A, Mujunen, A, Palmonari, F, Papi, A, Park, I, Pauluzzi, M, Pauss, F, Perrin, E, Pesci, A, Pevsner, A, Pimenta, M, Plyaskin, V, Pojidaev, V, Pohl, M, Postolache, V, Produit, N, Rancoita, P, Rapin, D, Raupach, F, Ren, D, Ren, Z, Ribordy, M, Richeux, J, Riihonen, E, Ritakari, J, Roeser, U, Roissin, C, Sagdeev, R, Sartorelli, G, Schultz&nbsp, von&nbsp, Dratzig, A, Schwering, G, Scolieri, G, Seo, E, Shoutko, V, Shoumilov, E, Siedling, R, Son, D, Song, T, Steuer, M, Sun, G, Suter, H, Tang, X, Ting, S, Tornikoski, M, Torsti, J, Trümper, J, Ulbricht, J, Urpo, S, Usoskin, I, Valtonen, E, Vandenhirtz, J, Velcea, F, Velikhov, E, Verlaat, B, Vetlitsky, I, Vezzu, F, Vialle, J, Viertel, G, Vité, D, Gunten, H, Wicki, S, Wallraff, W, Wang, B, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Wiik, K, Williams, C, Wu, S, Xia, P, Yan, J, Yan, L, Yang, C, Yang, M, Ye, S, Yeh, P, Xu, Z, Zhang, H, Zhang, Z, Zhao, D, Zhu, G, Zhu, W, Zhuang, H, Zichichi, A, Zimmermann, B, Zuccon, P, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Azzarello, Philipp, Bene, Pierre, Bourquin, Maurice, Cristinziani, Markus, Emonet, Pascal Philippe, Extermann, Pierre, Perrin, Eric, Pohl, Martin, Produit, Nicolas, Rapin, Divic Jean, Ribordy, Mathieu, Richeux, Jean-Pierre, and Vite, Davide

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Earth's orbit, Range (particle radiation), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, chemistry.chemical_element, Flux, ddc:500.2, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], FIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Earth's magnetic field, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, Atomic physics, Cosmic rays: helium, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE, Helium
Abstract

The helium spectrum from 0.1 to 100 GeV/nucleon was measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) during space shuttle flight STS-91 at altitudes near 380 km. Above the geomagnetic cutoff the spectrum is parameterized by a power law. Below the geomagnetic cutoff a second helium spectrum was observed. In the second helium spectra over the energy range 0.1 to 1.2 GeV/nucleon the flux was measured to be (6.3±0.9)×10 −3 ( m 2 sec sr ) −1 and more than ninety percent of the helium was determined to be 3He (at the 90% CL). Tracing helium from the second spectrum shows that about half of the 3He travel for an extended period of time in the geomagnetic field and that they originate from restricted geographic regions similar to protons and positrons.

