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The generation of accelerated electron beams in a high-current Z-pinch formed by the implosion of wire cylindrical tungsten arrays on an Angara-5-1 facility is studied. The most intense characteristic and bremsstrahlung X-ray radiation of fast electrons is recorded from the central region of the pinch at the pin-ching stage. The transverse size of the radiation source in the characteristic tungsten radiation Lα is ~1.5‒1.8 mm, which is close to the transverse size of the radiation source in the soft X-ray emission (1‒1.5 mm). The current of accelerated electrons generated during the implosion of the wire array and the formation of a pinch is on the order of the Alfven current (IA). This result is consistent with the estimate of the current of accelerated electrons made from the measured characteristic radiation intensity Lα of tungsten under the assumption that the mean free path of fast electrons in a pinch is on the order of its length.

The article proposes a method for geometric calculation of gear links of planetary mechanisms in which the central wheels of external and internal gearing have the same number of teeth. The key to solving the problem is the existing possibility of a large positive displacement of the tool when machining the crown with internal involute teeth. The calculation used the formulas GOST 16532–70 and GOST 19274–73, arranged in a certain sequence. The planetary mechanisms under consideration underlie the new volumetric rotary hydraulic machines.

Для практического применения Z-пинчей в качестве источников мягкого рентгеновского излучения, а также для понимания физических процессов и явлений, происходящих в горячей плазме, удерживаемой магнитным полем собственного тока, возникает необходимость определить размеры излучающей области Z-пинча, а также его основные макроскопические параметры, такие, как концентрация ионов и электронов, давление и температура плазмы. В работе определялись параметры Z-пинчей, получаемых при имплозии многопроволочных вольфрамовых сборок с начальным диаметром 12 мм и погонной массой 220 мкг/см на сильноточном электрическом генераторе «Ангара-5-1». Cредние поперечный и продольный размеры излучающей области сильноточного Z-пинча на финальной стадии его сжатия в диапазоне энергии квантов мягкого рентгеновского излучения 0,05—2,5 кэВ оказались равными 1,2 ± 0,4 и 12,0 ± 0,7 мм соотвeтственно. На основе измеренных размеров излучающей области, значения скорости сжатия оболочки, мощности и длительности излучения Z-пинча были оценены его плотность и газокинетическое давление (на финальной стадии сжатия), которые оказались равными 210 г/см, 1 Мбар соответственно. По произведённым оценкам значения плотности пинча превышают плотность ускоренной оболочки в 20—30 раз. Значения, полученные в работе, соответствуют физике устойчивого сжатия пинча. Полученные изображения Z-пинча показывают, что центральная область Z-пинча состоит в основном из горячей плазмы, а вокруг неё присутствует холодное «плазменное гало», интенсивность излучения которого значительно ниже, чем в центральной области.

Results are presented from measurements of the anisotropy of energy losses in high-current Z-pinches produced by the implosion of wire arrays at the ANGARA-5-1 facility at load currents of up to 4MA. The energy losses were measured in the radial direction and along the pinch axis from the anode side. The main diagnostics were time-integrated thermocouple calorimeters, nanosecond X-ray diodes (XRDs) with different filters, and a foil radiation calorimeter with a time resolution of 2 μs. The azimuthal anisotropy of energy losses was measured for different wire array configurations and different shapes of the high-voltage electrode. The presence of strong initial azimuthal inhomogeneity of the wire mass distribution (sectioned arrays), as well as the use of conical electrodes instead of plane ones, does not increase the azimuthal inhomogeneity of the total energy losses. For cylindrical wire arrays, energy losses in the radial direction are compared with those along the pinch axis. According to XRD and calorimetric measurements, the radiation yield per unit solid angle along the pinch axis is two to three times lower than that in the radial direction. In the axial direction, the energy flux density of the expanding plasma is two to three times lower than the radiation intensity. The measured radiation yield across the pinch is 2.5–5 kJ/sr, while that along the pinch axis is 1–2 kJ/sr. The results obtained by means of XRDs agree to within measurement errors with those obtained using the radiation calorimeter. It is found that the energy per unit solid angle carried by the expanding plasma in the radial direction does not exceed 10% of the soft X-ray yield. Analysis of the structure of time-integrated pinhole images and signals from the radial and axial XRDs shows that radiation emitted in the radial direction from the hot central region of the pinch is partially screened by the less dense surrounding plasma halo, whereas radiation emitted in the axial direction is a superposition of the emissions from the hot dense central region of the pinch and the colder less dense peripheral plasma.

Results are presented from measurements of the radiation spectra of the Z-pinch tungsten plasma produced during the implosion of cylindrical wire arrays with a linear mass of 200–400 μg/cm and an initial diameter of 12–20 mm at a current of ∼3 MA in the experiments performed at the Angara-5-1 facility. The radiation spectra in the photon energy range of 50–900 eV were recorded on a UF-4 X-ray film by using a spectrograph with a transmission grating. The radiation spectrum in the photon energy range of 1–3 keV was recorded using a crystalline panoramic spectrograph. A curtain shutter was used to protect the transmission grating from fast microparticles produced due to the erosion of high-voltage electrodes. The total radiation yield was measured with a thermocouple calorimeter. It is shown that most of the tungsten plasma radiation energy is emitted in the photon energy range of 80–300 eV. Measurements of the spectral intensity of pinch radiation with a spatial resolution along the pinch radius showed that the effective transverse diameter of the pinch did not exceed 2 mm, which agrees with independent current measurements of the pinch size. The results of measurements of the spectral intensity of pinch radiation were compared with calculations per-formed under the assumption of a stationary homogeneous plasma.

The self-demodulation of acoustic pulses in the near zone of an acoustic radiator is studied both theoretically and experimentally. In the experiment, the aforementioned nonlinear process is studied for three types of biological tissues.

A radiation foil bolometer intended for measuring radiation-energy fluxes and plasma flows in high-power pulsed plasma X-ray sources is studied. In the bolometer, the radiation or ion-flow energy is absorbed by a 13-μm-thick niobium foil preliminarily heated to T ≈ 1900 K by a quasi-constant current lasting 2 s. Radiation from the foil was fed through an 8-m-long light guide to a semiconductor photodetector. The sensitivity of the instrument obtained from the results of calibrations is 0.56 J/V cm2. The time resolution of this technique (∼2.5 μs) is determined by the foil heating time. In experiments with megaampere Z-pinches, the time resolution attained allows detection of the radiation energy independently of the energy of expanding plasma flows. In this case, the photoelectric effect from X-rays and the conductivity of expanding plasma do not affect the operation of the radiation bolometer. The working capacity of the bolometer was demonstrated at the Angara-5-1 facility in experiments with high-current Z-pinches with a radiation output energy of 50–100 kJ/pulse. The measurements performed have shown that the energy flux density of plasma expanding in the direction perpendicular to the pinch axis is at most 5% of the energy flux density of soft X-rays.

The results of a study of a radiating Z-pinch with a profiled initial gas-density distribution over the z axis are presented. The gas distribution with the density maximum and transverse-size minimum at the discharge-gap center is formed by a pulsed gas valve with a specially designed nozzle. The parameters of X-ray radiation are measured for pinches formed in gaseous neon at currents of up to 200 kA. The experimentally selected gas density ensures the formation of a region with a typical size of less than 1 mm at the discharge-gap center. This region emits X-ray radiation in the keV photon-energy range in a time of less than 5 ns. Prospects for the development of an X-ray source based on this mechanism are discussed.

Results are presented from experimental studies and numerical simulations of three-dimensional dynamics of the plasma produced in the Angara-5-1 facility by the electrical implosion of conical wire arrays at currents of up to 3 MA. The arrays were made of 6-to 8-μm-diameter tungsten wires, the inclination angle of the generatrix with respect to the axis being from 15° to 42°. The results of two-dimensional MHD simulations are compared with experimental data. The formation dynamics of the plasma precursor is found to be different for cylindrical and conical arrays. As the cone angle increases, the duration of the X-ray pulse increases, while the height of the pinch radiating zone decreases.

This paper is devoted to the numerical simulation of the applicability of electronically scanning quasiresonant ultrasonic receivers, similar to those used in the ultrasonic studies, for noninvasive opto-acoustic diagnostics of turbid media under conditions of limited access of the medium surface. An advantage of such receivers is their ability to acquire a two-dimensional opto-acoustic image of the internal structure of the studied object in the case of its limited accessibility without the necessity of moving macroscopically the acoustic sensor itself.