Published
2000

12. Protons in near earth orbit

Author

J. Alcaraz, D. Alvisi, B. Alpat, G. Ambrosi, H. Anderhub, L. Ao, A. Arefiev, P. Azzarello, E. Babucci, L. Baldini, M. Basile, D. Barancourt, F. Barao, G. Barbier, G. Barreira, R. Battiston, R. Becker, U. Becker, L. Bellagamba, P. Béné, J. Berdugo, P. Berges, B. Bertucci, A. Biland, S. Bizzaglia, S. Blasko, G. Boella, M. Boschini, M. Bourquin, G. Bruni, M. Buenerd, J.D. Burger, W.J. Burger, X.D. Cai, R. Cavalletti, C. Camps, P. Cannarsa, M. Capell, D. Casadei, J. Casaus, G. Castellini, Y.H. Chang, H.F. Chen, H.S. Chen, Z.G. Chen, N.A. Chernoplekov, A. Chiarini, T.H. Chiueh, Y.L. Chuang, F. Cindolo, V. Commichau, A. Contin, A. Cotta–Ramusino, P. Crespo, M. Cristinziani, J.P. da Cunha, T.S. Dai, J.D. Deus, N. Dinu, L. Djambazov, I. D'Antone, Z.R. Dong, P. Emonet, J. Engelberg, F.J. Eppling, T. Eronen, G. Esposito, P. Extermann, J. Favier, C.C. Feng, E. Fiandrini, F. Finelli, P.H. Fisher, R. Flaminio, G. Fluegge, N. Fouque, Yu. Galaktionov, M. Gervasi, P. Giusti, D. Grandi, W.Q. Gu, K. Hangarter, A. Hasan, V. Hermel, H. Hofer, M.A. Huang, W. Hungerford, M. Ionica, R. Ionica, M. Jongmanns, K. Karlamaa, W. Karpinski, G. Kenney, J. Kenny, W. Kim, A. Klimentov, R. Kossakowski, V. Koutsenko, G. Laborie, T. Laitinen, G. Lamanna, G. Laurenti, A. Lebedev, S.C. Lee, G. Levi, P. Levtchenko, C.L. Liu, H.T. Liu, M. Lolli, I. Lopes, G. Lu, Y.S. Lu, K. Lübelsmeyer, D. Luckey, W. Lustermann, C. Maña, A. Margotti, F. Massera, F. Mayet, R.R. McNeil, B. Meillon, M. Menichelli, F. Mezzanotte, R. Mezzenga, A. Mihul, G. Molinari, A. Mourao, A. Mujunen, F. Palmonari, G. Pancaldi, A. Papi, I.H. Park, M. Pauluzzi, F. Pauss, E. Perrin, A. Pesci, A. Pevsner, R. Pilastrini, M. Pimenta, V. Plyaskin, V. Pojidaev, H. Postema, V. Postolache, E. Prati, N. Produit, P.G. Rancoita, D. Rapin, F. Raupach, S. Recupero, D. Ren, Z. Ren, M. Ribordy, J.P. Richeux, E. Riihonen, J. Ritakari, U. Roeser, C. Roissin, R. Sagdeev, D. Santos, G. Sartorelli, A. Schultz von Dratzig, G. Schwering, E.S. Seo, V. Shoutko, E. Shoumilov, R. Siedling, D. Son, T. Song, M. Steuer, G.S. Sun, H. Suter, X.W. Tang, Samuel C.C. Ting, S.M. Ting, M. Tornikoski, G. Torromeo, J. Torsti, J. Trümper, J. Ulbricht, S. Urpo, I. Usoskin, E. Valtonen, J. Vandenhirtz, F. Velcea, E. Velikhov, B. Verlaat, I. Vetlitsky, F. Vezzu, J.P. Vialle, G. Viertel, D. Vité, H. Von Gunten, S. Waldmeier Wicki, W. Wallraff, B.C. Wang, J.Z. Wang, Y.H. Wang, K. Wiik, C. Williams, S.X. Wu, P.C. Xia, J.L. Yan, L.G. Yan, C.G. Yang, M. Yang, S.W. Ye, P. Yeh, Z.Z. Xu, H.Y. Zhang, Z.P. Zhang, D.X. Zhao, G.Y. Zhu, W.Z. Zhu, H.L. Zhuang, A. Zichichi, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AMS, Alcaraz, J, Alvisi, D, Alpat, B, Ambrosi, G, Anderhub, H, Ao, L, Arefiev, A, Azzarello, P, Babucci, E, Baldini, L, Basile, M, Barancourt, D, Barao, F, Barbier, G, Barreira, G, Battiston, R, Becker, R, Becker, U, Bellagamba, L, Béné, P, Berdugo, J, Berges, P, Bertucci, B, Biland, A, Bizzaglia, S, Blasko, S, Boella, G, Boschini, M, Bourquin, M, Bruni, G, Buenerd, M, Burger, J, Burger, W, Cai, X, Cavalletti, R, Camps, C, Cannarsa, P, Capell, M, Casadei, D, Casaus, J, Castellini, G, Chang, Y, Chen, H, Chen, Z, Chernoplekov, N, Chiarini, A, Chiueh, T, Chuang, Y, Cindolo, F, Commichau, V, Contin, A, Cotta–ramusino, A, Crespo, P, Cristinziani, M, Cunha, J, Dai, T, Deus, J, Dinu, N, Djambazov, L, D'Antone, I, Dong, Z, Emonet, P, Engelberg, J, Eppling, F, Eronen, T, Esposito, G, Extermann, P, Favier, J, Feng, C, Fiandrini, E, Finelli, F, Fisher, P, Flaminio, R, Fluegge, G, Fouque, N, Galaktionov, Y, Gervasi, M, Giusti, P, Grandi, D, Gu, W, Hangarter, K, Hasan, A, Hermel, V, Hofer, H, Huang, M, Hungerford, W, Ionica, M, Ionica, R, Jongmanns, M, Karlamaa, K, Karpinski, W, Kenney, G, Kenny, J, Kim, W, Klimentov, A, Kossakowski, R, Koutsenko, V, Laborie, G, Laitinen, T, Lamanna, G, Laurenti, G, Lebedev, A, Lee, S, Levi, G, Levtchenko, P, Liu, C, Liu, H, Lolli, M, Lopes, I, Lu, G, Lu, Y, Lübelsmeyer, K, Luckey, D, Lustermann, W, Maña, C, Margotti, A, Massera, F, Mayet, F, Mcneil, R, Meillon, B, Menichelli, M, Mezzanotte, F, Mezzenga, R, Mihul, A, Molinari, G, Mourao, A, Mujunen, A, Palmonari, F, Pancaldi, G, Papi, A, Park, I, Pauluzzi, M, Pauss, F, Perrin, E, Pesci, A, Pevsner, A, Pilastrini, R, Pimenta, M, Plyaskin, V, Pojidaev, V, Postema, H, Postolache, V, Prati, E, Produit, N, Rancoita, P, Rapin, D, Raupach, F, Recupero, S, Ren, D, Ren, Z, Ribordy, M, Richeux, J, Riihonen, E, Ritakari, J, Roeser, U, Roissin, C, Sagdeev, R, Santos, D, Sartorelli, G, Dratzig, A, Schwering, G, Seo, E, Shoutko, V, Shoumilov, E, Siedling, R, Son, D, Song, T, Steuer, M, Sun, G, Suter, H, Tang, X, Ting, S, Tornikoski, M, Torromeo, G, Torsti, J, Trümper, J, Ulbricht, J, Urpo, S, Usoskin, I, Valtonen, E, Vandenhirtz, J, Velcea, F, Velikhov, E, Verlaat, B, Vetlitsky, I, Vezzu, F, Vialle, J, Viertel, G, Vité, D, Gunten, H, Wicki, S, Wallraff, W, Wang, B, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Wiik, K, Williams, C, Wu, S, Xia, P, Yan, J, Yan, L, Yang, C, Yang, M, Ye, S, Yeh, P, Xu, Z, Zhang, H, Zhang, Z, Zhao, D, Zhu, G, Zhu, W, Zhuang, H, and Zichichi, A