A study is made of the Z-pinch plasma expansion after the current is switched off. Measurements were carried out in experiments on the implosion of tungsten wire arrays in the Angara-5-1 facility. It is found experimentally that, at a distance of 2 m from the pinch, the ion velocity in the expanding Z-pinch plasma is about (2.5–4.0) × 107 cm/s, which substantially exceeds the thermal velocity of tungsten ions. A model describing the plasma expansion process is proposed that is based on the ambipolar acceleration mechanism. The results of numerical simulations are compared with the experimental data.

The spectral characteristics of the plasma radiation of a gas Z-pinch with a rise time of 1μs and a current amplitude of 250 kA have been measured. The measurements were performed in the range of X-ray energy quanta from 30 eV to 600 eV. A spectrograph with a transmission grating and a polychromator on the basis of multilayer X-ray mirrors served as the diagnostic device. Absolutely calibrated semi-conducting detectors AXUV-5 were used as radiation detectors in the polychromator. The full pinch radiation loss was measured with a thermocouple calorimeter. The radiation of He-, Li- and Be-like ions has been shown to dominate at the stage of maximum compression of the nitrogen Z-pinch. The results of the spectral measurements were employed for the absolute calibration of various X-ray detectors. Some of these calibration results are presented in this paper.

A setup for metrological measurements of X rays in the energy range of 50–1000 eV is described. A Z pinch with a discharge time of a few microseconds is used as the X-ray source. Radiation of a given energy is selected with the help of multilayer X-ray mirrors in combination with special X-ray filters. Along with the tested detector, an absolutely calibrated reference AXUV-5 detector is used to determine the density of incident X-ray flux in each energy range. The measured characteristics of some detectors are presented.

A method for determining the substance density distribution in the plasma produced by a current-driven implosion of multiwire tungsten liners at the Angara-5-1 facility is described. This method is based on the X-ray probing of plasma with radiation from a point source. As a source of this radiation, an X pinch is used. The time resolution (

In the physics of the wire array implosion the amount of the substance left on the periphery of the initial wire array at the moment of final liner implosion is an essential factor. Estimates show that plasma with a small mass fraction (a few percent of the initial wire array mass) may shunt an appreciable current fraction which can result in changing output characteristics of implosion. The given paper reports the investigation into the plasma density distribution on the periphery of the initial wire array near the moment of final implosion.

The set of diagnostic techniques used at the Angara-5-1 facility that make it possible to study the processes which accompany the ultrafast current-driven implosion of liners is described. This set includes electric methods and methods for the detection of various radiations. The liner-plasma shapes are visualized by detecting the intrinsic liner radiation in various wavelength ranges and actively probing liners in the visible and X-ray regions. Examples of the results of studying the current-driven implosion of cylindrical arrays of tungsten wires at the Angara-5-1 facility are presented.

Results are presented from experiments on the X-ray backlighting of the axial region of an imploding high-current multiwire liner. Backlighting was performed with the use of an X-pinch serving as a source of soft X-ray emission, which was recorded by pin diodes. The use of several filters with different passbands in front of the pin diodes allowed the interpretation of the results of measurements in experiments with cascade composite liners. The sensitivity of the diagnostics was ≈125 µg/cm2 for a plasma of high-Z elements (W) and ≈220 µg/cm2 for a plasma of low-Z elements (C, O, N) at a photon energy of the probing radiation of 1.0–1.5 keV. An advantage of the method is its high time resolution (≈1 ns) and the possibility of the separation in time of the emission bursts from Z-and X-pinches on the liner axis. The method does not impose restrictions on the pulse duration of the backlighting radiation source.

Results of experimental investigation and modeling of prolonged plasma production during implosion of cylindrical wire arrays are presented. Results of the radiography of dense cores of imploding wire array and the measurements of internal azimuthal magnetic field in wire array give new experimental evidences of prolonged plasma production phenomenon. This phenomenon is an important property of current-driven implosion of the wire arrays at current rise rates /spl sim/(0.5-1)10/sup 14/ A/s. The prolonged plasma production can determine the current and the density profiles before final stage of a Z pinch compression, and also in the moment of Z pinch stagnation. From this point of view, the requirement that residual uncompressed plasma should not shunt the current at the discharge periphery becomes of the greatest importance. The conditions exist when the prolonged plasma production isn't an obstacle for the achievement of high-power X-ray emission from Z pinch. Presented experimental results on multiwire array implosion can be explained on the basis of prolonged plasma production without referring to multiwire array azimuthal structure.

Рассмотрены конструктивные варианты новой зубчатой планетарной передачи. Эта передача содержит неподвижное колесо с внутренними зубьями и расположенные внутри него сателлиты наружной и центральной групп. Наибольший сателлит наружной группы является ведомым. Ведущим может быть любой другой сателлит. Приводятся реализуемый диапазон передаточных чисел и соответствующие ему расчетные значения КПД новой передачи. Отсутствие водила существенно упрощает конструкцию и удешевляет изготовление таких передач.

A construction of an effective nonrenormalizable superpotential has been discussed within the approach of a four-dimensional heterotic superstring with free fermions on the world sheet. On the basis of N=2 superconformal theory, useful selection rules that take into account all global symmetries have been obtained within the formalism of covariant vertices and the ghost-picture-changing operation. The results have been applied to the model featuring the effective observable gauge group U(5)×U(3)H, which includes the non-Abelian horizontal group and which describes (3+1) generation. The full superpotential of the model up to sixth order inclusive has been obtained, and its coupling constants have been calculated. The quark-lepton mass spectrum of the model has been discussed with allowance for contributions from nonrenormalizable terms.

We report and discuss the results of x-ray radiation measurements in the Sino-Russian joint Z-Pinch experiments on Angara-5-1 facility with a load current of 2.5–3.6 MA. The measurements were conducted by using an x-ray power meter (XRPM) and a time-resolved one-dimensional x-ray imaging system developed in China Academy of Engineering Physics. The experimental results indicate that an x-ray power-platform prior to a main peak and a less intensive sub-peak after the main peak in the waveform exist for the nested-wire array implosions, and the radiation process is relatively faster than that in the case of the single array. Laser shadowgraph of the imploding plasma suggests that the prior power-platform is a result of the collision of the inner-outer plasma layers. The faster radiation process of nested array implosion can be explained by analysing the corresponding result of the time-resolved one-dimensional imaging system, which demonstrates a better axial imploding uniformity and synchronization. In comparison with x-ray diode, the XRPM yields a higher height of x-ray power-platform due to its flat energy response. The sub-peak after the main peak is proposed to be a result of the later-time additional implosion of plasma.

In the framework of four-dimensional heterotic superstring theory with free fermions we investigate the rank eight grand unified string theories (GUST's) which contain the SU(3)[sub [ital H]]-gauge family symmetry. GUST's of this type accommodate naturally three fermion families presently observed and, moreover, can describe a fermion mass spectrum without high-dimensional representations of conventional unification groups. We explicitly construct GUST's with the gauge symmetry [ital G]=SU(5)[times]U(1)[times][SU(3)[times]U(1)][sub [ital H]][contained in]SO(16) in the free complex fermion formulation. As the GUST's originating from Kac-Moody algebras (KMA's) contain only low-dimensional representations it is usually difficult to break the gauge symmetry. We solve this problem by taking for the observable gauge symmetry the diagonal subgroup [ital G][sup sym] of the rank 16 group [ital G][times][ital G][contained in]SO(16)[times]SO(16)[contained in]E[sub 8][times]E[sub 8]. Such a construction effectively corresponds to a level-two KMA, and therefore some higher-dimensional representations of the diagonal subgroup appear. This (because of [ital G][times][ital G]-tensor Higgs fields) allows one to break GUST symmetry down to SU(3[sup [ital c])][times]U(1)[sub em]. In this approach the observed electromagnetic charge [ital Q][sup em] can be viewed as a sum of two [ital Q][sup I] and [ital Q][sup II] charges of each [ital G] group. In this case below the scalemore » where [ital G][times][ital G] breaks down to [ital G][sup sym] the spectrum does not contain particles with exotic fractional charges. In these GUST's there has to exist superweak'' light chiral matter.« less

The present paper discusses the spontaneousR-symmetry violation in theN=2 SUSYSU(4)×U(1) model [1] with soft SUSY breaking terms preserving finiteness. In particular, the mechanism producing a light photino (as a probable candidate for LSP) of a mass of up to some GeV is suggested. InR-odd versions of this model the mechanism of enhancement of the photino decay is discussed.