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Astrophysics and Astronomy, Proton, FOS: Physical sciences, Flux, Space Shuttle, Astrophysics, Kinetic energy, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), FIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA, 0103 physical sciences, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, Cosmic rays, AMS, AMS, Nuclear Experiment, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Cosmic rays, Physics, Range (particle radiation), Earth's orbit, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Earth's magnetic field, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, 13. Climate action, Physics::Space Physics, cosmic rays: protons, FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The proton spectrum in the kinetic energy range 0.1 to 200 GeV was measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) during space shuttle flight STS-91 at an altitude of 380 km. Above the geomagnetic cutoff the observed spectrum is parameterized by a power law. Below the geomagnetic cutoff a substantial second spectrum was observed concentrated at equatorial latitudes with a flux ~ 70 m^-2 sec^-1 sr^-1. Most of these second spectrum protons follow a complicated trajectory and originate from a restricted geographic region., 19 pages, Latex, 7 .eps figures

Published
2000

13. Relationships between radio and gamma-ray properties in active galactic nuclei

Author

K. Wiik, Esko Valtaoja, Harri Teräsranta, and Anne Lähteenmäki

Subjects
Physics, Brightness, Active galactic nucleus, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, Synchrotron radiation, Astronomy, Quasar, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Synchrotron, law.invention, law, Brightness temperature, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Flare
Abstract

We compare the Metsahovi 22 and 37 GHz total flux density variations of active galactic nuclei with EGRET Phase 1+2+3 gamma-ray data. There is a connection between the type of the source, the phase of the radio flare, the associated radio variability brightness temperature and the gamma-ray emission. It seems that the gamma emission originates within the same shocks which produce the synchrotron flares in radio—induced by the synchrotron self-Compton mechanism.

Published
1997
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14. Comparison of Total Flux and VLBI Properties of a Sample of 15 AGN at 22 GHz

Author

K. Wiik and E. Valtaoja

Subjects
Physics, Very-long-baseline interferometry, Flux, Astrophysics, Sample (graphics)
Abstract

A sample of 15 bright AGN has been observed at 22 GHz with two epoch global VLBI observations. The sample consists of all sources in the complete 2 Jy catalogue of Valtaoja et al. (1992) previously unobserved at 22 GHz VLBI. We have begun to investigate how much structural information can be derived just from total flux density (TFD) monitoring and how to use total flux density observations to complement space VLBI observations. As an example we present Doppler boosting factors derived in four different methods.

Published
1998
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15. Connection between parsec-scale radio jet and gamma-ray flares in the blazar 1156+295

Author

E. N. Kopatskaya, E. Nieppola, Jonathan León-Tavares, Alan P. Marscher, Iván Agudo, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Joni Tammi, E. Valtaoja, Merja Tornikoski, Vladimir A. Hagen-Thorn, Ian M. McHardy, Sol N. Molina, Ivan S. Troitsky, Carolina Casadio, Anne Lähteenmäki, Margo F. Aller, Nicholas R. MacDonald, José L. Gómez, V. Ramakrishnan, Elena G. Larionova, Brian W. Taylor, Tatiana S. Konstantinova, N. Lavonen, L. V. Larionova, Mark Gurwell, Manasvita Joshi, Daria A. Morozova, Elizaveta Rastorgueva-Foi, Dmitry A. Blinov, Emilia Järvelä, Valeri M. Larionov, N. V. Efimova, and K. Wiik

Subjects
Physics, Connection (fibred manifold), Jet (fluid), Scale (ratio), Gamma ray, Astrophysics, Blazar, Parsec

16. Studying the continuum spectrum of the parsec scale jets by multi-frequency VLBI measurements

Author

E. Valtaoja, K. Wiik, Tuomas Savolainen, and Merja Tornikoski

Subjects
Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics (astro-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, Electron, Astrophysics, Spectral line, Computational physics, Magnetic field, Broadband, Very-long-baseline interferometry, A priori and a posteriori, Spatial frequency
Abstract

Multi-frequency VLBI observations allow studies of the continuum spectrum in the different parts of the parsec scale jets of AGN, providing information on the physical properties of the plasma and magnetic fields in them. Since VLBI networks cannot be scaled, the range of spatial frequencies observed differs significantly between the different observing frequencies, which makes it difficult to obtain a broadband spectrum of the individual emission features in the jet. In this paper we discuss a model-fitting based spectral extraction method, which can significantly relieve this problem. The method uses a priori knowledge of the source structure, measured at high frequencies, to allow at lower frequencies the derivation of the sizes and flux densities of even those emission features that have mutual separations significantly less than the Rayleigh limit at the given frequency. We have successfully used this method in the analysis of 5-86 GHz VLBA data of 3C273. The spectra and sizes of several individual jet features were measured, thus allowing derivation of the magnetic flux density and the energy density of the relativistic electrons in the different parts of the jet. We discuss the results, which include e.g. a detection of a strong gradient in the magnetic field across the jet of 3C273., To appear in the proceedings of the 9th European VLBI Network Symposium: "The role of VLBI in the Golden Age for Radio Astronomy"