A method of absolute intensity measurement of intensive impulse fluxes has been described. Method and primary absolute detector device - photoionization quantometer - are based on fundamental cross sections of photoionization and ionization by electron impact. New soft X-ray optic elements - multilayer mirrors (MLM) were tested and used for constructing a 10-channel spectroanalyzer (polychromator) for photon energy range 0.1-1.0 keV. Results of polychromator using at "Angara-5-1" installation are presented.

The work is devoted to some problems in numerical modelling plasma generated in the course of magnetic implosion of multiwire arrays (liners) in Z-pinch discharge mode, including numerical and theoretical analysis of quasispherical imploding conical wire arrays. Experiments were performed at ANGARA-5-1 facility (TRINITI) with the discharge current up to 3 MA. The numerical simulations were carried out on the base of 2D RMHD code MARPLE (IMM RAS). An appropriate description of the early phase of plasma generation during the electrical explosion of wires is a real challenge in MHD modeling of these experiments, in our computations we used the plasma ablation model, which allows to obtain more realistic results as compared with the models where the entire wires are considered to be initially already in plasma state. According to the experimental data we assume that the wire skeleton is stable during the overall time of the plasma generation as its density is significantly more than that of the surrounding plasma. Besides that the skeleton carries essentially less electric current than the plasma. The plasma ablation process lasts until the total wire skeleton evaporation. Experiments show that in the case of current pulse matched load the plasma generation is finished soon after the current maximum. Taking into account small diameter of the wires as compared with interwire gaps and the array dimensions plasma production is simulated by a steady source surface placed inside the computational domain. The mass ablation rate at the unit of the source surface is calculated with respect to the local distribution of the magnetic field induction. The numerical experiments showed that the plasma ablation model has a significant effect on both the entire scheme of plasma dynamics and such values as voltage drop at the load and soft X-ray yield power. The improvement of the ablation model parameters based on experimental and theoretical estimations is an issue of the day in 2D and 3D Z-pinch simulations.

MHD numerical simulations are applied for multiparameter studies of quasi-spherical magnetic compression of plasma liners created by conical multiwire arrays electrical explosion at ANGARA-5-1 facility (TRINITI) with the discharge current 2 to 3 MA and the pulse rise time about 100 ns. The description of the plasma dynamics at different stages of implosion is reproduced as a result of simulation. Numerical and experimental time profiles of voltage drop at the load and soft X-ray yield power are compared. The effect of the geometry changes upon the implosion process is studied. Numerical simulation is based on 2D RMHD code MARPLE (IMM RAS) using unstructured triangular grids. The code implements one-fluid two-temperature MHD model, grid-characteristic method for radiative energy transfer and the model of prolonged plasma ablation to simulate plasma source. The governing MHD system of is completed by electrical equation for the full circuit including the generator itself, leading-in systems and the discharge chamber with the plasma in it. Equations of state, transport and kinetic coefficients, opacity and emissivity coefficients are taken from the tables. The behavior of the discharge is satisfactorily described in general by the above RMHD model. The plasma ablation model appeared to have a significant effect on both the entire scheme of plasma dynamics and such values as voltage drop at the load and soft X-ray yield power. The improvement of this model based on experimental and theoretical estimations is an issue of the day in 2D and 3D Z-pinch simulations. The MARPLE code calibrated against the conical liners simulations proved to be a useful tool for computations aimed to optimization of the experimental setup for 3D implosion of plasma.

Work on Z-pinches, that is under way at the SRC RF TRINITI, is aimed at the resolution of two basic problems: to investigate the problem of physics of X-ray generation in a Z-pinch scheme with the goal of its application for ICF at the "Angara-5-1" facility to develop the engineering aspects of multimegampere facilities intended for using them in a Z-pinch scheme for ICF and making the "Baikal" project. At the "Angara-5-1 facility" the measurements of plasma production rates for the wire and foam liners were taken. It has been shown that for Mo, W, Cu, Fe, and Al a current sheath with a radial thickness much larger than the skin- layer forms. The value of the plasma production rate for these metals was obtained. In the case of the liner from agar-agar foam no formation of such a layer was observed. The spectral measurements taken in hybrid Al-W liners make it possible to estimate the electron temperature and concentration from the spectrum of Al ions. It is also shown that an addition of tungsten into the array compound at a constant mass leads to a decrease of not only the electron temperature but also the final radius of stagnation. The measurements of the hard X-radiation appearing at the moment close to a peak of the X-ray pulse are likely to indicate the formation of an several kiloamperes electron beam. The experiments with conical arrays consisting of tungsten wires demonstrate the effects which arise when the wire array is imploded both in radial and axial directions. For large cone angles there appear two separate radiating regions. The corresponding X-ray pulses have a double-peak structure. Calculations of such liner compression are used to test the programs describing both radial and axial plasma compression. The results obtained at the IMM RAS fairly well provide a quantitative description of the X-ray pulse structure. Such conical liners prove to be a promising tool to test complicated RMHD codes. A pulse generation scheme relevant to the "Baikal" project is under development at the MOL facility. A 30-fold reliable current multiplication in the inductive storage has been obtained. The storage energy was effectively transferred to the subsequent stage of formation, i.e. a magnetic amplifier. The current in the latter was multiplied by a factor of 1.55. At the "Angara-5-1" facility the MEVL code reporting the process of magnetic insulation arising in the in-parallel- connected magnetically insulated vacuum lines has been tested.

The results of measuring the energy, power and spectrum of the soft X-ray radiation (SXR) pulse at the Angara-5-1 facility in the photon energy range of 0.02 – 2 kV are presented. A comparison of the SXR emitted in axial and radial directions is presented.

Experimental and mathematical modeling methods were used in an investigation of the influence of the degree of coherence at the entry to an optical projection system on the quality of the resultant images. It is shown that laser projection lithography is possible in a system with a nonscanning K?hler-type fly's eye illuminator and an excimer laser as the light source.

In SRC RF TRINITI the physics of radiating Z pinches for application as a source of x-ray for ICF target ignition are under investigation. Simultaneously the works on a designing the module of the generator “Baikal” [1] which should deliver the current pulse up to 50 MA as a driver for radiating Z pinch are designed by co-operation of the RRC the Kurchatov Institute, the SRC RF TRINITI, the SUE NIIFA and RFNC VNIITF. Experiments for study of the wire array compression are conducted on the largest in Russia laboratory source of pulsed electric power “Angara-5-1” installation.

The results of the experiments on Z‐pinch produced from wire arrays performed on the facility Angara‐5‐1 are presented. The models of liner implosion, i.e. prolonged plasma production have found their confirmation. Estimation based on our experimental data show that W wire cores are heterogeneous. The velocity of core expansion is determined by energy deposited at the first nanoseconds after current start. The effect of the inner array on the current distribution in the region between the arrays has been revealed. The «lost mass » was measured at initial radius of array at the moment of X‐ray pulse maximum.

The results of the experiments performed on the Angara-5-1 facility of Z-pinch produced from wire arrays are presented. The models of liner implosion, i.e. prolonged plasma production and "plasma rainstorm" have found their confirmation. The effect of the inner array on the current distribution in the space between the arrays has been revealed.

We review the Batyrev approach to Calabi-Yau spaces based on reflexive weight vectors. The Universal CY algebra gives a possibility to construct the corresponding reflexive numbers in a recursive way. A physical interpretation of the Batyrev expression for the Calabi-Yau manifolds is presented. Important classes of these manifolds are related to the simple-laced and quasi-simple-laced numbers. We discuss the classification and recurrence relations for them in the framework of quantum field theory methods. A relation between the reflexive numbers and the so-called Berger graphs is studied. In this correspondence the role played by the generalized Coxeter labels is highlighted. Sets of positive roots are investigated in order to connect them to possible new algebraic structures stemming from the Berger matrices., Comment: 39 pages, 5 figures, 5 tables. Extensively rewritten, references added

Spatial distributions of mass and current inside current-driven wire array during implosion were investigated on Angara-5-1 facility. Radiography of dense cores of imploding wire array, measurements of internal azimuthal magnetic field in wire array and electron density measurements on the periphery of initial array position at the moment of stagnation give new experimental evidences of prolonged plasma production phenomenon. The measurement of current density inside the array shows that about half the current flows on the liner periphery at the moment of maximum compression. At this time up to 10% of the liner mass is present on the periphery of the initial wire array.