17. Cosmic-ray positron fraction measurement from 1 to 30 GeV with AMS-01

Author

Aguilar, M, Alcaraz, J, Allaby, J, Alpat, B, Ambrosi, G, Anderhub, H, L. Ao, A. Arefiev, P. Azzarello, L. Baldini, M. Basile, D. Barancourt, F. Barao, G. Barbier, G. Barreira, R. Battiston, R. Becker, U. Becker, L. Bellagamba, P. Béné, J. Berdugo, P. Berges, B. Bertucci, A. Biland, S. Blasko, Boschini, M, M. Bourquin, L. Brocco, G. Bruni, M. Buénerd, J. D. Burger, W. J. Burger, X. D. Cai, C. Camps, P. Cannarsa, M. Capell, F. Cardano, D. Casadei, J. Casaus, G. Castellini, Y. H. Chang, H. F. Chen, H. S. Chen, Z. G. Chen, N. A. Chernoplekov, T. H. Chiueh, K. Cho, M. J. Choi, Y. Y. Choi, F. Cindolo, V. Commichau, A. Contin, E. Cortina Gil, M. Cristinziani, T. S. Dai, C. Delgado, S. Difalco, L. Djambazov, I. D'Antone, Z. R. Dong, P. Emonet, J. Engelberg, F. J. Eppling, T. Eronen, G. Esposito, P. Extermann, J. Favier, E. Fiandrini, P. H. Fisher, G. Flügge, N. Fouque, Y.u. Galaktionov, H. Gast, P. Giusti, Grandi, D, O. Grimm, W. Q. Gu, K. Hangarter, A. Hasan, V. Hermel, H. Hofer, W. Hungerford, M. Jongmanns, K. Karlamaa, W. Karpinski, G. Kenney, D. H. Kim, G. N. Kim, K. S. Kim, M. Y. Kim, A. Klimentov, R. Kossakowskic, A. Kouninel, V. Koutsenkol, M. Kraeberai, G. Laboriet, T. Laitinenah, G. Lamannaad, 1, E. Lanciottiz, G. Laurentij, A. Lebedevl, C. Lechanoine Lelucs, M. W. Leeo, S. C. Leeag, G. Levij, C. L. Liuy, H. T. Liui, G. Lug, Y. S. Lui, K. Lübelsmeyera, D. Luckeyl, W. Lustermannai, C. Mañaz, A. Margottij, F. Mayett, R. R. McNeild, B. Meillont, M. Menichelliad, A. Mihulk, A. Mujunenv, A. Olivaad, J. Olzema, F. Palmonarij, H. B. Parko, W. H. Parko, M. Pauluzziad, F. Paussai, E. Perrins, A. Pescij, A. Pevsnere, F. Piloae, M. Pimentax, w, V. Plyaskinac, V. Pojidaevac, M. Pohls, N. Produits, Rancoita, PG D. Rapins, F. Raupacha, D. Renai, Z. Renag, M. Ribordys, J. P. Richeuxs, E. Riihonenah, J. Ritakariv, S. Roo, U. Roeserai, C. Rossint, R. Sagdeevn, D. Santost, G. Sartorellij, C. Sbarraj, S. Schaela, A. Schultz von Dratziga, G. Schweringa, E. S. Seon, J. W. Shino, E. Shoumilovac, V. Shoutkol, T. Siedenburgl, R. Siedlinga, D. Sono, T. Songh, F. Spinellaae, M. Steuerl, G. S. Sunh, H. Suterai, X. W. Tangi, Samuel C. C. Tingl, S. M. Tingl, M. Tornikoskiv, J. Torstiah, J. Trümperq, J. Ulbrichtai, S. Urpov, E. Valtonenah, J. Vandenhirtza, E. Velikhovab, B. Verlaatai, 2, I. Vetlitskyac, F. Vezzut, J. P. Viallec, G. Viertelai, D. Vités, H. Von Guntenai, S. Waldmeier Wickiai, W. Wallraffa, B. C. Wangy, J. Z. Wangg, K. Wiikv, C. Williamsj, S. X. Wul, m, P. C. Xiah, S. Xul, J. L. Yang, L. G. Yanh, C. G. Yangi, J. Yangaf, M. Yangi, S. W. Yeu, 3, Z. Z. Xu, H. Y. Zhang, Z. P. Zhang, D. X. Zhao, Y. Zhou, G. Y. Zhu, W. Z. Zhu, H. L. Zhuang, A. Zichichi, B. Zimmermann, P. Zuccon, BOELLA, GIULIANO FILIPPO, GERVASI, MASSIMO, Bene, Pierre, Bourquin, Maurice, Cortina Gil, Eduardo, Cristinziani, Markus, Emonet, Pascal Philippe, Extermann, Pierre, Leluc, Catherine, Perrin, Eric, Pohl, Martin, Produit, Nicolas, Rapin, Divic Jean, Ribordy, Mathieu, Richeux, Jean-Pierre, Vite, Davide, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AMS, M. AGUILAR, J. ALCARAZ, J. ALLABY, B. ALPAT, G. AMBROSI, H. ANDERHUB, L. AO, A. AREFIEV, P. AZZARELLO, L. BALDINI, M. BASILE, D. BARANCOURT, F. BARAO, G. BARBIER, G. BARREIRA, R. BATTISTON, R. BECKER, U. BECKER, L. BELLAGAMBA, P. BENE, J. BERDUGO, P. BERGES, B. BERTUCCI, A. BILAND, S. BLASKO, G. BOELLA, M. BOSCHINI, M. BOURQUIN, L. BROCCO, G. BRUNI, M. BUENERD, J.D. BURGER, W.J. BURGER, X.D. CAI, C. CAMPS, P. CANNARSA, M. CAPELL, F. CARDANO, D. CASADEI, J. CASAUS, G. CASTELLINI, Y.H. CHANG, H.F. CHEN, H.S. CHEN, Z.G. CHEN, N.A. CHERNOPLEKOV, T.H. CHIUEH, K. CHO, M.J. CHOI, Y.Y. CHOI, F. CINDOLO, V. COMMICHAU, A. CONTIN, E. CORTINA-GIL, M. CRISTINZIANI, T.S. DAI, C. DELGADO, S. DIFALCO, L. DJAMBAZOV, I. D'ANTONE, Z.R. DONG, P. EMONET, J. ENGELBERG, F.J. EPPLING, T. ERONEN, G. ESPOSITO, P. EXTERMANN, J. FAVIER, E. FIANDRINI, P.H. FISHER, G. FLUEGGE, N. FOUQUE, YU. GALAKTIONOV, H. GAST, M. GERVASI, P. GIUSTI, D. GRANDI, O. GRIMM, W.Q. GU, K. HANGARTER, A. HASAN, V. HERMEL, H. HOFER, W. HUNGERFORD, M. JONGMANNS, K. KARLAMAA, W. KARPINSKI, G. KENNEY, D.H. KIM, G.N. KIM, K.S. KIM, M.Y. KIM, A. KLIMENTOV, R. KOSSAKOWSKI, A. KOUNINE, V. KOUTSENKO, M. KRAEBER, G. LABORIE, T. LAITINEN, G. LAMANNA, E. LANCIOTTI, G. LAURENTI, A. LEBEDEV, C. LECHANOINE-LELUC, M.W.LEE, S.C. LEE, G. LEVI, C.L. LIU, H.T. LIU, G. LU, Y.S. LU, K. LUBELSMEYER, D. LUCKEY, W. LUSTERMANN, C. MANA, A. MARGOTTI, F. MAYET, R.R. MCNEIL, B. MEILLON, M. MENICHELLI, A.MIHUL, A. MUJUNEN, A. OLIVA, J. OLZEM, F. PALMONARI, H.B. PARK, W.H. PARK, M. PAULUZZI, F. PAUSS, E. PERRIN, A. PESCI, A. PEVSNER, F. PILO, M. PIMENTA, V. PLYASKIN, V. POJIDAEV, M. POHL, N. PRODUIT, P.G. RANCOITA, D. RAPIN, F. RAUPACH, D. REN, Z. REN, M. RIBORDY, J.P. RICHEAUX, E. RIIHONEN, J. RITAKARI, S. RO, U. ROESER, C. ROSSIN, R. SAGDEEV, D. SANTOS, G. SARTORELLI, C. SBARRA, S. SCHAEL, A. SCHULTZ VON DRATZIG, G. SCHWERING, E.S. SEO, J.W. SHIN, E. SHOUMILOV, V. SHOUTKO, T. SIEDENBURG, R. SIEDLING, D. SON, T. SONG, F. SPINELLA, M. STEUER, G. S. SUN, H. SUTER, X.W. TANG, SAMUEL C.C. TING, S.M. TING, M. TORNIKOSKI, J. TORSTI, J. TRUEMPER, J. ULBRICHT, S. URPO, E. VALTONEN, J. VANDENHIRTZ, E. VELIKHOV, B. VERLAAT, I. VETLITSKI, F. VEZZU, J.P. VIALLE, G. VIERTEL, D. VITE, H. VON GUNTEN, S. WALDMEIER WICKI, W. WALLRAFF, B.C. WANG, J.Z. WANG, K. WIIK, C. WILLIAMS, S.X. WU, P.C. XIA, S. XU, J.L. YAN, L.G. YAN, C.G. YANG, J. YANG, M. YANG, S.W. YE, Z.Z. XU, H.Y. ZHANG, Z.P. ZHANG, D.X. ZHAO, Y. ZHOU, G.Y.ZHU, W.Z. ZHU, H.L. ZHUANG, A. ZICHICHI, B. ZIMMERMANN, P. ZUCCON, Aguilar, M, Alcaraz, J, Allaby, J, Alpat, B, Ambrosi, G, Anderhub, H, L., A, A., A, P., A, L., B, M., B, D., B, F., B, G., B, R., B, U., B, P., B, J., B, B., B, A., B, S., B, Boella, G, Boschini, M, J. D., B, W. J., B, X. D., C, C., C, P., C, M., C, F., C, D., C, J., C, G., C, Y. H., C, H. F., C, H. S., C, Z. G., C, N. A., C, T. H., C, K., C, M. J., C, Y. Y., C, V., C, A., C, E., C, T. S., D, C., D, S., D, L., D, I., D, Z. R., D, P., E, J., E, F. J., E, T., E, G., E, J., F, E., F, P. H., F, G., F, N., F, Galaktionov, Y, H., G, Gervasi, M, P., G, Grandi, D, O., G, W. Q., G, K., H, A., H, V., H, H., H, W., H, M., J, K., K, W., K, G., K, D. H., K, G. N., K, K. S., K, M. Y., K, A., K, R., K, V., K, Ac, M., K, G., L, T., L, E., L, A., L, C., L, M. W., L, S. C., L, C. L., L, H. T., L, Y. S., L, K., L, D., L, W., L, C., M, A., M, F., M, R. R., M, B., M, M., M, A., O, J., O, F., P, H. B., P, W. H., P, M., P, E., P, A., P, W, V., P, N., P, Rancoita, PG D., R, F., R, D., R, Z., R, M., R, J. P., R, E., R, J., R, S., R, U., R, C., R, R., S, D., S, G., S, C., S, S., S, A., S, E. S., S, J. W., S, E., S, V., S, T., S, F., S, M., S, G. S., S, H., S, X. W., T, Samuel C. C., T, S. M., T, M., T, J., T, J., U, S., U, E., V, J., V, B., V, I., V, F., V, J. P., V, G., V, D., V, H., V, S., W, W., W, B. C., W, J. Z., W, K., W, C., W, S. X., W, M, P. C., X, S., X, J. L., Y, L. G., Y, C. G., Y, J., Y, M., Y, S. W., Y, Z. Z., X, H. Y., Z, Z. P., Z, D. X., Z, Y., Z, G. Y., Z, W. Z., Z, H. L., Z, A., Z, B., Z, P., Z, and UCL - SST/IRMP - Institut de recherche en mathématique et physique