Fast compression of liners is under consideration as a possible approach to electric energy conversion into X-ray pulse at the energy scale of dozens of megajoules. Scientific cooperation including TRINITI, Kurchatov institute, Efremov institute, and VNIITF develops the "Baikal" project in which an inductive storage has to be used which in the case of successive transformation procedure could produce an electric pulse with parameters adequate for these purposes. On the S-300 pulsed power generator, experiments is being carried out studying promising schemes of output devices for the next generation of machines. In particular, a device similar to the plasma flow switch is being investigated aimed to sharpening the current ns. The results of experiments on a current implosion of multi-wire arrays on Angara-5-1 facility are presented. There are given experimental proofs that the formation of Z-pinch takes place at temporally spread plasma production. The phenomena of temporally spread plasma production determines mode and quality of final stage of a pinch. The temporally spread plasma formation is not a hindrance to obtain high power of X-radiation output at compression and heating of a Z-pinch.

Brief review of our recent results concerning prolonged plasma production (P3) in multiwires arrays and its influence on their dynamics in pulse power facilities is presented. P3 means that owing to overheating effects hot plasma with high conductivity is being produced from the relatively cold material almost during the whole period of current rising. P3 results in formation of a plasma shell with a low aspect ratio and without any skin effect. It means that magnetic flux and electric current are distributed more or less uniformly along the shell and there is no magnetic piston. The latter fact is responsible for the more stable implosion of the plasma. P3 is unavoidable effect for initially cold liners of all types in pulse power facilities, and it is useful for production of high power X-ray pulses with multiwires arrays because the process of P3 leading to more stable implosion is well controlled in this case due to well defined periodic structure of the array. Theoretical evaluation of rate of plasma production is obtained, and it is compared with experiments. Simple simulation of plasma dynamics during implosion of multiwire arrays with P3 is presented. Combining of such simulation with probe magnetic measurements inside cylindrical liners we obtain a certain information about dependence of the plasma production rate on time and about characteristics of depletion of plasma source. It appears that process of the depletion may be rather gradual, so that some amount of plasma is being placed at initial array position even till the moment of X-ray pulse maximum. It may lead to partial shunting of electric current and to some depression of X-ray pulse intensity. These results discover new opportunities to control plasma implosion and X-ray pulse parameters.

The study of the wire array implosion on installation Angara-5-1 is devoted. Magnetic probes and the x-ray backlighting technique were used to investigate a current and mass distribution during the implosion. The experimental data confirm the concept of prolonged plasma production: the long time of implosion the hot plasma flows from dense fixed wire cores and is accelerated by the Lorentz force to the array center together with frozen magnetic field.

Appearance of generators of electric power of pulse duration of about 100 ns opened new possibilities in classic Z- pinches. First, it is connected with new level of power of this generators. Second, it has become possible to use loads of another size and densities. One of the new tasks studied on powerful installations is generation is generation of pulses of soft x-ray radiation for thermonuclear fusion research. The models of target ignition, developed on systems of laser initiation, determined the nanosecond time as a characteristic time scale of radiation pulse. A program of fast liner compression is developing in TRINITI on Angara 5-1 installation- an 8 module pulse generator of max power of 9TW, pulse rise time of 90 ns, load peak current of 4 MA. The main aim of the program was to investigate a way to create a source of soft x-ray radiation of high intensity for thermonuclear fusion and fundamental research work. A conception of double liner were proposed as a perspective way to ensure a dynamic hohlraum for thermonuclear target irradiation.

A charge-coupled device K1200CL4 (K1200IIJI4) was used as a pulsed X-ray detector to investigate high-temperature plasma. The sensor was incorporated in a module providing a special control mode of the CCD. The module was successfully employed in a spectrograph for investigating the spectrum of high-temperature plasma over the energy range from 0.7 keV to 3 keV in the thermonuclear plant ANGARA-5 (Russia) and GAEL (France). The paper gives the basic technical characteristics of the module based on CCD K1200CL4.

In the framework of the four dimensional heterotic superstring with free fermions we present a revised version of the rank eight Grand Unified String Theories (GUST) which contain the $SU(3)_H$-gauge family symmetry. We also develop some methods for building of corresponding string models. We explicitly construct GUST with gauge symmetry $ G = SU(5) \times U(1)\times (SU(3) \times U(1))_H$ and $G = SO(10)\times (SU(3) \times U(1))_H $ or $E(6)\times SU(3)_H$ $\subset E(8)$ and consider the full massless spectrum for our string models. We consider for the observable gauge symmetry the diagonal subgroup $G^{symm}$ of the rank 16 group $G \times G$ $\subset SO(16) \times SO(16)$ or $\subset E(8) \times E(8)$. We discuss the possible fermion matter and Higgs sectors in these theories. We study renormalizable and nonrenormolizable contributions to the superpotential. There has to exist "superweak" light chiral matter ($m_H^f < M_W$) in GUST under consideration. The understanding of quark and lepton mass spectra and family mixing leaves a possibility for the existence of an unusually low mass breaking scale of the $SU(3)_H$ family gauge symmetry (some TeV)., 68 pages

The one of the main points of the investigations in high energy physics is to study the next chain: a law of the quark and lepton mass spectra $\rightarrow $ the puzzles of the quark and lepton family mixing $\rightarrow $ a possible new family dynamics. The new family symmetry dynamics might be connected to the existence of some exotic gauge or matter fields or something yet. For this it will better to study the possibilities of the appearence this gauge symmetry in the framework of the Grand Unified String Theories. In the framework of four dimensional heterotic superstring with free fermions we investigate the rank eight Grand Unified String Theories (GUST) which contain the $SU(3)_H$-gauge family symmetry. We explicitly construct GUST with gauge symmetry $G = SU(5) \times U(1)\times (SU(3) \times U(1))_H$ and $G = SO(10)\times (SU(3) \times U(1))_H$ $\subset SO(16)$ or $E(6)\times SU(3)_H$ $\subset E(8)$ in free complex fermion formulation. As the GUSTs originating from Kac-Moody algebras (KMA) contain only low-dimensional representations it is usually difficult to break the gauge symmetry. We solve this problem taking for the observable gauge symmetry the diagonal subgroup $G^{sym}$ of rank $16$ group $G\times G\subset SO(16)\times SO(16)$ or $(E(6) \times SU(3)_H)^2 $ $\subset E(8)\times E(8)$. We discuss the possible fermion matter and Higgs sectors in these models. In these GUST there has to exist "superweak" light chiral matter($m_H^f < M_W$). The understanding of quark and lepton mass spectra and family mixing leave a possibility for the existence of an unusually low mass breaking scale of the $SU(3)_H$ family gauge symmetry, 60 pages, LaTeX (to be published in Il Nuovo Cimento A)

Previouly a possible extension of the complex number, together with its connected trigonometry was introduced. In this paper we focuss on the simplest case of ternary complex numbers. Then, some types of holomorphicity adapted to the ternary complex numbers and the corresponding results upon integration of differential forms are given. Several physical applications are given, and in particuler one type of holomorphic function gives rise to a new form of stationary magnetic field. The movement of a monopole type object in this field is then studied and shown to be integrable. The monopole scattering in the ternary field is finally studied., LaTeX 28 pages

A preliminary analysis is presented of the first results on plasma electrons near Mars obtained by retarding potential analyzers onboard the Mars-2 and Mars-3 orbiters. Two zones of significantly increased electron density or temperature were uncovered; one near Mars, which is interpreted as the solar wind shock front in interaction with Mars, and the other >10 5 km from Mars.

Preliminary results of observations of plasma electrons with energies up to 400 eV, measured on Mars 2 and Mars 3, were previously presented by Gringanz et al. (1973). A summary of the results of further reduction of the data obtained and an attempt at their interpretation is given. (WDM) Two shocklike structures (i.e., abrupt steplike increases in number density, bulk speed, and proton temperature) were found in the data from Martiner 5 at 0.98 AU on June 26 and at 0.85 AU on August 29, 1967. The thickness of these structures' determined from the magnetic field data was more than 1,000 proton Larmor radii. They are also observed by Explorer 33, 34, and 35 at 1 Au, where the thickness were much smaller than in the Mariner 5 data. It is suggested that these two structures were nonlinear magnetoacoustic waves that were in the processes of steepening. It is further suggested that shocks would be formed just beyond 1 AU. These structures were not associated with corotating streams, but they could be associated with impressive solar events in which a flare was followed by type 2 and type 4 radio emission and a rare chromospheric wave. (auth)