Subjects
Raggi cosmici, esperimento AMS, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Astrophysics and Astronomy, Photon, Proton, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic ray, ddc:500.2, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Nuclear physics, FIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA, Positron, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, Range (particle radiation), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Bremsstrahlung, Order (ring theory), Cosmic Rays Positrons, AMS experiment, Physics::Accelerator Physics, FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

A measurement of the cosmic ray positron fraction e+ / (e+ + e-) in the energy range of 1-30 GeV is presented. The measurement is based on data taken by the AMS-01 experiment during its 10 day Space Shuttle flight in June 1998. A proton background suppression on the order of 106 is reached by identifying converted bremsstrahlung photons emitted from positrons., Physics Letters B, 646 (4), ISSN:0370-2693, ISSN:0031-9163, ISSN:1873-2445

Published
2007
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18. A STUDY OF COSMIC RAY SECONDARIES INDUCED BY THE MIR SPACE STATION USING AMS-01

Author

Aguilar, M, Alcaraz, J, Allaby, J, Alpat, B, Ambrosi, G, Anderhub, H, L. Aof, A. Arefievg, P. Azzarellod, E. Babuccic, L. Baldinih, i, M. Basileh, D. Barancourtj, F. Baraok, l, G. Barbierj, G. Barreirak, R. Battistonc, R. Beckeri, U. Beckeri, L. Bellagambah, P. Bénéd, J. Berdugoa, P. Bergesi, B. Bertuccic, A. Bilande, S. Bizzagliac, S. Blaskoc, Boschini, M, M. Bourquind, L. Broccoh, G. Brunih, M. Buénerdj, J. D. Burgeri, W. J. Burgerc, X. D. Caii, C. Campsn, P. Cannarsae, M. Capelli, G. Carosii, D. Casadeih, J. Casausa, G. Castellinio, h, C. Cecchic, Y. H. Changp, H. F. Chenq, H. S. Chenr, Z. G. Chenf, N. A. Chernoplekovs, T. H. Chiuehp, K. Chot, M. J. Choiu, Y. Y. Choiu, Y. L. Chuangv, F. Cindoloh, V. Commichaun, A. Continh, E. Cortina Gild, M. Cristinzianid, J. P. da Cunhaw, T. S. Daii, C. Delgadoa, B. Demirközi, J. D. Deusl, N. Dinuc, 1, L. Djambazove, I. D’Antoneh, Z. R. Dongx, P. Emonetd, J. Engelbergy, F. J. Epplingi, T. Eronenz, G. Espositoc, P. Extermannd, J. Favieraa, E. Fiandrinic, P. H. Fisheri, G. Flueggen, N. Fouqueaa, Y.u. Galaktionovg, P. Giustih, Grandi, D, O. Grimme, W. Q. Gux, K. Hangartern, A. Hasane, R. Henning, V. Hermelaa, H. Hofere, M. A. Huangv, W. Hungerforde, M. Ionicac, R. Ionicac, M. Jongmannse, K. Karlamaay, W. Karpinskiab, G. Kenneye, J. Kennyc, D. H. Kimt, G. N. Kimt, K. S. Kimu, M. Y. Kimu, A. Klimentovi, g, R. Kossakowskiaa, V. Koutsenkoi, M. Kraebere, G. Laboriej, T. Laitinenz, G. Lamannac, E. Lanciottia, G. Laurentih, A. Lebedevi, C. Lechanoine Lelucd, M. W. Leet, S. C. Leev, G. Levih, P. Levtchenkoc, 3, C. L. Liuac, H. T. Liur, I. Lopesw, G. Luf, Y. S. Lur, K. Lübelsmeyerab, D. Luckeyi, W. Lustermanne, C. Mañaa, A. Margottih, F. Mayetj, R. R. McNeilad, B. Meillonj, M. Menichellic, A. Mihulae, B. Monreali, A. Mouraol, A. Mujuneny, F. Palmonarih, A. Papic, H. B. Parkt, W. H. Parkt, M. Pauluzzic, F. Pausse, E. Perrind, A. Pescih, A. Pevsneraf, M. Pimentak, V. Plyasking, V. Pojidaevg, M. Pohld, V. Postolachec, N. Produitd, Rancoita, PG, D. Rapind, F. Raupachab, D. Rene, Z. Renv, M. Ribordyd, J. P. Richeuxd, E. Riihonenz, J. Ritakariy, S. Rot, U. Roesere, C. Rossinj, R. Sagdeevag, D. Santosj, G. Sartorellih, C. Sbarrah, S. Schaelab, A. Schultz von Dratzigab, G. Schweringab, G. Scolieric, E. S. Seoag, J. W. Shint, E. Shoumilovg, V. Shoutkoi, R. Siedlingab, D. Sont, T. Songx, M. Steueri, G. S. Sunx, H. Sutere, X. W. Tangr, Samuel C. C. Tingi, S. M. Tingi, M. Tornikoskiy, J. Torstiz, J. Trümperah, J. Ulbrichte, S. Urpoy, E. Valtonenz, J. Vandenhirtzab, F. Velceac, E. Velikhovs, B. Verlaate, 4, I. Vetlitskyg, F. Vezzuj, J. P. Vialleaa, G. Viertele, D. Vitéd, H. Von Guntene, S. Waldmeier Wickie, W. Wallraffab, B. C. Wangac, J. Z. Wangf, Y. H. Wangv, K. Wiiky, C. Williamsh, S. X. Wui, p, P. C. Xiax, J. L. Yanf, L. G. Yanx, C. G. Yangr, J. Yangu, M. Yangr, S. W. Yeq, 5, P. Yehv, Z. Z. Xuq, H. Y. Zhangai, Z. P. Zhangq, D. X. Zhaox, G. Y. Zhur, W. Z. Zhuf, H. L. Zhuangr, A. Zichichih, B. Zimmermann, P. Zuccon, BOELLA, GIULIANO FILIPPO, GERVASI, MASSIMO, M. AGUILAR, J. ALCARAZ, J. ALLABY, B. ALPAT, G. AMBROSI, H. ANDERHUB, L. AO, A. AREFIEV, P. AZZARELLO, E. BABUCCI, L. BALDINI, M. BASILE, D. BARANCOURT, F. BARAO, G. BARBIER, G. BARREIRA, R. BATTISTON, R. BECKER, U. BECKER, L. BELLAGAMBA, P. BENE, J. BERDUGO, P. BERGES, B. BERTUCCI, A. BILAND, S. BIZZAGLIA, S. BLASKO, G. BOELLA, M. BOSCHINI, M. BOURQUIN, L. BROCCO, G. BRUNI, M. BUENERD, J.D. BURGER, W.J. BURGER, X.D. CAI, C. CAMPS, P. CANNARSA, M. CAPELL, G. CAROSI, D. CASADEI, J. CASAUS, G. CASTELLINI, C. CECCHI, Y.H. CHANG, H.F. CHEN, H.S. CHEN, Z.G. CHEN, N.A. CHERNOPLEKOV, T.H. CHIUEH, K. CHO, M.J. CHOI, Y.Y. CHOI, Y.L. CHUANG, F. CINDOLO, V. COMMICHAU, A. CONTIN, E. CORTINA-GIL, M. CRISTINZIANI, J.P. DA CUNHA, T.S. DAI, C. DELGADO, B. DEMIRKOEZ, J.D. DEUS, N. DINU, L. DJAMBAZOV, I. D'ANTONE, Z.R. DONG, P. EMONET, J. ENGELBERG, F.J. EPPLING, T. ERONEN, G. ESPOSITO, P. EXTERMANN, J. FAVIER, E. FIANDRINI, P.H. FISHER, G. FLUEGGE, N. FOUQUE, YU. GALAKTIONOV, M. GERVASI, P. GIUSTI, D. GRANDI, O. GRIMM, W.Q. GU, K. HANGARTER, H. HASAN, R. HENNING, V. HERMEL, H. HOFER, M.A. HUANG, W. HUNGERFORD, M. IONICA, R. IONICA, M. JONGMANNS, K. KARLAMAA, W. KARPINSKI, G. KENNEY, J. KENNY, D.H. KIM, G.N. KIM, K.S. KIM, M.Y. KIM, A. KLIMENTOV, R. KOSSAKOWSKI, V. KOUTSENKO, M. KRAEBER, G. LABORIE, T. LAITINEN, G. LAMANNA, E. LANCIOTTI, G. LAURENTI, A. LEBEDEV, C. LECHANOINE-LELUC, M.W.LEE, S.C. LEE, G. LEVI, P. LEVTCHENKO, C.L. LIU, H.T. LIU, I. LOPES, G. LU, Y.S. LU, K. LUBELSMEYER, D. LUCKEY, W. LUSTERMANN, C. MANA, A. MARGOTTI, F. MAYET, R.R. MCNEIL, B. MEILLON, M. MENICHELLI, A. MIHUL, B. MONREAL, A. MOURAO, A. MUJUNEN, F. PALMONARI, A. PAPI, H.B. PARK, W.H. PARK, M. PAULUZZI, F. PAUSS, E. PERRIN, A. PESCI, A. PEVSNER, M. PIMENTA, V. PLYASKIN, V. POJIDAEV, M. POHL, V. POSTOLACHE, N. PRODUIT, P.G. RANCOITA, D. RAPIN, F. RAUPACH, D. REN, Z. REN, M. RIBORDY, J.P. RICHEAUX, E. RIIHONEN, J. RITAKARI, S. RO, U. ROESER, C. ROSSIN, R. SAGDEEV, D. SANTOS, G. SARTORELLI, C. SBARRA, S. SCHAEL, A. SCHULTZ VON DRATZIG, G. SCHWERING, G. SCOLIERI, E.S. SEO, J.W. SHIN, E. SHOUMILOV, V. SHOUTKO, R. SIEDLING, D. SON, T. SONG, M. STEUER, G. S. SUN, H. SUTER, X.W. TANG, SAMUEL C.C. TING, S.M. TING, M. TORNIKOSKI, J. TORSTI, J. TRUEMPER, J. ULBRICHT, S. URPO, E. VALTONEN, J. VANDENHIRTZ, F. VELCEA, E. VELIKHOV, B. VERLAAT, I. VETLITSKI, F. VEZZU, J.P. VIALLE, G. VIERTEL, D. VITE, H. VON GUNTEN, S. WALDMEIER WICKI, W. WALLRAFF, B.C. WANG, J.Z. WANG, Y.H. WANG, K. WIIK, C. WILLIAMS, S.X. WU, P.C. XIA, J.L. YAN, L.G. YAN, C.G. YANG, J. YANG, M. YANG, S.W. YE, P. YEH, Z.Z. XU, H.Y. ZHANG, Z.P. ZHANG, D.X. ZHAO, G.Y. ZHU, W.Z. ZHU, H.L. ZHUANG, A. ZICHICHI, B. ZIMMERMANN, P. ZUCCON, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AMS, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, Spain6, UCL - SST/IRMP - Institut de recherche en mathématique et physique, Ambrosi, Giovanni, Azzarello, Philipp, Bene, Pierre, Bourquin, Maurice, Cortina Gil, Eduardo, Cristinziani, Markus, Emonet, Pascal Philippe, Leluc, Catherine, Perrin, Eric, Pohl, Martin, Produit, Nicolas, Rapin, Divic Jean, Ribordy, Mathieu, Richeux, Jean-Pierre, Vite, Davide, Aguilar, M, Alcaraz, J, Allaby, J, Alpat, B, Ambrosi, G, Anderhub, H, L., A, A., A, P., A, E., B, L., B, I, M., B, D., B, F., B, L, G., B, R., B, U., B, P., B, J., B, B., B, A., B, S., B, Boella, G, Boschini, M, J. 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Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, FIS/06 - FISICA PER IL SISTEMA TERRA E PER IL MEZZO CIRCUMTERRESTRE, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, satellite, interaction, Space Shuttle, Cosmic ray, Field of view, Astrophysics, ddc:500.2, 01 natural sciences, pi, High Energy Physics - Experiment, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], FIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA, cosmic rays, primary, 0103 physical sciences, International Space Station, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], AMS, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation, Cosmic rays, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, space shuttle, Space shuttle, Astronomy, Mir, magnetic spectrometer, Cosmic rays, Spallation, AMS, Mir, Space shuttle, spallation, flux, Energy particle, 13.85.Tp, 25.40.Sc, 29.30.Aj, 95.55.Vj, 95.85.Ry, cosmic radiation, muon, ams, 13. Climate action, Muon flux, Spallation, FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) is a high energy particle physics experiment that will study cosmic rays in the $\sim 100 \mathrm{MeV}$ to $1 \mathrm{TeV}$ range and will be installed on the International Space Station (ISS) for at least 3 years. A first version of AMS-02, AMS-01, flew aboard the space shuttle \emph{Discovery} from June 2 to June 12, 1998, and collected $10^8$ cosmic ray triggers. Part of the \emph{Mir} space station was within the AMS-01 field of view during the four day \emph{Mir} docking phase of this flight. We have reconstructed an image of this part of the \emph{Mir} space station using secondary $\pi^-$ and $\mu^-$ emissions from primary cosmic rays interacting with \emph{Mir}. This is the first time this reconstruction was performed in AMS-01, and it is important for understanding potential backgrounds during the 3 year AMS-02 mission., Comment: To be submitted to NIM B Added material requested by referee. Minor stylistic and grammer changes

Published
2004
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